Abstract
Purpose
To report the impact of Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor Eye Drops in cases of cataract surgery performed in severe Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD).
Observations
A patient affected by FECD stage II underwent femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS), developed postsurgical corneal failure and was scheduled for endothelial keratoplasty. Compassionate treatment with Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor Eye Drops 4 times per day was started. A significant improvement in visual acuity and corneal failure was recorded. Thereafter, other two patients affected by FECD stage II were prophylactically treated with Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor Eye Drops 4 times per day for three months before FLACS with good visual and clinical outcome.
Conclusions and Importance
These cases expand upon the reported effects of rho-associated kinase inhibitor Ripasudil in the FECD, suggesting a role as adjuvant medical therapy in patients advised for intraocular surgery to improve endothelial function and reduce the risk of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK).
Keywords: Fuchs' dystrophy, Cataract surgery, Rho inhibitor, Corneal edema, Transplantation
1. Introduction
Cataract surgery-related injuries cause severe reduction of endothelial cell density (ECD), estimated at 8.5% 1 year after the procedure.1 This critical damage, particularly in the fragile elderly population, has led to several surgical precautions. New ocular viscoelastic devices (OVDs) and alternative intraoperative and postoperative techniques have been performed. Some authors also support the use of femtosecond laser-assisted procedure to minimize the endothelial cells' loss, although the real benefit is still controversial.2 However, in addition to the daily surgical routine of healthy elderly patients, surgeons frequently have to face high-risk cataract surgery cases. Among these, patients affected by Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), who present reduced endothelial cell density and function, represent a wide population in which postoperative corneal failure can occur in 13% of patients, who subsequently have 70% risk of undergoing corneal transplantation.2
Although FECD medical treatment is still an un-meet need in ophthalmology, in recent years a selective Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Ripasudil, has shown promising results in supporting endothelial function in wound healing models3 as well as in clinical settings in case of traumatic endothelial damage, such as transcorneal freezing4 or descemethorexis.5
We recently experienced a case of early FECD who developed pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) and was recommended for Ripasudil eye drops, administered 4 times per day (hours 8.00, 13.00, 18.00 and 23.00 ± 30), as a compassionate treatment, while waiting for scheduled corneal surgery. After this case, we advised two patients affected by FECD to instill Rho-associated kinase inhibitor eye drops for 3 months before undergoing cataract surgery. Therefore, we aim to report how adjuvant treatment with Ripasudil can reduce the risk of corneal failure after cataract surgery in a challenging context, as well as delay the need for corneal surgery and improve the quality of life in patients waiting for scheduled corneal transplantation.
2. Case report 1
A male patient of 70 years came to our attention with decreased vision in right eye (OD). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40 in the OD and 20/20 in the left eye (OS). His past medical history was unremarkable. Slit lamp examination demonstrated corneal endothelial coalescent guttae and NS3 grade cataract in OD. FECD stage II was diagnosed. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM ConfoScan4™, Nidek technologies, Gamagori, Japan) of central cornea showed a decrease in ECD (Fixed-Frame Cell Density6 average OD 856 ± 106,4 cells/mm,2 OS 1092,6 ± 175,9 cells/mm2), pleiomorphism and polymegathism with confluent guttae (Fig.1 A and C).
Fig. 1.
In vivo confocal microscopy of central cornea (IVCM ConfoScan4™, Nidek technologies, Gamagori, Japan). A: RE before surgery; B: RE after Ripasudil therapy, week 40; C: LE before surgery; D: LE after Ripasudil therapy, week 40.
Uneventful FLACS and IOL implantation were performed. At first post-operative day mild corneal edema was detected in OD (Fig. 2 A).
Fig. 2.
Slit lamp images of right eye. A: RE day 1 after surgery; B: RE week 15; C: RE week 17; D: RE week 35.
After 1 week, central epithelial bullae, stromal edema (thinnest point 611μm) and Descemet's folds were assessed. Therapeutic contact lens was applied and removed 6 weeks later. At 15th post-surgical week, BCVA of 20/20 in OD was measured and endothelial guattae with mild stromal edema (central corneal thickness (CCT) 564 μm) in the inferior quadrants were reported (Fig. 2 B).
At 17th postsurgical week, the patient presented to our attention with a drop of BCVA to 20/32 and ocular pain, in association with inferior paracentral epithelial bullae, stromal edema end Descemet's folds (Fig. 2 C). Patient was advised for ultrathin-Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (ut-DSAEK) in OD. In the meanwhile, a compassionate therapy with Ripasudil eye drops 4 times per day in both eyes was started. The patient was informed about Ripasudil authorizations, limited to Japan, and indications. After 8 weeks of treatment, BCVA was improved to 20/20 and the central cornea was clear, with persistent endothelial guttae and low grade edema in inferior quadrants (Fig. 2 D). At week 40th the clinical situation was stable. IVCM of central cornea was performed demonstrating in OD no significant changes in ECD (Fixed-Frame Cell Density average OD 886,4 ± 118,5 cells/mm2) (Fig. 1 B), but an improved area of localised hexagonal morphology and increased size EC. No significant changes in ECD were demonstrated in OS (Fixed-Frame Cell Density average OS 1043,2 ± 121,8 cells/mm2) (Fig. 1 D).
3. Case report 2
A 65-year-old woman came to our attention with decreased visual acuity. BCVA was 20/40 in both eyes. Her past medical history was uneventful. Slit lamp examination demonstrated meibomian gland dysfunction, corneal endothelial coalescent guttae with corneal sub-edema and C2NS2 grade cataract. FECD stage II was diagnosed. IVCM of central cornea showed a decrease in ECD (Automated count average OD 2442 cells/mm,2 OS 2118 cells/mm2), reduced pleomorphism (OD 35,4%, OS 41,9%) and increased polymegathism (OD 48%, OS 54,9%), with confluent guttae. Corneal Scheimpflug topography revealed subtle loss or regular isopaches, nasal displacement of thinnest point (CCT OD 546 μm, OS 542 μm) and early posterior surface focal depression. At this time point the therapy with Rho-inhibitors eye drops 4 times per day in both eyes was started and 3 months later the patient underwent FLACS in OS and, after one week, in OD.
Surgery was uneventful and 1 month later the patient had UCVA 20/20 in both eyes without experiencing corneal decompensation. At slit lamp examination, confluent guttae were revealed but there were no signs of corneal edema. IVCM of central cornea was repeated, revealing unaltered ECD (automated count average OD 2643 cells/mm,2 OS 2255 cells/mm2), pleiomorphism (OD 41,1%, OS 34,1%) and polymegathism (OD 43,3%, OS 51,9%), with decreased confluent guttae. Corneal topography was similar for isopaches and posterior surface depression, with CCT of 556 μm in OD and of 554 μm in OS.
3. Case report 3
A 77-year-old glaucoma patient presented with decreased visual acuity in both eyes. Presenting BCVA was 20/40 in OD and 20/63 in OS. At slit lamp examination, corneal endothelial coalescent guttae with corneal sub-edema were revealed. FECD stage II and cataracts were diagnosed in both eyes (C1NS3 grade in OD and C2NS2 grade in OS). Corneal topography revealed evident isopaches irregularity with superior nasal thinnest point displacement (CCT 591 μm) and remarkable focal posterior surface depression. A combined procedure ut-DSAEK and FLACS was proposed, but the patient preferred to undergo only FLACS in OD. Ripasudil eye drops were prescribed 4 times per day for 3 months before surgery. At 1 week post-op, clinical examination showed central corneal stromal edema, which resolved within 1 week, achieving BCVA of 20/20 3 months after surgery. Pachymetry map, posterior elevation, nasal thinnest point position and CCT (612 μm) were substantially unchanged.
4. Discussion
In FECD patient undergoing cataract surgery, treatment with Ripasudil has demonstrated a clinical role by minimizing signs of corneal failure and speeding up visual recovery, as well as improving the patient's postoperative symptoms, and, so, quality of life (Table 1).
Table 1.
Comparison between baseline and last visit data. F-Up: follow-up; BCVA: best corrected visual acuity; CCT: central corneal thickness; EC/mm2: endothelial cell/mm.2
| CASE 1 |
CASE 2 |
CASE 3 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Last F-up | Baseline | Last F-up | Baseline | Last F-up | |
| BCVA | 20/40 | 20/20 | 20/40 | 20/20 | 20/40 | 20/20 |
| CCT (μm) | 559 | 572 | 546 | 556 | 591 | 612 |
| EC/mm2 | 856 | 886,4 | 2442 | 2643 | 569 | 560 |
In case 1, no clear changes in ECD but improvement of endothelial cells’ shape and size at IVCM have been assessed. We highlighted that the qualitative improvement of corneal endothelial cell morphology was remarkable in the operated right eye compared to control fellow eye.
We believe that the corneal area which suffered major cellular distress, especially during the surgical procedure, may benefit most from Ripasudil supportive therapy. On the other hand, we did not noticed improvement in fellow eye. This is consistent with findings of pilot studies that employed Rho-associated kinase inhibitors in various endothelial dysfunction with corneal edema after trans-corneal freezing.7
In case 2 the degree of corneal decompensation was lower based on the topographical and confocal assessment. Ripasudil has been prescribed as adjuvant therapy for 3 months before surgery, solving the preoperative corneal sub-edema within one month. Corneal topography showed unmodified isopaches and ECD count improvement in both eyes. The therapy was discontinued at 1 month follow-up and the results were stable in the following 3 months.
Patient 3 already had a severe corneal condition, but the disease did not progress significantly after surgery, although the postoperative edema took 2 weeks to fully resolve, without worsening into PBK.
To the best of our knowledge, case 1 is the first case of cataract surgery in FECD patient treated with Ripasudil. In addition to this, both the two eyes of case 2 and the treated eye of case 3 show promising results in an innovative concept of adjuvant protection for endothelial cells from surgical insults.
Rho/ROCK pathway is involved in regulating cytoskeleton, cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis8 and Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitors have proven, in animal model and in human case series, efficacy in promoting endothelial wound healing and corneal edema recovery after trauma.4,9 Furthermore, topical administration of ripasudil demonstrated the ability to deactivate the inflammatory cascade and neovascularization in mouse models of grafted corneas. These effects are associated with a reduced expression of inflammation-related mRNA (Interferon (IFN)γ, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)1β, IL17, IL23, and IL33 mRNA were significantly downregulated) and with an increased level of the mRNA codifying for the immunoregulatory cytokine IL10.10
However, in case 1, by prescribing Ripasudil after surgery, the corneal edema was almost completely solved, but the usual PBK sequelae, such as sub-epithelial fibrosis, could not be avoided furtherly. Since a slowly recover and regression of fibrosis has been proven after corneal endothelial lamellar surgery,11 ut-DSAEK has been performed to maximize visual outcomes in such patient. Case 2 and 3 were both at high risk of disease progression after cataract surgery according to corneal pachymetry and IVCM assessments.6 Ripasudil was prescribed as adjuvant therapy 3 months before surgery and 1 month after, and we did not find any sign of disease progression at 3 months post-surgery.
Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor Eye Drops (Ripasudil) can be a temporary adjuvant treatment useful for delaying and preventing signs of corneal failure after cataract surgery in challenging cases, or for improving symptoms and quality of life for patients awaiting subsequent corneal surgery.
5. Conclusions
Our report is a significant addendum to Ripasudil benefits in FECD patients. We strongly support that Rho-associated kinase inhibitors should be considered as adjuvant therapy in cataract surgery performed in challenging contest such as Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy, delaying the disease progression to corneal failure and improving symptoms for patients waiting for subsequent corneal surgery.
Patient consent
The patients consented to publication of the case in writing.
Funding
No funding or grant support.
Authorship
All authors attest that they meet the current ICMJE criteria for Authorship.
Declaration of competing interest
The following authors have no financial disclosures: M.A., M.C., D.G., A.D.Z.
Acknowledgments
None.
References
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