Table 2.

Activity of cannabinoids and C. sativa against pathogens other than those on the WHO’s priority list (* collected from foods or food environments).

Pathogen	Compound/Extract/EO	Activity	Reference Antibiotic		Ref
			Antibiotic	Activity
Gram +ve
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus	Leaf extract	MIC 1.56 mg/mL			[81]
B. subtilis, S. aureus and Micrococcus luteus	EO	MIC 1.2–4.7 mg/mL	Ciprofloxacin	MIC 0.015–0.031 mg/mL	[60]
B. subtilis, S. aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis	CBC, its homologs and isomers	MIC 0.39–3.12 µg/mL			[112]
Clostridium species *, Enterococcus hirae *, Streptococcus salivarius *	EO, α-humulene, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene	MIC ≥ 0.8 (%v/v)			[93]
Enterococcus *, Staphylococcus *, and Bacillus species *	EO	MIC ≥ 0.5 µg/mL	Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin	MIC ≥ 0.25 µg/mL	[94]
Listeria monocytogenes strains *	EO	MIC/MBC 2.5–5.0 μL/mL			[110]
L. monocytogenes *	EO	MIC ≥ 1 µg/mL	Ampicillin	MIC ≥ 0.25 µg/mL	[94]
L. monocytogenes *	EO, α-pinene, Myrcene	MBC ≥ 1024 µg/mL			[111]
Lancefield Group A Streptococcus sp.	Leaf extract	MIC 20 mg/mL MBC 30 mg/mL			[113]
MRSA biofilms *	Seed extract	MIC 1 mg/mL			[101]
MSSA	CBCA	MIC 7.8 µM			[52]
MSSA, VISE, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Cutibacterium acnes, Clostridioides difficile	CBD	MIC 0.5–4.0 µg/mL	Vancomycin, Daptomycin, Trimethoprim, Mupirocin, Clindamycin, Levofloxacin, Meropenem, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Mupirocin	MIC 0.03–64.0 µg/mL	[49]
Mycobacterium intracellulare	CBG	IC50 15 µg/mL			[114]
S. aureus	4-acetoxy-2-geranyl-5-hydroxy-3-n-pentylphenol, 8-hydroxycannabinolic acid A	IC50 3.5 µM	Ciprofloxacin	IC50 0.4 µM	[96]
S. aureus	Aqueous extract	MIC 3.57 mg/mL	Ciprofloxacin	MIC 0.62 µg/mL	[99]
S. aureus	Methanol extract	MIC 25 µg/mL			[67]
S. aureus (including multi drug resistant S. aureus 104)	EO	MIC 8 mg/mL			[61]
S. aureus (mature and pre-formed biofilms)	EO	MBEC 24 mg/mL			[61]
S. aureus and E. faecalis	Seed extract	MIC 1 mg/mL			[101]
S. aureus biofilm *	EO	MIC 0.5 mg/mL			[101]
S. aureus planktonic cells *	EO	MIC 1 mg/mL			[101]
S. aureus *	EO	MIC 1.25–5.0 µg/mL			[110]
S. aureus *	EO	MIC 1–4 µg/mL	Ciprofloxacin	MIC 0.5–16.0 µg/mL	[94]
S. aureus, S. epidermidis	CBD, CBDA	MIC 1–4 µg/mL	Torbamycin, Meropenem, Ofloxacin	MIC 0.06–0.5 µg/mL	[50]
SA-1199B (MDR), RN4220 (Macrolide-resistant), XU212 (Tetracycline-resistant)	CBD, CBC, THC, CBG, CBN, Carboxylated versions, Abnormal cannabinoids	MIC 0.5–4.0 µg/mL			[95]
Staphylococcus species	THC, CBD	MIC 1–5 µg/mL			[115]
Staphylococcus, Lactococcus and Bacillus species	CBD, CBN, CBC, CBDV and Δ1 & 9-THC	IC50 2.6–9.2 µM	Ciprofloxacin	IC50 0.003–2.4 µM	[97]
Gram-ve
Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis and Legionella pneumophila	CBD	MIC 0.25–1.0 µg/mL	Vancomycin, Levofloxacin, Meropenem, Gentamicin	MIC 0.03–32 µg/mL	[49]
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum *	EO, α-humulene, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene	MIC ≥ 1.24 (%v/v)			[93]
Pseudomonas fluorescens and Xanthobacter flavus	CBD, CBN, CBC, CBDV and Δ1 & 9-THC	IC50 3.1–9.3 µM	Ciprofloxacin	IC50 0.15–2.3 µM	[97]
Pseudomonas species	EO(s) and Terpenes	MIC 1.05–1.97 (%v/v)			[93]