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. 2021 Dec 10;9(12):1877. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121877

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The proteins of the identified androgen-response profiles are associated with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and metastasis. The proteins of each cluster (cluster A, B, C, D, and E) were functionally characterized by searching an open database (Oncomine) for known marker genes. The analysis revealed that our clusters include many signature genes previously reported to be significantly up-/down-regulated (p-value < 0.05) in hormone-refractory (HR) or metastatic (META) prostate cancer. Genes that exhibited differential expression in at least two datasets are presented.