Abstract
目的
建立基于登革病毒E蛋白特异性抗原的荧光素酶免疫吸附法(DENV-LISA),用于检测DENV IgG抗体。
方法
分别构建DENV1-E1、DENV2-E2与荧光素酶的融合表达质粒,转染293T细胞后获得含特异性抗原与荧光素酶的融合蛋白,建立DENV-LISA,评价其特异度和灵敏度,并与商用登革病毒IgG抗体检测试剂盒比较。
结果
DENV-LISA阳性检出率32.4%,特异度96.6%,商用检测试剂盒阳性检出率35.3%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);阳性样本稀释6400倍可判断阳性,灵敏度高;同批板间、板内检测值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);重复性良好。
结论
建立基于登革病毒E蛋白的荧光素酶免疫吸附法,对登革病毒IgG抗体有较高特异度和灵敏度,可用于登革病毒感染的早期筛查、监测预警、流行病学调查等。
Keywords: 登革病毒, 荧光素酶, E蛋白, IgG抗体, 检测
Abstract
Objective
To establish a luciferase immunosorbent assay (DENV-LISA) based on dengue virus (DENV) E protein, a specific antigen of DENV, for detection of DENV IgG antibody.
Methods
The fused expression plasmids of DENV1-E1 and DENV2-E2 with luciferase were constructed. The plasmids were transfected into 293T cells, and the fusion protein containing the specific antigen and luciferase was obtained for establishing DENV-LISA. The specificity and sensitivity of DENV-LISA were assessed and compared with those of commercial DENV IgG antibody detection kit (ELISA).
Results
The established DENV-LISA had a positive detection rate of 32.4% and a specificity of 96.6%, showing a similar positive detection rate with the commercial ELISA kit (35.3%; P>0.05). DENV-LISA was capable of detecting positive samples with a 1: 6400 dilution with a high sensitivity. The test values of DENV-LISA did not differ significantly between plates or within plates in the same batch (P> 0.05), suggesting a good reproducibility of the test.
Conclusion
The luciferase immunosorbent assay based on DENV E protein has high specificity and sensitivity for detecting DENV IgG antibody, and can be used for early screening, surveillance and epidemiological investigation of DENV infection.
Keywords: dengue virus, luciferase, E protein, IgG antibody, detection
登革病毒(DENV)引发的登革热(DF)是全球重大虫媒传染病,在热带、亚热带地区均有流行。随着气候变化和人口流动增多,登革热日益严重[1, 2]。据统计,DENV原发性感染大部分为隐性感染[3],可作为传染源导致更多感染发生[4]。目前,DENV存在四种血清型(DENV1-4),单一血清型的原发感染能产生该特定血清型持久的同型免疫,但对其他血清型只能产生短暂的免疫保护[5]。研究表明,DENV二次异型感染更易引发重症,包括致死性登革出血热(DHF)和登革休克综合征(DSS)等[6, 7],给疾病防控带来沉重的医疗负担[8]。另一方面,猩猩、猴类等动物对登革病毒易感,是丛林型登革热的主要传染源,可通过蚊媒感染人。因此,建立准确、便捷的DENV检测技术,能提升DENV现场或野外监测站点的检测能力,便于开展岛礁、边防、丛林等特殊哨点的DENV早期筛查、流行病学调查。
DENV实验室检验方法有病毒分离、RT-PCR、抗体检测等,病毒分离法操作繁多、费时;RT-PCR检测核酸,快速、准确、便捷,但不反映抗体水平;抗体检测是目前最常用的快速检测技术[10]。通过抗体检测,DENV原发感染发病后8~10 d,可检测到IgG抗体[11],并在体内维持多年[12],二次感染时迅速增多[13],已作为区分原发感染和继发感染的指标。但辣根过氧化物酶联免疫法测量光密度(OD值),检测范围较窄;特殊动物检测所需的种属二抗难获取,应用范围受限;抗原制备、蛋白表达、纯化折叠复杂,制备周期较长。
本研究采用G蛋白捕获血清中IgG抗体,Nanoluc荧光素酶与DENV特异性抗原融合表达蛋白为检测抗原,检测DENV IgG特异性抗体,建立基于DENV E蛋白的荧光素酶免疫吸附法(DENV-LISA)[14],具有特异、快速、灵敏、不需要种属二抗等特点,为人群中DENV感染的筛查、预警与自然疫源地病原微生物大规模监测、风险评估提供技术支持。
1. 材料和方法
1.1. 细胞、试剂与样本
DENV1(GenBank:KM204119.1),DENV2(GenBank:KU094070.1)。293T细胞为本实验室保存。大肠杆菌DH5ɑ(北京天根生物科技),荧光素酶表达载体pNLF1-N和发光底物(Promega),病毒RNA提取试剂盒(Qiagen),质粒提取试剂盒(广州美基生物科技),脂质体核酸转染试剂(上海翊圣生物科技),G蛋白(金斯瑞生物科技),商用DENV IgG检测试剂盒(ELISA)(中山生物)。登革病人血清样本由本实验室、广东省疾病预防控制中心提供,正常人血清样本由南方医院提供。
1.2. 构建pNLF1-E1、pNLF1-E2荧光素酶表达载体
根据DENV E基因核苷酸序列[15, 16],设计引物(表 1),并在5'端引入EcoR Ⅰ酶切位点(斜体加粗),3'端引入Xba Ⅰ酶切位点(斜体加粗)和蛋白标签(下划线),交由生工生物工程(上海)合成。提取病毒RNA,逆转录为cDNA,扩增DENV1-E1、DENV2-E2基因片段,纯化、回收;经双酶切,连接至pNLF1-N载体,并转化至DH5α感受态细胞。将阳性克隆送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序,对测序正确的菌株经37 ℃振荡培养16 h,提取pNLF1-E1、pNLF1-E2重组质粒。
1.
扩增DENV1-E1、DENV2-E2的引物序列及位置
Primer sequences and locations of the coding sequences of DENV1-E1 and DENV2-E2
| Gene | Primer 5'-3' | Position |
| F: Forward primer; R: Revise primer. | ||
| DENV1-E1 | F: CGGAATTCATGTGCACAGGCTCATT R: GCTCTAGAAGCGTAGTCTGGGACGTCGTATGGGTACATCCTTCGTGCTCCTC |
901-1236 (DENV1-E) |
| DENV2-E2 | F: CGGAATTCAGAGACTTTGTAGAAGG R: GCTCTAGAATGGTGATGGTGATGATGTTTTCCTGTGTCATTTCC |
25-471 (DENV2-E) |
1.3. 转染、获取NLu-E1、NLu-E2融合蛋白
将293T细胞无抗生素培养24 h,转染pNLF1-E1、pNLF1-E2重组质粒至293T细胞中,8 h后更换维持培养基。培养48 h,裂解细胞,经4 ℃、13 000 g离心10 min,保存细胞裂解上清液。
1.4. Western blot检测NLu-E1、NLu-E2融合蛋白表达
将上述细胞裂解上清液加入SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液,置于100 ℃金属浴,加热10 min,使蛋白变性。按照等蛋白质量上样,进行SDS-PAGE电泳,使用半干转膜法,转印至0.45 μm NC膜,使用抗蛋白标签鼠单克隆抗体作为一抗(1∶5000稀释),HRP标记羊抗鼠IgG作为二抗(1∶10 000稀释),进行ECL检测。
1.5. 建立DENV-LISA检测
使用G蛋白,按照每孔100 μL,包被96孔白色酶标板,4 ℃孵育12 h;5%脱脂奶粉(0.05% PBST稀释)37 ℃封闭2 h;0.05%PBST洗板1次,2%脱脂奶粉稀释待测样品,每孔加样95 μL,37 ℃孵育2 h;洗板3次,将NLu-E1与NLu-E2细胞裂解液等量混匀,按照1∶200稀释,每孔加样50 μL,37 ℃孵育45 min;弃液,洗板3次,加入荧光素酶发光底物,使用酶标仪读取相对荧光值(RFI)。以经两种检测方法检测为阳性的样本为阳性对照,以正常人样本为阴性对照,2%脱脂奶粉为空白对照。根据RFI判断血清样品中是否存在特异性抗体,将20份正常人血清样品RFI均值的二倍定义Cut-off值,样品RFI大于该值即判断为阳性。
1.6. 特异性、灵敏度及稳定性评价
检测68份DENV感染的病人血清样本、20份正常人血清样本与9份基孔肯雅病毒(CHIKV)感染的病人血清样本,计算DENV-LISA的阳性检出率及特异度。分别使用DENV-LISA和商用检测试剂盒,对DENV IgG阳性血清样本和正常人血清样本进行梯度稀释,同时比较两种方法的灵敏度。使用同一批次3张酶标板做重复性试验,每次试验每个样品做3个复孔,分别分析板间、板内RFI差异,计算变异系数,评价DENVLISA的稳定性。
2. 结果
2.1. DENV-LISA的建立
挑取DH5α/pNLF1-E1/E2阳性菌落进行PCR,1.3%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,可见单一特异条带,与预计的DENV1-E1与DENV2-E2片段大小相似,测序结果与预期一致;Western blot结果显示,在预计蛋白相对分子质量处,pNLF1-E1/E2转染组标签蛋白有特异印迹反应,pNLF1-N空载体转染组与空白对照组无显色条带,提示NLu-E1与NLu-E2融合蛋白表达成功。建立DENV-LISA技术,在1∶400稀释度下,DENV IgG阳性样本的RFI明显高于正常人样本,表明DENV-LISA建立成功(图 1)。计算正常人血清样本RFI的算术均数,其二倍为31 405,取整,定义Cut-off值为30 000。
1.

DENV1-LISA的建立
Establishment of DENV1-LISA. A: Identification of clone DH5α/pNLF1-E1/E2. Lane 1: PCR product of E1 from DH5α/pNLF1-E1; Lane 2: PCR product of E2 from DH5α/pNLF1-E2. B: Western blotting for identification of NLu-E1 fusion protein. 1: pNLF1-E1; p: pNLF1-N; c: Blank control. C: Western blotting for identification of NLu-E2 fusion protein. 2: pNLF1-E2; p: pNLF1-N; c: Blank control. D: DENV-LISA.
2.2. 特异性评价
共检测97份血清样本,DENV-LISA阳性检出率32.4%,特异度100%,CHIKV假阳性率11.1%;商用ELISA检测试剂盒阳性检出率35.3%,特异度100%,假阳性率0(表 2)。经χ2检验,两种方法阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Kappa系数0.47(P < 0.01)。
2.
特异性试验
Specificity test of the assay
| ELISA kit | Positive rate | Specificity | False positive rate |
| DENV-LISA | 32.4% (22/68) | 100% (0/20) | 11.1% (1/9) |
| Commercial ELISA | 35.3% (24/68) | 100% (0/20) | 0 (0/9) |
2.3. 灵敏度评价
DENV-LISA与商用ELISA试剂盒灵敏度试验结果显示,DENV-LISA中,稀释6400倍时可以判断阳性,其中1号样本在12 800倍稀释时仍可判断为阳性;商用ELISA检测试剂盒按照说明书设定的判断标准,在稀释1600倍时已无法判断阳性样本(图 2)。
2.

灵敏度试验
Sensitivity test of DENV-LISA.A: DENV-LISA; B: Commercial ELISA.
2.4. 稳定性评价
DENV-LISA 3次重复性试验结果如表 3所示。板内变异系数0.46% ~4.69%,板间变异系数3.66% ~ 9.37%,同批板间、板内变异系数均低于10%;经方差分析,板间、板内RFI差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),提示该方法检测效果稳定、重复性良好。
3.
DENV-LISA重复性试验
Repeatability test of DENV-LISA
| Sample | Plate | Replication | Mean | CV | ||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| CV: Coefficient of variation. | ||||||
| A | 140 160 | 145 431 | 142 956 | 142 849.00 | 1.85% | |
| B | 132 928 | 133 809 | 137 642 | 134 793.00 | 1.86% | |
| NO.1 | C | 130 751 | 121 090 | 122 183 | 124 674.67 | 4.24% |
| Mean | 134 613.00 | 133 443.33 | 134 260.33 | - | - | |
| CV | 3.66% | 9.12% | 8.04% | - | - | |
| A | 91 086 | 89 527 | 87 546 | 89 386.33 | 1.98% | |
| B | 78 765 | 79 728.75 | 84 244 | 80 912.58 | 3.62% | |
| NO.2 | C | 76 903 | 80 405 | 80 675 | 79 327.67 | 2.65% |
| Mean | 82 251.33 | 83 220.25 | 84 155.00 | - | - | |
| CV | 9.37% | 6.58% | 4.08% | - | - | |
| A | 20 249 | 20 131 | 20 064 | 20 148.00 | 0.46% | |
| B | 18 264 | 19617 | 19 982 | 19 287.67 | 4.69% | |
| NO.3 | C | 17 130 | 17 209 | 18317 | 17 552.00 | 3.78% |
| Mean | 18 547.67 | 18 985.67 | 19 454.33 | - | - | |
| CV | 8.51% | 8.22% | 5.07% | - | - | |
3. 讨论
DENV继发性感染可引发严重的DHF/DSS。研究表明,DENV突变可能改变了DENV的抗原性,患者再次暴露时,获得的免疫失去保护作用[17];患者的流动能造成非流行区的本地传播,当患者来自其他国家或隐性感染时,传播风险更大[18, 19]。检测DENV IgG抗体能有效区分初次感染和继发感染[20],如果IgG抗体滴度在患者发病1周内迅速增高,提示患者可能为继发感染,作为登革热重症预警指征[5];为保证接种的安全性和有效性,DENV疫苗接种前应检测血清抗体[21]。因此,建立DENV-LISA用于人群中DENV IgG抗体水平筛查,可及时发现隐性感染患者,避免疫情跨区域传播,降低DHF/DSS发生概率。
本研究采用的Nanoluc荧光素酶在底物催化下发出荧光,相较于传统辣根过氧化物酶(HRP),光强度高、衰减速度慢,适用于开发新的酶免疫吸附检测系统[22, 23]。G蛋白能结合人和动物的IgG抗体,因此,DENV-LISA没有种属特异性,不需要动物源性二抗,使检测应用范围更广泛。
目前,DENV血清学抗体检测主要针对E蛋白特异性抗体,但是抗体检测不可避免存在交叉反应[24];此外,CHIKV感染临床症状与DENV感染类似,这给抗体检测增加了难度,要求检测抗原具备更高特异性[25]。
商品化DENV IgG ELISA试剂盒多为C6/36细胞培养病毒获取检测抗原,或利用原核表达系统制备检测抗原。而本研究利用基因工程技术及真核表达系统,获取NLu-E1与NLu-E2融合蛋白作为检测抗原,既避免培养病毒,又保留天然表位,降低抗原制备的危险性与难度,制备时间短,成本低[26]。本研究还发现,以NLuE1作为检测抗原,阳性检出率10.3%,特异度96.6%;以NLu-E2作为检测抗原,阳性检出率29.4%,特异度89.7%;以NLu-E1/E2作为检测抗原,阳性检出率32.4%,特异度96.6%。结果显示,NLu-E1与NLu-E2存在不同的抗原表位,并且组合使用,增加了阳性检出率和检测特异性[27]。NLu-E1、NLu-E2分别作为检测抗原,阳性检出率差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),可能因为E蛋白第一、第三区域存在型特异性表位[28]。全类型检测试剂盒使用DENV1-4混合抗原,本研究使用DENV1与DENV2混合抗原,阳性检出率(32.4%)与全类型检测试剂盒(35.3%)差异无统计学意义。可能因为血清样本来自广东省,患者主要感染DENV1或DENV2[29],与本研究使用检测抗原来源一致。DENV全类型检测增加了IgG抗体结合位点,但由于存在空间位阻效应,可能会影响抗原与抗体的特异性结合[24]。
本研究正常人血清样本中未检出阳性,CHIKV患者样本假阳性率11.1%(1/9),假阳性率较低[30],特异度高,优于部分检测试剂盒。登革热患者血清样本IgG抗体阳性检出率32.4%,与商用检测试剂盒持平,但总体偏低,可能是部分患者采血时处于病程早期,体内尚未产生足量E蛋白特异性IgG抗体[31]。
采用DENV-LISA技术,样品稀释12 800倍时,仍可检出阳性,灵敏度高于商用检测试剂盒,可以更早地检测出患者体内IgG抗体。由于样品数量有限,且缺乏流行病学资料,灵敏度与阳性检出率之间的关联,有待更多临床样本,做进一步验证。
DENV-LISA重复性试验显示,同批板间、板内RFI变异系数均小于10%,低于检测试剂盒规定的15%,重复性好;检测抗原置于-20 ℃,保存6个月,阳性检出率和特异度没有变化。由于检测抗原直接取细胞裂解上清液,裂解液中加入甘油,可防止冰晶形成,以延长保存时间,并保持活性[32, 33]。
综上所述,本研究使用DENV E蛋白两段特异性序列编码的融合蛋白,作为检测抗原,检测登革病毒IgG抗体,建立DENV新型荧光素酶免疫吸附检测技术,特异性好,灵敏度高,重复性强,制备简便,成本低,可应用于登革热的流行病学调查、自然疫源地病原微生物的早期筛查、监测预警、跨种传播、溯源和传染病疫情风险评估等。
Biography
刘金月,硕士,E-mail: 562250862@qq.com
Contributor Information
刘 金月 (Jinyue LIU), Email: 562250862@qq.com.
唐 时幸 (Shixing TANG), Email: tangshixing@smu.edu.cn.
万 成松 (Chengsong WAN), Email: gzwcs@smu.edu.cn.
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