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Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment logoLink to Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
. 2021 Dec 11;17:3617–3625. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S337774

LncRNA FTX Regulates Angiogenesis Through miR-342-3p/SPI1 Axis in Stroke

Qi Gao 1, Yanfeng Wang 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8674672  PMID: 34924755

Abstract

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lnc-RNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in the development of stroke. However, the role of lncRNA FTX in stroke is limited known.

Methods

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) assays were used to measure the expression of lncRNA FTX, miR-342-3p and SPI1. Western blot assays were employed to examine SPI1 protein expression. The cell viability was measured by CCk8 assay. Cell migration was detected by wound healing assays and transwell assays. Angiogenesis was evaluated by matrigel tube formation assays. The interaction between lncRNA FTX, miR-342-3p and SPI1 was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and luciferase assays.

Results

The expression of lncRNA FTX was down-regulated in blood sample from stroke patients, MAO mice tissues and OGD/R treated BMECs. Overexpression of lncRNA FTX could increase the cell viability, migration and angiogenesis in OGD/R treated BMECs. LncRNA FTX could act as a ceRNA for miR-342-3p. Furthermore, miR-342-3p inhibition increased migration and angiogenesis in OGD/R-induced BMECs. Dual-luciferase reporter assay verified that SPI1 was a target of miR-342-3p.

Conclusion

In summary, lncRNA FTX enhanced the angiogenesis in stroke by acting as a sponge of miR-342-3p to regulate the expression of SPI1 level.

Keywords: lncRNA FTX, angiogenesis, miR-342-3p, SPI1, stroke

Introduction

Stroke is becoming a heavy burden all over the world, especially in China,1 which occurs at a high rate, resulting in neurological dysfunction.2 Stroke was divided into two types, hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes.3 It has been reported that ischemic stroke (IS) constitutes about 85% of all stroke patients.4 Even though many efforts are being put into developing new strategies to treat ischemic stroke, the only effective treatment for stroke is intravascular thrombolysis or thrombectomy.5 Thus, to identify novel therapies seems curial, and further to reveal the mechanism of the pathological progress in stroke would provide efforts to develop the new treatment.

Angiogenesis is a process in which new blood vessels are formed by the extension or elaboration of existing vessels under physiological or pathological condition. It is known as sprouting of endothelial cells (ECs) inducing neovascularization formation under the control of an extensive variety of angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors.6 Within the process of sprouting, ECs migrate into their adjacent tissues, and then, they proliferate to form tubes to procedure novel blood vessels.7 Under physiological conditions, angiogenesis achieves a balance between the encouraging and obstructing factors. When the imbalance occurs, insufficient angiogenesis would result in slow wound healing.8 When the cerebral stenosis or occlusion occurs, blood perfusion in the cerebrovascular region decreases sharply, causing a sudden drop of oxygen and nutrients and eventually leading to tissue cell damage and even death.9 Recent accumulative evidence from experimental and clinical research has established a correspondence between angiogenesis and improved neurological recovery after stroke.10,11 Nevertheless, ischemic stroke injury stimulates angiogenesis in the ischemic periphery triggered by stroke, which is inadequate to fulfill the demand for blood and removal of necrotic debris.12 Therefore, innovative and effective therapies should be developed to enhance angiogenesis for ischemic stroke treatment.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which have been corroborated as key mediators of gene expression, include microRNAs (miRNAs), circRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs).13,14 LncRNAs are a critical kind of non-coding RNAs, which can interact with miRNAs and regulate miRNA target protein expression.15 Recently, emerging evidence suggests that abnormal expression of lncRNAs is indicated to be associated with stroke.16 Antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) was upregulated and gave rise to angiogenesis in rat cerebral infarction. Mechanistically, lncRNA ANRIL could increase VEGF expression and activate the NF-κB pathway.17 Likewise, small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) expression was considerably enhanced in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice and OGD-treated brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), bringing about caspase 3 activity augmentation and subsequent apoptosis. On top of that, SNHG could make BMEC survive through HIF1α/VEGF signaling.18 A protective role involved in regulating vascular function was lncRNA-myocardial infarction–associated transcript (MIAT), whose expression was markedly amplified in endothelial cells by hypoxic or oxidative stress.19 In other words, mitigating the injury of ischemia by angiogenesis can help patients with ischemic stroke carry a better prognosis. In our study, we aimed to scrutinize the impact of lncRNA five prime to Xist (FTX) on the apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis of OGD-treated BMECs. LncRNA FTX has been reported to be related to many cancers and has promoted the proliferation of cancer cells.20 LncRNA FTX has known functions related to vasculogenic mimicry formation and tumorigenesis in osteosarcoma.21 However, the function and mechanism of lncRNA FTX in stroke remains unclear. In addition, we also uncovered exact molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of lncRNA FTX on cell viability, cell migration, and angiogenesis of OGD-treated BMECs.

Methods and Materials

Clinical Experiments and Grouping

A total of 30 paired peripheral blood samples were obtained from patients with stroke and healthy volunteers at the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Patients were excluded if any other central nervous system disease was identified. Venous blood samples (5 mL) were drawn from all participants. The serum was isolated by centrifuging at 1000 × g at 4°C for 5 min and stored in liquid nitrogen. The study received approval from the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (YX-2021-071-01). Written consent forms were obtained from all participants before sample collection. The inclusion criteria for patients with ischemic stroke (IS) were as follows: (1) patients were aged 50 and over; (2) IS was confirmed by brain imaging (CT/MRI); (3) large artery occlusion occurred in the anterior circulation; (4) patients did not receive recanalization therapy; (5) patients without history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases; and (6) patients without history of severe lung, liver, kidney or other diseases. Clinicopathological features of the studied subjects are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Clinicopathological Features of Studied Subjects (n = 30)

Characteristics Healthy Controls (n = 15) IS Patients (n = 15)
Age (years, mean ± SD) 60.84 ±3.25 63.14 ± 5.10
Gender (male, %) 8 (53.33%) 7 (46.67%)
Hypertension (n, %) 1 (6.67%) 10 (66.67%)
Diabetes mellitus (n, %) 2 (13.33%) 3 (20.00%)
Hyperlipidemia (n, %) 5 (33.33%) 6 (40.00%)
Homocysteine (μmol/l, mean ± SD) 14.35 ± 3.21 15.36 ± 2.74
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Cell Culture

Primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were cultured in endothelial cells medium (ECM) (Sciencell, USA). 293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Invitrogen, USA) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, USA). Cultured cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2.

OGD/R Model

The OGD/R model was performed to mimic ischemia in vitro. Briefly, the culture medium was removed and cells were washed with PBS for three times. Cells were placed into a hypoxic chamber (95% N2 and 5% CO2) at 37°C with serum/glucose-free DMEM. Cells in the control group were cultured under normoxic conditions at the same time. All cells were subsequently re-perfused for 12 h under normal culture conditions at 37°C (95% O2 and 5% CO2).

Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)

The expression level of miR-342-3p, lncRNA FTX was detected by using qRT-PCR according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA) and cDNA synthesis was performed with a reverse transcription kit (Promega, USA). All reactions were run in triplicate, and the fold change was equivalent to the relative expression normalized to endogenous control (2−ΔΔCt).

Transfection and Grouping

Before OGD/R, BMECs cells were transfected with miR-342-3p mimic, miR-342-3p inhibitor, shR-lncRNA FTX or lncRNA FTX plasmid by Lipo 3000 Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After 4 hours, the medium was changed by fresh DMEM.

Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay

The luciferase reporter vectors (lncRNA FTX-wt and SPI1-wt) (Genewiz, China) were created. Corresponding mutants (lncRNA FTX-mut and SPI1-mut) (Genewiz, China) were constructed by gene alteration of the supposed binding sites. Cells were each seeded with a proper density of 12-well plates. Then, all plasmids were transfected into the prepared cells for 24 h. After post-transfection, cells were harvested, and the firefly luciferase activity was measured using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega, USA). The firefly luciferase activity was normalized by renilla luciferase activity.

Cell Proliferation Assay

The cell proliferative activity was measured by using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay (Beyotime, China). All treated cells were seeded into 96-well plates overnight at a density of 104 cells per well. After being starved in a serum-free medium for another 24 h, cells were incubated with CCK-8 reagent. The value of absorbance was detected at 450 nm.

Transwell Assay

After transfection, BMECs (5 × 104) in 100 μL of serum-free medium were seeded into 24-well transwell chambers with 8-μm pore size filter membrane (Corning, USA). After 12 h, medium was removed and cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde. The cells were washed and stained with hematoxylin–eosin. The number of cells was observed and counted under a microscope.

Tube Formation Assay

The Matrigel (Corning, USA) was added to a pre-cooled plate. Matrigel was solidified in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. Then, cells were added to the Matrigel immediately at a proper density. After 8 h, images were visualized and photographed using a phase contrast inverted microscope.

Western Blot Analysis

Cells were lysed with an ice-cold RIPA buffer (Beyotime, China). After centrifuge, the BCA Protein Assay Reagent (Beyotime, China) was used to quantify the protein concentration of lysates. Western blot was performed in accordance with the standard protocol everywhere. SPI1 and β-actin antibodies were obtained from Cell Signal Technology (CST, USA). Membranes were subsequently incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies at room temperature. The band images were obtained from Image Lab after adding chemiluminescent substrate (Millipore, USA). Image Lab software was used to calculate relative integrated density values.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses for each assay were carried out by using SPSS v20.0. Experimental results of three triplicates are represented as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance between groups was determined using Student’s t-test or the one-way ANOVA method. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Altered lncRNA FTX Expression in Stroke Patients Blood Samples and OGD Treated BMECs

In order to explore the function of lncRNA FTX in IS, we firstly determined the relative expression of lncRNA FTX in stroke patients blood samples and in brain tissues of MCAO mice by qRT-PCR. The result displayed that lncRNA FTX was markedly decreased in stroke patients blood samples compared with healthy controls (Figure 1A). Similarly, evident reduction of lncRNA FTX in brain tissues of MCAO mice could be observed in comparison to those without MCAO treatment (Figure 1B). After OGD/R treatment for 12 h, BMECs exhibited remarkably lower level of lncRNA FTX (Figure 1C).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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LncRNA FTX in stroke patients and OGD/R treated BMECs. (A) RTqPCR was carried out to detect the level of lncRNA FTX in blood samples obtained from stroke patients (n=15) and healthy individuals. (B) Relative expression of lncRNA FTX was detected by RT-qPCR in MCAO mice brain tissues. (C) Relative expression of lncRNA FTX in oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced BMECs was detected by RT-qPCR. All values were represented by the mean ± standard, **p<0.01.

LncRNA FTX Overexpression Promotes Proliferation, Migration, and Angiogenesis of OGD-Treated BMECs

After OGD-treated BMECs model establishment, we identified the effect of lncRNA FTX on cell proliferation. Followed by transfection with lncRNA FTX-pcDNA3.1, BMECs were performed by CCK-8 assay. It unveiled that lncRNA FTX group displayed superior cell viability, which was compared with the pcDNA group (Figure 2A). For the purpose of further figuring out the function of lncRNA FTX on BMECs, migration and tube formation assays were executed. As shown in Figure 2B and C, it could be recognized that the cell migration ability in lncRNA FTX overexpression group was much higher than that in the pcDNA group. Besides, the ability of angiogenesis was also enhanced in the lncRNA FTX overexpression group (Figure 2D).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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LncRNA FTX prevents cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis in OGD/R treated BMECs. (A) Proliferation of BMECs was detected by CCK-8 assay. (B and C) Migration ability was measured by wound healing migration assays and transwell assays. (D) Tube formation assay was used to distinguish angiogenesis ability in BMECs. All values were represented by the mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

LncRNA FTX Serves as a Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-342-3p

To identify the exact mechanism of lncRNA FTX in IS, we predicted the target of lncRNA FTX by LncBase Predicted v.2. MiR-342-3p gained the highest score in both databases (Figure 3A). We observed that lncRNA FTX contained potential binding sites for miR-342-3p (Figure 3B). Following that, the interaction between lncRNA FTX and miR342-3p was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assays. The result elucidated that relative luciferase activity was significantly reduced by co-transfection of lncRNA FTX-WT and miR-342-3p mimics (Figure 3B), whereas there was no statistical change when cotransfection of lncRNA FTX-mut and miR-342-3p mimics (Figure 3B).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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LncRNA FTX sponges miR-342-3p. (A) The microRNAs lists and scores on predicted by using LncBase Predicted v.2. (B) Predicted miR-342-3p binding sites in lncRNA FTX and dual luciferase report assay in WT- lncRNA FTX or MUT- lncRNA FTX co-transfected with miR-NC or miR-342-3p mimics. (C) Level of miR342-3p in BMECs transfected with shR- lncRNA FTX or oe lncRNA FTX. (D) miR342-3p expression in blood from stroke patients. (E) Proliferation of BMECs was detected by CCK-8 assay. (F) Migration ability was measured by transwell assays. (G) Tube formation assay was used to distinguish angiogenesis ability in BMECs. All values were represented by the mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p <0.001.

In addition, in order to verify whether lncRNA FTX takes part in regulating expression of miR-342-3p, we overexpressed or knocked down lncRNA FTX in BMECs. The qRT-PCR showed that the level of miR-342-3p was upregulated obviously followed by lncRNA FTX knockdown, while downregulated when overexpressing lncRNA FTX in BMECs (Figure 3C). Meanwhile, we detected a level of miR-342-3p between stroke patients and healthy people's blood samples. qRT-PCR indicated that miR-342-3p was upregulated in stroke patients (Figure 3D). As a result, we transfected miR-342-3p inhibitor into BMECs. CCK-8 assay implied that miR-342-3p inhibition could increase the cell viability under OGD/R treatment (Figure 3E). It could be observed that the cell migration ability was much higher in the miR-342-3p inhibitor group (Figure 3F). Moreover, angiogenesis was also promoted when inhibiting miR-342-3p in BMECs (Figure 3G).

SPI1 is Targeted by miR-342-3p

Subsequently, we predicted the target genes of miR-342-3p and it suggested that SPI1 was a potential target. It was recognized that there were conserved binding sites between 3ʹUTR of SPI1 and miR-342-3p (Figure 4A). The dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that relative luciferase activity was reduced by co-transfection of SPI1 WT and miR-342-3p mimics, which was enhanced by SPI1 mut and miR-342-3p mimics co-transfection (Figure 4A). To verify this hypothesis, the lncRNA FTX plasmids and/or miR-342-3p mimics were transfected into BMECs. Western blot indicated that the lncRNA FTX overexpression appreciably augmented the expression of SPI1, while miR-342-3p mimics showed reverse trend (Figure 4B). The result of qRT-PCR showed that SPI1 was down-regulated in MCAO mice brain tissues (Figure 4C). Finally, tube formation assay demonstrated that the elevated level of angiogenesis after lncRNA FTX overexpression was neutralized by miR-342-3p overexpression and SPI1knockdown (Figure 4D).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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LncRNA FTX promotes angiogenesis through regulating miR-342-3p /SPI1 axis. (A) Binding sites motif between miR-342-3p and SPI1 and dual luciferase assay in WT- SPI1 or MUT- SPI1 BMECs co-transfected with miR-NC or miR-3423p mimics. (B) The protein SPI1 level was detected by WB. (C) qRT-PCR showed that SPI1 mRNA level in MCAO mice brain tissues. (D) Tube formation assay was used to detect the ability of angiogenesis in HRECs. All values were represented by the mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

Discussion

Abnormal expression of lncRNAs is strictly related to stroke.22 In our study, we confirmed that lncRNA FTX expression was downregulated in OGD-induced BMECs. Additionally, lncRNA FTX promoted proliferation and angiogenesis through miR-342-3p/SPI1 axis in OGD-induced BMECs, which may be an innovative target for ischemic stroke treatment.

Ischemic stroke could result in BMECs death and blood-brain barrier disruption, leading to neurological injury.23 Angiogenesis formed by BMECs could enhance the survival rate of stroke patients.24 LncRNA FTX has been reported to be related to many cancers and has promoted the proliferation of cancer cells.20 LncRNA FTX has known functions related to vasculogenic mimicry formation and tumorigenesis in osteosarcoma.21 In the present study, we indicated that lncRNA FTX promoted cell viability, cell migration, and angiogenesis. We further investigated the mechanism of the lncRNA FTX function. LncRNA has been indicated to be a sponge for miRNAs. We verified that lncRNA FTX could interact with miR-342-3p. MiR-342-3p in endothelial cells was compromised in T2DM, and inhibition of miR-342-3p could block vasculogenesis by decreasing proliferation and migration of endothelial cell.25 In line with the findings, we found that lncRNA FTX directly bound with miR-342-3p in BMECs. MiR-342-3p inhibition could promote proliferation and lumen formation. Additionally, lncRNA FTX overexpression enhanced SPI1 expression. SPI1/PU.1 could bind to a purine-rich sequence, regulating genes expression, which is known as a transcriptional activator.26–28 We found that the 3ʹ-UTR of SPI1 directly bound with miR-342-3p in BMECs. Herein, we also found that the upregulated angiogenesis after lncRNA FTX overexpression was outweighed by miR-342-3p overexpression and SPI1 knockdown.

In conclusion, it was indicated that lncRNA FTX enhanced the migration and angiogenesis in OGD-treated BMECs through the miR-342-3p/SPI1 axis, providing an exact mechanism of lncRNA FTX and miR-342-3p in stroke. Our findings indicated that overexpression of lncRNA FTX and knockdown of miR-342-3p showed a protective role in stroke. Therefore, lncRNA FTX and miR-342-3p could be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke in the future.

Conclusions

In summary, lncRNA FTX enhanced the angiogenesis in stroke by acting as a sponge of miR-342-3p to regulate the expression of SPI1 level. Our findings indicated that overexpression of lncRNA FTX and knockdown of miR-342-3p showed a protective role in stroke, which could provide the new targets for stroke treatment.

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our gratitude to all those who financed the subject.

Funding Statement

Sponsors had no such involvement.

Data Sharing Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Ethics Approval

The study received approval from the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (YX-2021-071-01). All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and that it was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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