Abstract
目的
比较单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)和人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)患者术后膝关节功能、关节遗忘度和生活质量。
方法
回顾分析2017年9月—2018年6月接受UKA或TKA治疗且符合选择标准的患者临床资料,经倾向评分匹配后最终纳入研究的TKA组和UKA组患者均为40例(40膝)。两组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数、手术侧别及术前膝关节活动度、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数(WOMAC)评分、膝关节学会评分(KSS)临床和功能评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后2年对两组患者行WOMAC评分、KSS临床和功能评分,并与术前比较;同时行膝关节损伤和骨关节炎结局评分-身体功能(KOOS-PS)、简明健康调查量表(SF-36量表)及关节遗忘评分(FJS)。
结果
术后2年,两组患者WOMAC总分及KSS临床和功能评分均较术前显著改善(P<0.05);两组间WOMAC总分和各项评分及KSS临床和功能评分手术前后差值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。UKA组KOOS-PS总分明显低于TKA组(t=4.243,P=0.000),其中UKA组在扭动/以膝盖为中心转动、跪下、蹲着3项评分上显著低于TKA组(P<0.05)。UKA组FJS总分明显高于TKA组(t=−6.334,P=0.000),其中UKA组在当步行超过15 min、当爬楼梯时、当不在平坦的地面行走时、当长期站立时、当做家务或园艺时、当散步或远足时、当做最喜欢的运动时7项评分上显著低于TKA组(P<0.05)。UKA组SF-36量表评分中的生理机能、精力、社会职能、情感职能和精神健康5项评分显著高于TKA组(P<0.05)。
结论
与TKA相比,UKA患者的膝关节功能可能恢复更好,关节遗忘度和生活质量可能更高。
Keywords: 单髁置换术, 人工全膝关节置换术, 膝关节功能, 关节遗忘度, 生活质量
Abstract
Objective
To compare the patient-reported outcomes regarding function, joint amnesia, and the quality of life after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
Methods
The clinical data of patients who received UKA or TKA between September 2017 and June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. After propensity score matching, 40 patients (40 knees) each in TKA group and UKA group were finally included in the study. There was no significant difference between the two groups in gender, age, body mass index, surgical side, preoperative knee range of motion, Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, clinical and function scores of knee society score (KSS) (P>0.05). At 2 years after operation, WOMAC score, KSS clinical and function scores were performed on the two groups of patients, and compared with preoperative ones; knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score-physical function short form (KOOS-PS), short-form 36 health survey scale (SF-36 scale), and forgotten joint score (FJS) were also performed.
Results
At 2 years after operation, the total score of WOMAC, the clinical and function scores of KSS in the two groups significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the total score of WOMAC, the individual score of WOMAC, the clinical and function scores of KSS between the two groups (P>0.05). The total KOOS-PS score in the UKA group was significantly lower than that in the TKA group (t=4.243, P=0.000), and the scores of writhing/knee rotation, kneeling, and squatting in the UKA group were significantly lower than those in the TKA group (P<0.05). The total FJS score in the UKA group was significantly higher than that in the TKA group (t=−6.334,P=0.000). In the UKA group, the scores of 7 items were significantly lower than those of the TKA group (P<0.05) including when walking over 15 minutes, when climbing stairs, when walking on uneven ground, when standing for long periods, when doing housework or gardening, when taking a walk or hiking, and when doing your favorite sport. The SF-36 scales of physiological function, energy, social function, emotional function, and mental health in the UKA group were significantly higher than those in the TKA group (P<0.05).
Conclusion
Compared with TKA, patients treated with UKA may have better knee function recovery, joint amnesia, and higher quality of life.
Keywords: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty, knee joint function, joint amnesia, quality of life
当前,单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)和人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)被认为是治疗终末期骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)最可靠和最成功的选择。然而,哪种是首选治疗方法目前还缺乏共识[1]。与TKA相比,UKA优势在于失血更少、康复更快、住院时间更短,以及快速改善膝关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)和恢复高水平体育活动[2-3]。此外,由于保存了交叉韧带,活动和固定平台的UKA都类似于自然的膝关节运动力学[4]。随着外科手术技术及假体设计的改进,近年UKA使用率明显上升。但由于TKA较UKA具有更高的假体长期生存率、更低翻修率和更简单的手术技术,TKA仍被认为是手术治疗单间室膝关节OA的金标准[5-6]。然而,近年也有一些研究表明二者具有良好的假体长期生存率和相似翻修率[6-7]。
膝关节置换术后疗效的评价,传统意义上是基于医生对客观临床数据的评估,如假体的存活率和翻修率、术后并发症发生率以及相关放射学参数[8-9]。虽然这些结果对于评估手术疗效非常重要,但这些数据往往不能体现患者的真正疗效。有研究报道尽管客观疗效评价数据显示疗效良好,但仍有大量患者对膝关节置换术后疗效不满意[9-11]。因此,对于患者膝关节功能或生活质量的评估,如疼痛、日常生活功能、关节本体感觉和总体生活质量等,正逐渐成为评估膝关节置换术后疗效的重要组成部分。本研究将回顾分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院关节外科行TKA和UKA患者的临床资料,通过比较二者术后功能、关节遗忘度和生活质量等量表数据,探讨UKA的早、中期疗效。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 患者选择标准
纳入标准:① 诊断为膝关节OA,内侧间室 OA 已达终末期,而外侧间室和髌股关节无退行性改变;② 膝关节MRI提示前交叉韧带完整;③ 膝关节ROM≥90°,内翻畸形<15°,屈曲挛缩<15°,且畸形可手法矫正;④ 初次UKA或TKA治疗,随访时间2年及以上。排除标准:① 2年随访期间无法进行结果评估者;② 同时或分期进行双侧膝关节手术者;③ UKA术中改TKA者;④ 炎症性关节疾病患者;⑤ 创伤性OA患者;⑥ 既往有膝关节感染史或手术史者。
2017年9月—2018年6月共226例(226膝)行TKA患者和40例(40膝)行UKA患者符合选择标准。采用倾向评分匹配(propensity scorematching,PSM)(1∶1)来最小化选择偏倚。个体特征的匹配变量为年龄、性别、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、手术侧别、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数(WOMAC)评分[12]、膝关节学会评分(KSS)临床和功能评分[13]。经PSM后所有变量均成功匹配,最终纳入研究的TKA组和UKA组患者均为40例(40膝)。
1.2. 一般资料
TKA组:男6例,女34例;年龄54~69岁,中位年龄61岁。BMI(25.2±1.8)kg/m2。左膝22例,右膝18例。术前ROM为(101.4±9.3)°。UKA组:男5例,女35例;年龄54~68岁,中位年龄60岁。BMI(24.6±2.0)kg/m2。左膝21例,右膝19例。术前ROM为(102.8±8.8)°。两组患者性别、年龄、BMI、手术侧别及术前ROM、WOMAC总分、KSS疼痛和功能评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1、2。
表 1.
Comparison of WOMAC scores between the two groups before and after operation (n=40,
)
手术前后两组患者WOMAC评分比较(n=40,
)
| 组别
Group |
总分
Total |
术后2年各项评分
Postoperative scores at 2 years |
||||||
| 术前
Preoperative |
术后2年
Postoperative at 2 years |
差值
Difference |
统计值
Statistic |
疼痛
Pain |
僵硬
Stiffness |
功能
Function |
||
| TKA | 58.2±8.2 | 67.1±6.9 | 9.0±2.6 |
t=−5.260
P=0.000 |
13.8±2.5 | 4.7±0.9 | 48.7±6.3 | |
| UKA | 56.1±3.7 | 66.9±3.6 | 10.0±2.2 |
t=−13.512
P=0.000 |
14.6±1.7 | 4.8±1.0 | 47.6±3.3 | |
| 统计值
Statistic |
t=1.452
P=0.150 |
— |
t=−1.886
P=0.063 |
t=−1.804
P=0.075 |
t=−0.691
P=0.492 |
t=1.032
P=0.305 |
||
表 2.
Comparison of KSS scores between the two groups before and after operation (n=40,
)
手术前后两组患者KSS评分比较(n=40,
)
| 组别
Group |
临床评分
Clinical score |
功能评分
Function score |
|||||||
| 术前
Preoperative |
术后2年
Postoperative at 2 years |
差值
Difference |
统计值
Statistic |
术前
Preoperative |
术后2年
Postoperative at 2 years |
差值
Difference |
统计值
Statistic |
||
| TKA | 33.2±3.3 | 89.3±5.1 | 56.2±6.3 |
t=−57.994
P=0.000 |
16.0±3.3 | 89.4±2.1 | 73.4±4.1 |
t=−118.591
P=0.000 |
|
| UKA | 32.2±2.5 | 88.3±4.3 | 56.1±4.9 |
t=−71.753
P=0.000 |
15.9±3.1 | 88.7±2.7 | 72.9±4.0 |
t=−117.516
P=0.000 |
|
| 统计值
Statistic |
t=1.562
P=0.122 |
— |
t=0.079
P=0.937 |
t=0.218
P=0.828 |
— |
t=0.604
P=0.548 |
|||
1.3. 治疗方法
所有患者TKA和UKA手术均由同一名外科医师主刀,术中均常规使用止血带,术后放置引流管并于24 h内拔除。TKA组采用膝前正中入路,于髌旁内侧切开关节囊进入关节,遵循“等量截骨、软组织平衡”的原则,纠正内翻、屈曲畸形,恢复下肢正常力线,术中使用德国蛇牌公司的哥伦布系列固定平台后稳定型全膝假体。UKA组采用经髌旁内侧入路进入关节,去除股骨髁及胫骨平台内侧边缘骨赘,截骨以达到屈伸间隙平衡,术中使用美国Biomet公司第 3 代Oxford系列单髁假体。
两组术后康复方案完全相同,术后常规预防感染及下肢深静脉血栓形成;麻醉清醒后即行踝泵功能锻炼及股四头肌主动收缩练习;术后24 h拔除引流管并复查X线片,检查无异常后立即使用助行器完全负重,并行屈、伸膝功能锻炼。
1.4. 疗效评价指标
术后2年由独立观察者(对患者的一般资料和手术方式均不知情)对两组患者进行以下膝关节评分:① WOMAC评分:用于评估患者膝关节功能,包括疼痛、僵硬、功能评分,并与术前比较。② KSS评分:全面评估膝关节整体功能和形态,能够较精确地评价关节自身条件。KSS评分包括膝关节临床和功能评分两部分,其中临床评分包括关节疼痛、活动度和稳定性,功能评分包括行走能力和上下楼能力;并与术前比较。③ 膝关节损伤和骨关节炎结局评分-身体功能(KOOS-PS)[14]:KOOS-PS是以客观量表来评价患者膝关节功能的主观感受,包括起床、穿短袜/长袜、从坐的姿势起身、弯向地面/捡起东西、扭动/以膝盖为中心转动、跪下、蹲着7项评分。分数为0~100分,0分为最佳,表示完成特定任务没有困难。④ 简明健康调查量表(SF-36量表)[15]:SF-36量表使患者能够从自身角度量化其健康状况,是总体健康状况的一个指标。该量表包括生理机能、生理职能、躯体疼痛、精力、一般健康状况、社会职能、情感职能和精神健康8个项目评分。分数为0~100分,分数越高表示健康状况越好。⑤ 关节遗忘评分(FJS)[16]:FJS是一份包含12个项目(夜晚躺床上时、当坐在椅子上超过1 h、当步行超过15 min、当泡澡和淋浴时、当开汽车旅游时、当爬楼梯时、当不在平坦的地面行走时、当从低位的座位站起时、当长期站立时、当做家务或园艺时、当散步或远足时、当做最喜欢的运动时)的调查问卷,用于评估人工关节在日常生活时的本体感觉情况。分数为0~100分,分数越高结果越好,表明患者对人工关节高度适应。
1.5. 统计学方法
采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内手术前后比较采用配对t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数间距)表示,组间及组内比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料比较采用χ2检验。检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
术后2年,两组患者WOMAC总分及KSS临床和功能评分均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组间WOMAC总分和各项评分及KSS临床和功能评分手术前后差值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1、2。
术后2年,UKA组KOOS-PS总分明显低于TKA组,差异有统计学意义(t=4.243,P=0.000);其中UKA组在扭动/以膝盖为中心转动、跪下、蹲着3项评分上显著低于TKA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余3项评分两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
表 3.
Comparison of KOOS-PS scores at 2 years after operation (n=40,
)
术后2年两组患者KOOS-PS评分比较(n=40,
)
| 项目
Item |
TKA | UKA | 统计值
Statistic |
| 起床 | 0.8±0.4 | 0.8±0.4 |
t=0.553
P=0.582 |
| 穿短袜/长袜 | 1.7±0.5 | 1.8±0.4 |
t=−0.495
P=0.622 |
| 从坐的姿势起身 | 1.8±0.4 | 1.7±0.5 |
t=1.311
P=0.194 |
| 弯向地面/捡起东西 | 2.8±0.4 | 2.6±0.5 |
t=1.663
P=0.100 |
| 扭动/以膝盖为中心转动 | 3.8±0.4 | 3.4±0.5 |
t=3.378
P=0.001 |
| 跪下 | 3.9±0.4 | 3.5±0.5 |
t=4.079
P=0.000 |
| 蹲着 | 3.7±0.5 | 3.4±0.5 |
t=3.062
P=0.003 |
| 总分 | 50.3±4.7 | 46.5±3.1 |
t=4.243
P=0.000 |
术后2年,UKA组FJS总分明显高于TKA组,差异有统计学意义(t=−6.334,P=0.000);其中UKA组在当步行超过15 min、当爬楼梯时、当不在平坦的地面行走时、当长期站立时、当做家务或园艺时、当散步或远足时、当做最喜欢的运动时7项评分上显著低于TKA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余5项评分两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表4。
表 4.
Comparison of FJS scales at 2 years after operation (n=40,
)
术后2年两组患者FJS评分比较(n=40,
)
| 项目
Item |
TKA | UKA | 统计值
Statistic |
| 夜晚躺床上时 | 0.8±0.4 | 0.8±0.4 |
t=0.283
P=0.778 |
| 当坐在椅子上超过1 h | 1.2±0.4 | 1.1±0.5 |
t=1.335
P=0.186 |
| 当步行超过15 min | 1.8±0.4 | 1.5±0.5 |
t=2.398
P=0.019 |
| 当泡澡和淋浴时 | 2.3±0.4 | 2.1±0.5 |
t=1.713
P=0.091 |
| 当开汽车旅游时 | 2.3±0.5 | 2.1±0.6 |
t=1.424
P=0.159 |
| 当爬楼梯时 | 2.6±0.5 | 2.2±0.4 |
t=3.638
P=0.000 |
| 当不在平坦的地面行走时 | 2.7±0.5 | 2.4±0.5 |
t=2.781
P=0.007 |
| 当从低位的座位站起时 | 2.6±0.5 | 2.4±0.5 |
t=1.812
P=0.074 |
| 当长期站立时 | 2.5±0.5 | 2.3±0.5 |
t=2.096
P=0.039 |
| 当做家务或园艺时 | 2.7±0.5 | 2.3±0.5 |
t=3.481
P=0.001 |
| 当散步或远足时 | 2.6±0.5 | 2.2±0.4 |
t=3.638
P=0.000 |
| 当做最喜欢的运动时 | 2.7±0.5 | 2.4±0.5 |
t=2.543
P=0.013 |
| 总分 | 44.7±4.1
|
50.7±4.4 |
t=−6.334
P=0.000 |
术后2年,UKA组SF-36量表评分中的生理机能、精力、社会职能、情感职能和精神健康5项评分显著高于TKA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余3项评分两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表5。
表 5.
Comparison of SF-36 scores at 2 years after operation (n=40,
)
术后2年两组患者SF-36量表评分比较(n=40,
)
| 项目
Item |
TKA | UKA | 统计值
Statistic |
| 生理机能 | 37.9±9.2 | 55.0±8.7 |
t=−8.559
P=0.000 |
| 生理职能 | 43.8±11.0 | 45.0±11.6 |
t=0.495
P=0.622 |
| 躯体疼痛 | 16.8±6.2 | 14.5±5.1 |
t=1.789
P=0.077 |
| 一般健康状况 | 57.6±3.8 | 58.9±4.6 |
t=−1.332
P=0.187 |
| 精力 | 73.8±5.5 | 80.5±3.0 |
t=−6.821
P=0.000 |
| 社会职能 | 78.0±4.1 | 81.8±6.4 |
t=−3.145
P=0.002 |
| 情感职能 | 41.7±14.6 | 65.8±17.2 |
t=−6.328
P=0.000 |
| 精神健康 | 75.8±2.6 | 81.8±4.1 |
t=−7.931
P=0.000 |
3. 讨论
翻修率是评价UKA或TKA术后疗效的重要指标,许多研究认为UKA的翻修率高于TKA[3,17]。与TKA相比,UKA通常在更年轻、更活跃的人群中进行,力求恢复更高的运动水平;然而,高水平的活动增加了假体磨损,进一步加大假体松动风险,并可能影响最终假体生存率[18]。此外,当出现不明原因疼痛时,UKA更有可能被直接翻修为TKA,而TKA翻修在临床则需要慎重考虑[19-20]。因此在比较二者术后疗效时,仅仅考虑翻修率可能会导致对术后功能评价的误解,还需要联合临床量表评分评估二者疗效。本研究旨在比较UKA和TKA术后患者膝关节功能、关节遗忘度和生活质量。研究采用PSM方法,将年龄、性别、BMI、手术侧别、ROM、术前WOMAC和KSS评分设置为匹配变量,这可在最大程度上降低两组样本的异质性。结果显示,在2年随访期间,UKA组患者术后KOOS-PS和FJS评分明显优于TKA组;UKA组较TKA组有更满意的膝关节功能,特别是在下蹲、跪下、膝关节旋转等难度较大的动作上有更大活动空间。
本研究中,两组患者WOMAC总分及KSS临床和功能评分均较术前显著改善,但术后两组间比较差异均无统计学意义。该结论与Kleeblad等[3]的研究结果一致,作者发现UKA术后的牛津膝关节评分(OKS)高于TKA,而两组间KSS评分无统计学意义。Na等[21]对此作了一个可能的解释,KSS的评分方式只评估步行和爬楼梯,而未对更高强度的关节活动进行评价。因此,KSS评分不能区分UKA的主要目标人群——高活动性青年患者的功能状态[22]。
多项研究表明,与TKA相比,UKA患者运动水平更高、恢复运动能力更快[3,18,23-25]。本研究采用KOOS-PS评分评价TKA及UKA术后患者膝关节功能恢复情况。KOOS-PS是以客观量表来评价患者膝关节功能的主观感受,分数越低表示完成特定任务越没有困难。结果显示,术后2年UKA组KOOS-PS总分明显低于TKA组,其中UKA组在扭动/以膝盖为中心转动、跪下、蹲着3项评分上显著低于TKA组(P<0.05),表明UKA患者比TKA患者具有更好的术后膝关节功能。
目前,很少有研究比较TKA和UKA的FJS评分。Thienpont等[26]回顾性研究发现,在术后平均2年随访时间内,末次随访时TKA和UKA的FJS评分分别为(73.2±22.0)分和(76.4±19.0)分,差异无统计学意义(P=0.436)。然而,近年Zuiderbaan等[27]报道TKA和UKA术后FJS评分分别为(59.3±29.5)分和(73.9±22.8)分,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002);Peersma等[4]的研究显示TKA和UKA术后1年的FJS评分分别为(54.8±5.5)分和(91.3±6.0)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。本研究结果和Zuiderbaan等和Peersma等的报道相似,说明与TKA相比,UKA术后患者对人工关节的适应性更高。这些差异是否可以用临床异质性或方法学差异来解释,目前尚不清楚。
UKA和TKA都是改善OA患者心理健康的有效治疗选择[2,28]。术后疼痛明显缓解有助于减少抑郁行为的发生[29];术前心理健康状况对患者术后满意度也有影响,SF-36量表评分较低与患者不满和未实现期望有关[30-31]。本研究结果发现,与TKA组比较,UKA组SF-36量表评分中的精力、社会职能、情感职能和精神健康等心理评分有更好的结果。这些心理因素的改善可能有助于在康复期间提高患者主观意愿,从而使患者获得更好的KSS临床和功能评分[32]。
本研究存在的不足:首先,本研究为样本量相对较小的回顾性研究,患者未随机分配入组,且只有早、中期随访,尚需要延长随访时间,以证明UKA的优越性是否在较长时间内保持一致。另外,随着时间推移,UKA中残留的外侧间室OA进展尚无法评估。
综上述,与接受TKA治疗膝关节内侧OA的患者相比,UKA术后患者膝关节功能、关节遗忘度和生活质量方面可能有更好的预后。这些量表数据结果可能为外科医生选择恰当手术方式提供一定帮助。
作者贡献:祖翔宇主导实验设计、实施,撰写文章;王俊参与实验设计和数据分析;陆鸣参与数据采集和分析;尹宗生负责论文的总体设计和实施。
利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。
机构伦理问题:研究方案经安徽医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(P2021-06-51)。
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