Table 5.
Cumulative Vulnerabilities and 10-Year Risk of Hypertension and Death in the 2017 ACC/AHA Cohort, by Race (n = 5,425).
| White Participants |
Black Participants |
P for interaction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Vulnerabilities |
P for trend | Number of Vulnerabilities |
P for trend | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | ≥2 | 0 | 1 | ≥2 | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Alive without Hypertension | |||||||||
| Percent of participants | 54.7% | 36.8% | 27.2% | 41.9% | 35.9% | 25.3% | |||
| RRR (95% CI) | |||||||||
| All Models | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Alive with Hypertension | |||||||||
| Percent of participants | 31.0% | 28.2% | 35.6% | 39.7% | 37.1% | 31.6% | |||
| RRR (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Crude | 1 [Reference] | 1.32 (1.12,1.57) | 2.01 (1.55,2.61) | <0.001 | 1 [Reference] | 1.10 (0.81,1.49) | 1.29 (0.93,1.78) | 0.135 | 0.031 |
| Model 1* | 1 [Reference] | 1.28 (1.08,1.52) | 2.01 (1.54,2.62) | <0.001 | 1 [Reference] | 1.05 (0.77,1.43) | 1.22 (0.88,1.70) | 0.251 | 0.037 |
| Model 2† | 1 [Reference] | 1.23 (1.03,1.46) | 1.81 (1.37,2.39) | <0.001 | 1 [Reference] | 0.99 (0.73,1.36) | 1.11 (0.78,1.58) | 0.587 | 0.046 |
| Model 3‡ | 1 [Reference) | 1.21 (1.01,1.45) | 1.82 (1.37,2.43) | <0.001 | 1 [Reference] | 0.99 (0.72,1.37) | 1.06 (0.74,1.52) | 0.791 | 0.046 |
|
| |||||||||
| Deceased | |||||||||
| Percent of participants | 14.3% | 35.0% | 37.2% | 18.4% | 27.0% | 43.1% | |||
| RRR (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Crude | 1 [Reference] | 3.50 (2.88,4.25) | 5.41 (4.08,7.16) | <0.001 | 1 [Reference] | 1.87 (1.27,2.76) | 4.28 (2.95,6.21) | <0.001 | 0.075 |
| Model 1* | 1 [Reference] | 2.28 (1.84,2.83) | 4.82 (3.52,6.60) | <0.001 | 1 [Reference] | 1.30 (0.85,1.97) | 2.59 (1.73,3.88) | <0.001 | 0.009 |
| Model 2† | 1 [Reference] | 1.70 (1.33,2.19) | 2.82 (1.98,4.00) | <0.001 | 1 [Reference] | 1.00 (0.63,1.58) | 1.78 (1.13,2.80) | 0.008 | 0.017 |
| Model 3‡ | 1 [Reference] | 1.70 (1.32,2.19) | 2.69 (1.88,3.85) | <0.001 | 1 [Reference] | 1.00 (0.62,1.60) | 1.70 (1.06,2.73) | 0.019 | 0.015 |
Values are relative risk ratio (95% confidence interval) obtained from multinomial logistic regression models, unless otherwise indicated. In all models, “alive without hypertension” is the base outcome.
Model 1 is adjusted for age.
Model 2 is adjusted for the covariates in Mode1 and socio-demographics (gender, region, social isolation) + medical conditions (history of CVD, history of stroke, high cholesterol, diabetes, statin use, insulin use) + functional status (physical and mental component summary from the Short Form-12 instrument) + health behaviors (alcohol use, smoking status, physical activity, Mediterranean diet).
Model 3 is adjusted for the covariates in Model 2 and physiologic and laboratory characteristics (body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, log transformed C-reactive protein, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate).
2017 ACC/AHA = 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults; CI = confidence interval; RRR = relative risk ratio.