Table 3.
Individual Vulnerabilities and 10-Year Risk of Hypertension and Death in the 2017 ACC/AHA Cohort (n = 5,425).
| Individual Vulnerability |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income <$35,000 | Education < High School | No health insurance | >25% residents of zip code live below poverty line | |
|
| ||||
| Alive without Hypertension | ||||
| Percent of participants | 30.0% | 21.8% | 38.4% | 34.0% |
| RRR (95% CI) | ||||
| All Models | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| Alive with Hypertension | ||||
| Percent of participants | 30.4% | 28.3% | 39.4% | 36.3% |
| RRR (95% CI) | ||||
| Crude | 1.50 (1.31,1.71) | 1.84 (1.39,2.44) | 1.34 (1.03,1.75) | 1.34 (1.12,1.60) |
| Model 1* | 1.45 (1.26,1.66) | 1.79 (1.35,2.38) | 1.47 (1.12,1.92) | 1.35 (1.13,1.61) |
| Model 2† | 1.28 (1.10,1.48) | 1.43 (1.07,1.91) | 1.28 (0.97,1.68) | 1.10 (0.91,1.33) |
| Model 3‡ | 1.27 (1.09,1.48) | 1.42 (1.05,1.91) | 1.29 (0.97,1.71) | 1.06 (0.88,1.29) |
|
| ||||
| Deceased | ||||
| Percent of participants | 39.6% | 49.9% | 22.2% | 29.7% |
| RRR (95% CI) | ||||
| Crude | 4.47 (3.82,5.23) | 5.27 (4.06,6.84) | 1.01 (0.73,1.40) | 1.51 (1.24,1.84) |
| Model 1* | 2.91 (2.45,3.45) | 3.93 (2.94,5.24) | 3.07 (2.13,4.42) | 1.54 (1.23,1.92) |
| Model 2† | 1.97 (1.62,2.41) | 1.88 (1.37,2.58) | 2.28 (1.53,3.38) | 0.96 (0.74,1.24) |
| Model 3‡ | 1.96 (1.60,2.40) | 1.71 (1.24,2.37) | 2.29 (1.54,3.41) | 0.94 (0.72,1.22) |
Values are relative risk ratios (95% confidence interval) obtained from multinomial logistic regression models, unless otherwise indicated. In all models, “alive without hypertension” is the base outcome.
Model 1 is adjusted for age.
Model 2 is adjusted for the covariates in Mode1 and socio-demographics (gender, region, social isolation) + medical conditions (history of CVD, history of stroke, high cholesterol, diabetes, statin use, insulin use) + functional status (physical and mental component summary from the Short Form-12 instrument) + health behaviors (alcohol use, smoking status, physical activity, Mediterranean diet).
Model 3 is adjusted for the covariates in Model 2 and physiologic and laboratory characteristics (body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, log transformed C-reactive protein, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate).
2017 ACC/AHA = 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults; CI = confidence interval; RRR = relative risk ratio.