Quality of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and 5-Year Survival Following in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Abstract

Purpose

To improve cardiac arrest survival, international resuscitation guidelines emphasize measuring the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We aimed to investigate CPR quality during in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) and study long-term survival outcomes.

Patients and Methods

This was a cohort study of IHCA from December 2011 until November 2014. Data were collected from the hospital switch board, patient records, and from defibrillators. Impedance data from defibrillators were analyzed manually at the level of single compressions. Long-term survival at 1-, 3-, and 5 years is reported.

Results

The study included 189 IHCAs; median (interquartile range (IQR)) time to first rhythm analysis was 116 (70–201) seconds and median (IQR) time to first defibrillation was 133 (82–264) seconds. Median (IQR) chest compression rate was 126 (119–131) per minute and chest compression fraction (CCF) was 78% (69–86). Thirty-day survival was 25%, while 1-year-, 3-year-, and 5-year survival were 21%, 14%, and 13%, respectively. There was no significant association between any survival outcomes and CCF, whereas chest compression rate was associated with survival to 30 days and 3 years. Overall, 5-year survival was associated with younger age (median 68 vs 74 years, p=0.003), less comorbidity (Charlson comorbidity index median 3 vs 5, p<0.001), and witnessed cardiac arrest (96% vs 77%, p=0.03).

Conclusion

We established a systematic collection of IHCA CPR quality data to measure and improve CPR quality and long-term survival outcomes. Median time to first rhythm check/defibrillation was <3 minutes, but median chest compression rate was too fast and median CCF slightly below 80%. More than half of 30-day survivors were still alive at 5 years.

Introduction

The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is estimated to be 1–10 per 1,000 admissions, with a 30-day survival rate of 15–42%.^1–5 Variation between hospitals is considerable, with an implied potential for improvement.^6,7

Studies have shown that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with high-quality chest compressions and a high chest compression fraction (CCF) are associated with improved survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.^8–10 Meanwhile, data on chest compression quality and survival outcomes following in-hospital cardiac arrest is sparse and the existing studies are small.^11–15

Performance debriefings after IHCA are associated with improved CPR quality and survival outcomes.^16,17 International resuscitation guidelines therefore recommend the use of data-driven performance evaluation debriefings to improve survival outcomes.^18–20 The guidelines also emphasize that healthcare systems with a responsibility for the management of patients in cardiac arrest should evaluate their cardiac arrest treatment to ensure the best achievable survival rates. However, our knowledge on survival outcomes following IHCA beyond 30 days is limited, and survival outcomes beyond 1 year are largely unknown.^5,21–24

Transthoracic impedance (TTI) data from manual and automatic defibrillators may be used to evaluate CPR quality. A number of studies have investigated the use of TTI in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and it has been shown to be an effective, accurate, and readily available tool to evaluate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality.^25–27 In comparison, only a few studies have investigated the use of TTI in IHCA.^13,28

The aim of this study was to investigate CPR quality during IHCA using TTI and to study long-term survival outcomes.

Materials and Methods

Study Setting: Hospital and Cardiac Arrest Organization

This was a cohort study conducted at Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, a regional hospital in Denmark covering a catchment area of approximately 135,000 patients.²⁹ In the study period, the number of admissions were between 19,000 and 22,000 annually.

Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, has an emergency department (ED), a Department of Orthopedic Surgery, a Department of Abdominal Surgery, and a Department of Internal Medicine. In addition, the hospital has a nine-bed intensive care unit, and a cardiology department with a catheterization laboratory performing diagnostic coronary angiography and pacemaker implantations.

The hospital has a multidisciplinary cardiac arrest team who are summoned by phone through the hospital switchboard. The switchboard operator receiving the call activates the cardiac arrest team. The cardiac arrest team is led by either a senior cardiology fellow or an attending cardiologist from 08.00–21.00 and from 21.00–08.00 by an internal medicine resident. In addition, the cardiac arrest team consists of an anesthesiology fellow, a nurse anesthetist, and two orderlies.

The orderlies bring a manual defibrillator (Lifepak 20, Physio-Control, Redmond, WA) to all cardiac arrests. With the aim of reducing time to first defibrillation, Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs) (Lifepak CR Plus, Physio-Control) are distributed throughout the hospital in all wards, excluding the ED, intensive care unit, and cardiology department, which all use manual defibrillators (Lifepak 20, Physio-Control).

Data Collection

All cardiac arrests in the hospital in the study period from December 1, 2011 until November 30, 2014 were included. All patients arriving in the ED with ongoing CPR were excluded.

A study nurse contacted the hospital switchboard operators on a weekly basis to collect data on time of cardiac arrest calls, location of cardiac arrest, and the patient social security number. If the social security number was not available at the switchboard, the specific department in which IHCA occurred was contacted to obtain this information.

To ensure that all IHCAs had been identified, the Department of Anesthesiology was also contacted. Their independent registry of cardiac arrests (Danish Anesthesia Database)³⁰ was used to identify possible IHCAs not identified after contacting the switchboard. Finally, the Hospital Technical Service Department was contacted for information about AED use.

Data on patient demographics, comorbidities, immediate survival outcome, and cardiac arrest treatment were collected from patient records. Long-term outcomes, ie, 1-, 3-, and 5-year mortality, were collected until 2019 from the Danish Civil Registration System, which automatically transfers information on mortality to the patient records.

The following data was collected from defibrillators: Continuous rhythm data, time of first rhythm analysis/defibrillation, episode duration, compression rate, and chest compression fraction (CCF).

Permission to collect data was obtained from the Danish Data Protection Agency case number 18/28817. According to Danish law, informed consent was not required. The study was deemed a quality-improvement study, and approval from the regional ethics committee was therefore not necessary according to Danish law.³¹

Data Processing

All patient records were reviewed, and time measurements were assessed. Time to first rhythm analysis/first shock was measured from recorded time of cardiac arrest call at the hospital switchboard. Time measures likely to be incorrect (eg, negative time from cardiac arrest call to first rhythm check or defibrillation) were excluded from analysis. Complete data on a patient was defined as having all pre-defined TTI data available (continuous rhythm, episode duration, compressions per minute and compression rate, no flow time, and -fraction/CCF, number of defibrillations).

Cardiac arrest was assessed by the treating physician and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was defined as adequate circulation for >20 minutes in accordance with the Utstein Resuscitation Registry Template for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.³² We considered pauses in chest compressions as any interruption >1.5 seconds according to previous consensus.³³

All events were analyzed manually at the level of single compressions in accordance with a previous study, ie, the automated annotations were corrected when erroneously placed.³⁴ Chest compression rate was defined to be in accordance with guidelines if the mean rate was 100–120 per minute and CCF was defined to be in accordance with guidelines if being ≥80%.^23,35,36

Data from the defibrillators and the patient record were then collected and entered into an encrypted, secure Microsoft Access database (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). Data from the defibrillators and from the hospital records was analyzed and typed into the database first by the study nurse and then by the lead author independently of each other. In case of disagreement, consensus was reached by joint discussion.

Statistical Analysis

Data was assessed for normality using quantile–quantile plots and histogram analysis. Continuous data is presented as median (quartile 1 - quartile 3), and binary data as numbers (percent). The association between survival outcomes and chest compression quality was assessed using multivariate logistic regression with mixed effects and robust standard errors to account for hospital department as a clustering variable. We adjusted for age, Charlson comorbidity index, witnessed status, CPR duration, initial shockable vs non-shockable rhythm, intubation, and use of an AED. Data was analyzed using Stata version 16.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX).

Results

A total of 335 cardiac arrest calls were made during the study period (Figure 1). In 73 cases the patient was not in cardiac arrest according to the description in the patient record by the cardiac arrest team and 35 cases were excluded for being OHCA. Overall, 38 cases were excluded because it was impossible to identify the patient’s social security number and because the department of anesthesiology had no information about a cardiac arrest call. Accordingly, 189 IHCA were included in this study. Complete TTI data was available on 118 patients (60%).

Figure 1.

Flow chart of all cardiac arrest calls. *Not cardiac arrest includes loss of consciousness, seizures, and respiratory failure without cardiac arrest, as evaluated by the treating physicians.

Abbreviations: IHCA, in-hospital cardiac arrest; OHCA, out-of hospital cardiac arrest.

Baseline demographics are presented in Table 1. The majority of IHCA-patients were significantly co-morbid (83% Charlson Cormorbidity Index ≥3). The incidence of IHCA was 3.0 per 1,000 admissions (hospital admissions during the study period: 64,039). The majority of IHCAs took place in the Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cardiology.

Table 1.

Cardiac Arrest Variables

Number of IHCA	189
Male (N(%))	123 (65)
Witnessed cardiac arrest (N(%))
- Yes	143 (76)
- No	37 (20)
- Not documented in patient record	9 (5)
IHCA time of day (N(%))
Day 08.00 AM–03.59 PM	88 (47)
Evening 04.00 PM–11.59 PM	49 (26)
Night 12.00 AM–07.59 AM	52 (28)
Cardiac arrest location (N(%))
Internal Medicine Ward	46 (24)
Cardiology Ward	42 (22)
Intensive Care Unit	30 (16)
Surgical Wards	28 (15)
Emergency Care Unit	13 (7)
Neurology Ward	10 (5)
Oncology Ward	7 (4)
Other*	13 (7)

Notes: *Other=Psychiatric ward, elevators, main entrance hall, radiation therapy, operating rooms, recovery unit, radiology department.

Abbreviation: IHCA, in-hospital cardiac arrest.

CPR quality data is reported in Tables 2 and 3. Overall, chest compression rate was often faster than guideline recommendations and CCF was slightly below guideline recommendations. Median CCF was higher at 85% (IQR=73–91) when a manual defibrillator was used vs a median of 72% (IQR=64–78) with AED use.

Table 2.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality Metrics

Median cardiac arrest episode duration per patient	391 (176–804) sec
Median time to first defibrillation	133 (82–264) sec
Time to first rhythm analysis	116 (70–201) sec
Median chest compressions rate	126 (119–131) min−1
Median chest compression fraction	78 (69–86) %

Note: All results are presented as median (quartile 1 – quartile 3).

Table 3.

Chest Compression Rate and Fraction

	ROSC	30-Day Survival	1-Year Survival	3-Year Survival	5-Year Survival
Chest Compression rate 100–120 per minute
- Unadjusted OR [95% CI]	0.55 [0.25–1.19]	1.01 [0.42–2.43]	1.05 [0.42–2.64]	1.14 [0.40–3.26]	0.93 [0.29–2.90]
- Adjusted* OR [95% CI]	0.60 [0.31–1.17]	2.04 [1.30–3.18]	1.67 [0.80–3.47]	2.50 [1.23–5.08]	1.65 [0.73–3.70]
Chest Compression Fraction CCF >80%
- Unadjusted OR [95% CI]	0.77 [0.37–1.60]	0.18 [0.06–0.57]	0.21 [0.07–0.66]	0.32 [0.08–1.25]	0.42 [0.11–1.67]
- Adjusted* OR [95% CI]	0.46 [0.07–2.98]	0.22 [0.04–1.11]	0.40 [0.05–2.96]	0.82 [0.21–3.15]	0.79 [0.21–2.95]

Notes: Odds ratio unadjusted and adjusted (*) for age, first rhythm, intubation, use of automated external defibrillator, Charlson comorbidity Index, witnessed cardiac arrest, and episode duration.

Median (interquartile range) time to first rhythm analysis was 116 seconds (70–201) and median time to first defibrillation was 133 seconds (82–264).

ROSC was achieved in 53% of patients with a 30-day survival of 25%. Survival until 1, 3, and 5 years was 21%, 14%, and 13%, respectively (Table 4). Chest compression rate and CCF was not significantly associated with better survival outcomes when performed within guideline recommendations in unadjusted analyses. In adjusted analysis, CCF >80% was not significantly associated with survival outcomes, whereas chest compression rate within guideline recommendation was significantly associated with better survival at 30 days and 3 years. Patients who survived 5 years after cardiac arrest are described in Table 5 and compared to the patients who did not survive for 5 years. Five-year survival was associated with younger age, less comorbidity, and witnessed cardiac arrest.

Table 4.

Cardiac Arrest Survival

	ROSC	30-Day Survival	1-Year Survival	3-Year Survival	5-Year Survival
Survival (N (%))	100 (53)	47 (25)	40 (21)	27 (14)	25 (13)

Abbreviation: ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation.

Table 5.

Comparison of Patients with 5-Year Survival vs No 5-Year Survival

	5-Year Survival	No 5-Year Survival	p-value
Total, N (%)	25 (13)	164 (87)
Age in years (median (Q1–Q3))	68 (59–73)	74 (66–84)	0.003
Male (N (%))	17 (68)	106 (65)	0.74
Cardiac arrests in telemetry equipped wards (N (%))	11 (44)	61 (37)
Charlson comorbidity index (median (Q1–Q3))	3 (2–4)	5 (3–6)	<0.001
Witnessed cardiac arrest of patients with recorded data (N (%))	23 (96)*	120 (77)*	0.03
First rhythm: Shockable (N (%))	8 (44)*	17 (15)*
Time to first shock in sec (median (Q1–Q3))	133 (73–171)	138 (83–293)	0.71
Time to first rhythm analysis in sec (median (Q1–Q3))	238 (104–382)	110 (69–185)	0.05
Episode duration sec (median (Q1–Q3))	144 (72–270)	415 (206–855)	0.002
Chest compression fraction (% (Q1–Q3))	73 (68–80)	78 (69–86)	0.52
Compression rate per minute during compressions (median (Q1–Q3))	125 (119–134)	126 (119–131)	0.88

Notes: Q1=25% percentile. Q3=75% percentile. *Fraction is shown as percent of patients with available data on this parameter.

Discussion

We initiated a systematic collection of CPR quality data from AEDs and manual defibrillators and found a median time to first rhythm check/defibrillation of less than 3 minutes, a chest compression rate that was too fast, and a CCF slightly below 80%. There was an overall short-term survival comparable to major IHCA registries and more than half of 30-day survivors were still alive at 5 years. Long-term survival was associated with younger age, less comorbidity, and witnessed cardiac arrest. We did not find a significant association between CCF and survival outcomes, but we did find a significant association between chest compression rates and survival to 30 days and 3 years.

CPR Quality

Data on CPR quality for adult IHCA is limited and existing studies include 60–222 patients, making the current study the second largest study.^12–15 We found a median time from cardiac arrest call to first rhythm analysis/first defibrillation was about 2 minutes, which is within the 3 minutes recommended in current guidelines.^23,35 Our data is in line with the Danish IHCA registry showing a median time to first rhythm analysis of 2 minutes.⁵ Notably, our time estimates are from a hospital with AEDs distributed on wards without a manual defibrillator, and more than 25% of events still had delays in time to first rhythm check and/or first shock. Thus, our data suggests that increased focus on implementation and training on early defibrillation is essential to reduce time to first shock in the hospital.

Current guideline recommendations on high-quality chest compressions with short pauses are primarily based on data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.^23,35 In our study, the median chest compression rate was above the recommended 100–120 compressions per minute, which is higher compared to studies by Abella et al^12,13 that were conducted when guidelines recommended a rate of approximately 100 per minute. However, the rates in our study are slightly lower compared to a more recent study showing a mean rate of 139/min for IHCA.¹⁴ Notably, we did not utilize audio-visual feedback on CPR quality or CPR coaching during resuscitation, which is associated with improved guideline adherence.^24,37

Guidelines recommending a compression rate at 100–120/min^21,23 are based on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest studies showing that this range of compression rate is associated with better survival outcomes.^9,38 This is the first study on IHCA showing an association between guideline-adherent chest compression rates and survival to 30 days and 1 year.¹¹ Only one previous study has investigated the association between chest compression rates and survival outcomes, showing that a rate >120/min was associated with better outcomes, which may be due to a higher chest compression rate resulting in higher coronary perfusion pressure.¹⁴ Notably, all of our point estimates suggest better survival outcomes for chest compression rates at 100–120/min, although we did not find significant associations for 1-year survival and 5-year survival. This is likely due to a type 2 error.

Our finding of a median CCF of 78% is in line with previous findings from Abella et al^12,13 showing a CCF of 76%, and slightly lower than the recommendation of ≥80% by the American Heart Association.³⁹ However, data on the association between CCF and survival outcomes is diverging, and many studies show an inverse trend between CCF and survival in line with our findings.^8,40–42 Thus, CCF may not be the most important metric to guide in-hospital resuscitation quality improvement measures.

Survival Data

Short-term survival rate in our study at 30 days was comparable to reported survival in both international and Nordic registries.^1–5 One-year survival in Denmark has previously been reported at 22% in a nationwide registry comparable to our findings.⁵ Only one study has reported 3-year IHCA survival²² and, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report 5-year survival following IHCA.

In our study, survival decreased from year 1 to year 3, but remained stable from year 3 to year 5. In a previous study on long-term survival among elderly patients in the US, 43.5% of those surviving to hospital discharge were still alive at 3 years.²² In our study, 57% of 30-day survivors were still alive at 3 years. The difference in 3-year survival rate may be explained by the higher proportion of elderly patients in the other study. Importantly, our data show no significant decline in survival from 3-years to 5 years. It remains unknown whether this finding reflects that those patients surviving to 3-years generally have favorable neurological outcomes, as we do not have data on neurological outcomes in this study. Importantly, data from Sweden with a comparable population and healthcare system and similar survival rates show that most patients surviving to hospital discharge have favorable neurological outcomes.⁴³

Patients who survived 5 years after cardiac arrest were younger with less comorbidity, included more witnessed cardiac arrests, a shorter CPR duration, and more shockable rhythms when compared to non-survivors. These findings are all in line with other studies showing that these factors are associated with improved survival.^{1,22,23,35,44}

Objective and Complete Data Collection and Implementation

Obtaining accurate and reliable data on cardiac arrest treatment is a challenge as many parameters are based on the treating clinician’s subjective registration leading to inaccurate data.^45–47 We used TTI data from defibrillators that offer more objective data relating to, eg, time annotations, defibrillation, and chest compressions. However, important time points such as time to first compression and cardiac arrest team response time may still not be available using defibrillator data. We did not have complete data on all cardiac arrests, which is known from previous studies on OHCA reporting complete data on 69% and 67% of cardiac arrests using TTI.^27,34 Using multiple sources of information on cardiac arrests, such as video data, accelerometers, GPS locators, apps, and data from the patient journal, may increase data completeness.^13,48 Furthermore, we do not have data on, eg, chest compression depth, as we do not have accelerometer data. The advantage of TTI is the opportunity of readily collecting data from existing defibrillators as compared to accelerometers that may require both new equipment and computer software. Thus, it is fairly easy to implement and may be a cost-effective method for hospitals to study CPR quality metrics.

Perspectives

The information we collected on the quality of cardiac arrest treatment in this study was disseminated to the doctors and nurses in our institution via mandatory basic and advanced life support courses. Thus, we utilized the data from resuscitations to emphasize early rhythm check and defibrillation, short chest compression interruptions, and proper chest compression rate. We also informed the staff of our hospital short-term survival rates and response times.

Limitations

This study has several limitations. This is a single center study. Due to a large degree of homogeneity in the Danish healthcare system, our findings are likely to apply to other Danish hospitals⁴⁹ and similar healthcare systems. We did not synchronize all clocks in the hospital prior to commencing our study, and unsynchronized clocks is a major limiting factor in achieving exact time annotations in cardiac arrest registries.^47,50–52 Moreover, we did not have complete data in line with other studies.^47,50–52 Due to the number of cardiac arrests in our study we cannot with certainty infer an association between CPR quality and survival outcomes. Furthermore, we do not have any information on chest compression depth and neurological outcomes.^11,53

Conclusions

We established a systematic collection of CPR quality data from IHCA to measure and improve CPR quality and long-term survival outcomes. Median time to first rhythm check/defibrillation was <3 minutes but median chest compression rate was too fast and median CCF slightly below 80%. More than half of 30-day survivors were still alive at 5 years.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.