Abstract
目的
分析原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)中醛固酮腺瘤(aldosterone-producing adenoma,APA)亚型的临床特点及卡托普利试验(captopril challenge test,CCT)在APA诊断中的应用价值,尝试寻找从PA中识别APA的临床特异性无创指标。
方法
回顾性收集因高血压住院患者的临床资料,确诊PA者90例,其中手术证实为APA者34例。对两组患者临床指标,包括CCT前后的血浆醛固酮浓度(plasma aldosterone concentration,PAC)、醛固酮/肾素比值(aldosterone to renin ratio,ARR)以及CCT后的醛固酮抑制率(%)进行比较,并绘制CCT前后相关指标的受试者工作特征曲线,比较曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)。
结果
与PA组相比,APA患者确诊时高血压病程较短,低血钾发生率更高,血钾平均水平更低,两者的血压水平、性别分布、血钠水平、体重指数差异无统计学意义。APA组CCT前ARR及CCT后PAC、ARR、醛固酮抑制率均较PA组高,其中CCT前后ARR均对APA有诊断价值CCT前ARR临界点为7.12时,灵敏度为35.85%,特异度为77.78%;CCT后ARR临界点为4.23时,灵敏度为71.43%,特异度为62.22%;两者对PA分型的诊断价值相当。CCT前ARR>7.12联合低血钾的诊断特异度高达80%。
结论
CCT前后ARR对APA的诊断均具有临床价值,当联合低血钾时诊断特异度增高。
Keywords: 醛固酮增多症, 肾上腺皮质腺瘤, 卡托普利
Abstract
Objective
To analyze the clinical characteristics of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) subtypes in primary aldosteronism (PA) and the application value of captopril challenge test (CCT) in adenomas. And to find out the clinically specific non-invasive index for identifying APA subtypes from PA.
Methods
The clinical data of hospitalized patients with hypertension were retrospectively collected. All the patients were conducted with the CCT and 90 patients with PA were confirmed. Among them, 34 patients were confirmed to have APA by surgery. The clinical indicators of the two groups of patients including plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), aldosterone inhibition rate (%), and aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) before and after the CCT were compared, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the relevant indicators before and after the CCT drawn, and the areas under the curve (AUC) compared. The ROC curves were used to analyze the efficiency of the different CCT diagnostic criteria for diagnosing APA.
Results
Compared with the PA group, the duration of hypertension was shorter, the incidence of hypokalemia was higher, and the average serum potassium level was lower when APA was diagnosed. There were no significant differences in blood pressure level, gender, serum sodium and body mass index between the two groups. Compared with PA population, APA group had higher PAC and ARR whether before or after the CCT, but lower plasma renin concentration (PRC). In APA patients, the mean degree of PAC declined after CCT was approximately 5.7%, but 5% with that of PA. As for diagnosing, ARR before or after CCT had diagnostic value for APA, in which the ARR cut-off point was 7.12, which yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 35.85% and 77.78%. The cut-off point of ARR after CCT was 4.23, with a sensitivity of 71.43% and specificity of 62.22%. For the diagnosis, the ARR before and after CCT were of no significant difference. However, the diagnostic specificity of ARR>7.12 combined with hypokalemia was up to 80%.
Conclusion
ARR before or after CCT have clinical value for the diagnosis of APA from PA, when combined with hypokalemia yielded high specificity.
Keywords: Hyperaldosteronism, Adrenocortical adenoma, Captopril
原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)是指由于肾上腺皮质病变引起醛固酮过量分泌导致高血压、钠潴留、血浆肾素抑制以及伴或不伴钾排泄增多的临床综合征[1],是继发性高血压的常见原因。PA分为醛固酮腺瘤(aldosterone-producing adenoma,APA)、特发性醛固酮增多症、单侧肾上腺结节增生性PA、家族性高醛固酮血症、原发性肾上腺皮质增生、分泌醛固酮的肾上腺癌和异位分泌醛固酮肿瘤7种亚型,其中,APA和特发性醛固酮增多症为PA的最常见类型,在PA中占比超过95%。APA首选手术治疗,术后85%的患者血压、血钾可以得到恢复;而特发性醛固酮增多症患者则首选药物治疗,且早期用药后可减少心脑血管等疾病风险[2],因此,确诊为PA后进一步明确分型具有重要的临床意义。明确APA的诊断需要双侧肾上腺静脉取血,但该检查有创且操作困难,在临床应用受限。因此,寻找能在PA中识别APA的临床特异性无创指标具有一定意义。卡托普利试验(captopril challenge test,CCT)是临床上较常采用的PA确证试验,本研究拟探讨CCT在APA无创诊断中的临床价值。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
2016年8月至2018年8月因高血压于北京大学第一医院内分泌科住院的患者共271例。纳入标准:符合如下PA的筛查条件至少1条[3]:(1)持续性血压>160/100 mmHg、难治性高血压[联合使用3种降压药物(包括利尿剂),血压>140/90 mmHg;联合使用4种及以上降压药物,血压 < 140/90 mmHg];(2)高血压合并自发性或利尿剂所致的低钾血症;(3)高血压合并肾上腺意外瘤;(4)早发性高血压家族史或早发(< 40岁)脑血管意外家族史的高血压患者;(5)高血压且有确诊PA的一级亲属;(6)高血压合并阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停。排除标准[4]:(1)肾实质性高血压、肾血管性高血压、嗜铬细胞瘤、皮质醇增多症、甲状腺功能亢进、糖尿病;(2)合并严重心脏疾病(心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛、心功能Ⅲ/Ⅳ级以及主动脉夹层等);(3)合并肾疾病(肾小球肾炎、急慢性肾功能不全、肾肿瘤、外伤等);(4)合并肝疾病,转氨酶高于正常至2倍以上,或合并有肝硬化、肝功能衰竭等;(5)合并严重血管疾病(脑出血、脑血管病后遗症及脑外伤等);(6)妊娠、哺乳期妇女。最终纳入临床数据齐全的患者共211例。
对血钾 < 3.5 mmol/L的患者进行补钾治疗并在血钾恢复正常水平(≥3.5 mmol/L)后,行卧立位试验及50 mg卡托普利试验(辰欣药业股份有限公司)。采用化学发光法测定醛固酮和肾素水平,试剂盒由意大利Diasorin公司提供,灵敏度为0.13~0.53 IU/mL,测定的批内和批间差异系数分别为1.2%~3.7%和1.0%~2.9%。
由于PA诊断缺乏金标准,依据其临床诊断,全部符合以下条件者即可确诊[5]:(1)临床表现为高血压伴或不伴低血钾;(2)血液生化检查提示低肾素水平、高醛固酮水平,CT提示肾上腺结节或增生;(3)CCT或生理盐水输注试验有一项阳性。
最终共确诊PA 90例(PA组),其中手术治疗36例,经术后病理证实为APA者34例(APA组)。
1.2. 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计软件分析,正态分布资料数据以x±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验。非正态分布资料数据以中位数M(P25,P75)表示,两组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料以频数及百分比表示,两组间比较采用卡方检验。采用Medcalc 18.11.6软件构建受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线并比较曲线下面积(area under the ROC curve,AUC)差异。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 研究对象的基本特征
PA组和APA组性别、体重指数、收缩压、舒张压、血钠、血糖及脂代谢指标差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。与PA组相比,APA组确诊年龄更低[(46.17±12.80)岁vs. (52.53±12.80)岁],高血压病程更短[4.0(1.0,10.0)年vs. 10(3,18)年],低血钾发生率更高(94.1% vs. 62.2%,表 1),且血钾水平更低。
表 1.
APA与PA患者的一般特征
General characteristics of patients with APA or PA
Items | APA (n=34) | PA (n=90) | P |
APA, aldosterone-producing adenoma; PA, primary aldosteronism; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Hypokalemia defined as serum potassium < 3.5 mmol/L. | |||
Male, n(%) | 22 (64.7) | 49 (54.4) | 0.332 |
BMI/(kg/m2), x±s | 25.64±3.92 | 25.78±3.83 | 0.495 |
Age/years, x±s | 46.17±12.80 | 52.53±12.80 | 0.035 |
Hypertension history/years, M(P25, P75) | 4.0 (1.0, 10.0) | 10 (3, 18) | 0.001 |
SBP/mmHg, x±s | 149.68±13.10 | 145.12±31.03 | 0.317 |
DBP/mmHg, x±s | 96.69±10.96 | 91.97±11.00 | 0.774 |
TC/(mmol/L), x±s | 4.03±0.80 | 4.19±0.97 | 0.542 |
TG/(mmol/L), x±s | 1.76±1.16 | 1.71±0.32 | 0.997 |
LDL-c/(mmol/L), x±s | 2.58±0.66 | 2.48±0.64 | 0.535 |
HDL-c/(mmol/L), x±s | 1.12±0.25 | 1.07±0.26 | 0.760 |
Serum potassium/(mmol/L), x±s | 3.13±0.74 | 3.30±0.51 | 0.040 |
Prevalence of hypokalemia, n(%) | 32 (94.1) | 56 (62.2) | 0.001 |
Serum K+/(mmol/L), x±s | 2.83±0.28 | 2.96±0.28 | 0.180 |
Serum sodium/(mmol/L), x±s | 141.56±2.60 | 140.61±2.49 | 0.184 |
Glucose/(mmol/L), x±s | 5.58±0.90 | 6.07±2.16 | 0.178 |
2.2. CCT前后指标变化
CCT前,APA组醛固酮/肾素比值(aldosterone to renin ratio,ARR)、血浆醛固酮浓度(plasma aldosterone concentration,PAC)高于PA组,血浆肾素浓度(plasma renin concentration,PRC)低于PA组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);CCT后,APA组PAC和ARR仍高于PA组(P < 0.05),且醛固酮抑制率也高于PA组(P < 0.05,表 2)。
表 2.
APA与PA组醛固酮、肾素浓度
Concentration of aldosterone, renin between group APA and PA
Items | APA (n=34) | PA (n=90) | P |
CCT, captopril test; PRC, plasma renin concentration; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; ARR, aldosterone to renin ratio. *The increase in aldosterone levels after the CCT is defined as the inhibition rate=0. | |||
Before CCT | |||
PAC/(ng/L) | 296.0 (198.0, 389.0) | 238.0 (191.0, 345.0) | 0.036 |
PRC/(mU/L) | 2.60 (1.60, 6.00) | 3.60 (1.77, 7.77) | 0.048 |
ARR | 8.73 (5.53, 25.4) | 6.28 (4.07, 13.75) | 0.003 |
After CCT | |||
PAC/(ng/L) | 227.0 (173.0, 458.8) | 203.0 (152.0, 307.0) | 0.039 |
PRC/(mU/L) | 3.60 (1.90, 8.50) | 5.35 (2.35, 11.53) | 0.035 |
ARR | 5.97 (3.18, 12.86) | 3.78 (2.38, 8.50) | 0.004 |
Aldosterone inhibition rate*/% | 5.7 (0, 21.3) | 5.0 (0, 19.0) | < 0.001 |
2.3. 诊断指标的ROC曲线
为进一步探讨ARR、PAC、PRC在术前无创诊断APA中的价值,本研究分别构建CCT前后各诊断指标的ROC曲线。以CCT前ARR为诊断指标构建的ROC曲线(图 1A)提示ARR具有诊断价值,当ARR临界点为7.12时,其灵敏度为35.85%,特异度为77.78%。以CCT前PAC为诊断指标构建的ROC曲线(图 1B)提示PAC诊断价值很弱。以CCT后的PAC、醛固酮抑制率和ARR为诊断指标构建的ROC曲线提示PAC、醛固酮抑制率的诊断价值均很弱(图 2A、2 B),而ARR的诊断价值适中(图 2C),当ARR临界点为4.23时,其灵敏度为71.4%,特异度为62.2%。
图 1.
CCT前ARR(1A)和PAC(1B)的ROC曲线 图2 CCT后ARR(2A)、PAC(2B)和醛固酮抑制率(2C)的ROC曲线 图3 CCT前后ARR的AUC比较
ROC curve for ARR (1A) and PAC (1B) before CCT Figure2 ROC curve for ARR (2A), PAC (2B) and aldosterone inhibition rate (2C) after CCT Figure3 Comparison of AUC between ARR before and after CCT
ARR, aldosterone to renin ratio; CCT, captopril challenge test; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration.
为进一步分析CCT前后ARR对PA的诊断价值差异,应用Medcalc软件比较AUC间差异,结果显示,CCT前后ARR的AUC差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,图 3)。以CCT前ARR>7.12为指标时,诊断APA的特异度较高;以CCT后ARR>4.23为指标时,诊断的灵敏度较高;两者准确度均在60%以上,联合诊断能提高整体的诊断准确度,但特异度未见明显升高。考虑到APA患者较PA人群低血钾更常见,进一步分析CCT前后ARR指标联合低血钾对PA的诊断价值,结果表明,两者联合或二者之一联合低血钾或三者联合,均可提高诊断准确度,其中CCT前ARR>7.12联合低血钾诊断APA的灵敏度提高,特异度最高,准确度最高(表 3)。
表 3.
ARR单个指标及与低血钾联合的诊断价值
Diagnostic value of ARR single index and combination with hypokalemia
Index | Cut-off piont | AUC | Sensitivity/% | Specificity/% | Diagnostic accuracy/% |
ARR, aldosterone to renin ratio; CCT, captopril challenge test. Hypokalemia defined as serum potassium < 3.5 mmol/L. | |||||
① ARR before CCT | 7.12 | 0.67 | 35.85 | 77.78 | 60.0 |
② ARR after CCT | 4.23 | 0.66 | 71.43 | 62.22 | 64.0 |
①+② | 0.68 | 64.71 | 71.11 | 69.4 | |
①+Hypokalemia | 0.71 | 61.76 | 81.11 | 75.8 | |
②+Hypokalemia | 0.63 | 55.88 | 71.11 | 66.9 | |
①+②+Hypokalemia | 0.69 | 58.80 | 78.80 | 73.4 |
3. 讨论
高血压患者中的PA发生率高达5%~10%[6],除高血压、低血钾外,高醛固酮水平对心血管系统也存在直接的危害。APA与特发性醛固酮增多症是PA最常见的两种亚型,APA患者能通过手术治愈,而特发性醛固酮增多症患者手术疗效往往不佳,多考虑药物治疗。由于不同亚型PA的主要治疗手段和预后不尽相同,因此,术前鉴别诊断非常重要。肾上腺静脉取血是国内外公认的APA诊断的金标准[7],但由于其在实施上具有技术复杂、缺乏标准化流程、结果判断标准不统一等缺点,且存在手术相关的并发症而未在临床得到广泛应用。肾上腺CT也是常用的PA分型诊断方法,但研究发现影像学结果常常与肾上腺静脉取血结果存在差异,且现有的影像学技术存在空间分辨率不理想、功能性数据缺乏等诸多局限,比如CT在识别微腺瘤(直径 <1 cm)和单侧结节性增生,以及在区分APA和无功能性肾上腺意外瘤方面的价值十分有限[8-10]。本组纳入的术后病理证实为APA的患者中有2例CT提示单侧结节,术后病理证实为增生,也进一步表明影像学结果不足以作为APA诊断的无创指标。因此,临床上建立能够替代肾上腺静脉取血和CT的PA分型诊断方法十分重要。
本研究对PA患者及其中明确诊断为APA的患者进行比较,发现APA患者低血钾发生率更高,程度更重;此外,APA患者CCT前后的ARR、PAC水平均高于PA患者,ARR对PA中APA亚型的诊断具有价值。CCT前后ARR对于APA诊断的临界点分别为7.12和4.23,特异度分别为77.78%和66.22%,对于APA诊断的准确度达60%以上,两者诊断价值相当。若CCT前后ARR单独或共同联合低血钾(< 3.5 mmol/L)可进一步提高诊断准确度,具有临床价值,其中,CCT前ARR>7.12同时伴有低血钾诊断APA的特异度(>80%)和准确度(>75%)最高。
国外关于PA分型的非侵入性方法研究十分有限,Lenders等[11]将高度特异性分子(如11C-依托咪酯)功能成像用于诊断APA,但需掺入具有更长半衰期的放射性核素配体以选择性地结合CYP11B2基因[12],因此应用受限。随着液相色谱-串联质谱技术的发展,有研究提出用该技术测量外周血混合类固醇(18-羟基皮质醇和18-氧代皮质醇)对PA患者进行分型[13]。Biglieri等[13]发现APA患者类固醇分泌与双侧肾上腺增生患者存在差异。随后一项研究采用肾上腺静脉取血,发现APA患者肾上腺静脉血18-羟皮质酮浓度比双侧肾上腺增生者高出近3倍[14]。但由于缺乏大规模前瞻性研究,且肾上腺静脉取血应用受限,使得肾上腺或外周静脉血浆中18-羟皮质酮测定并未在临床实践中被常规应用。
目前,临床上仍普遍采用肾上腺切除术作为APA诊断和PA分型标准,但在无创指标协助分型方面并无明确的结论。有研究曾对CCT鉴别APA和原发性高血压的价值进行探讨,其结论是CCT后醛固酮水平绝对值是确诊APA更合理、有效的指标[15],但用CCT直接从高血压人群中鉴别APA并不符合指南推荐的诊疗常规,所以,应在确诊PA的基础上进行分型。本研究即针对已确诊PA的患者,寻找CCT中有助于APA分型的诊断指标,符合指南推荐的诊疗常规。
本研究在对照组的选择上存在局限性,由于难以根据临床表现及肾上腺影像学等无创检查从PA中筛选出APA患者,加之肾上腺静脉取血的有创性,因此,本研究只能在现有条件下选择肾上腺切除术后明确诊断为APA的34例(37.8%)患者与整体PA患者进行比较,这削弱了APA与非APA之间的差别,导致研究结果偏倚,因此,尚需进一步扩大样本量进行研究。
综上,本研究初步提示,CCT前后ARR对APA的诊断均具有临床价值,当联合低血钾时诊断特异度增高,最高可达80%以上。
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