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. 2021 Dec 10;9(12):1871. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121871

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overview of the potential mechanism of oxidative stress and possible parameters in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyquanosine. CAT: catalase. CSE: cigarette smoke extract. GAG: glycosaminoglycans. GPx: glutathione peroxidase. GSH: glutathione. GSSG: glutathione disulfide. HA: hyaluronic acid. HLA-DR: human leukocyte antigen-DR. HSP 72: heat shock protein 72. ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1. MDA: malondialdehyde. ROOH: lipid hydroperoxide. ROS: reactive oxygen species. SOD: superoxide dismutase. TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances.