Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Disulfide HMGB1 binds to MD-2 and activates the TLR4 receptor complex via two separate intracellular signal pathways. Proinflammatory cytokines are formed when the adapter molecule TIRAP gets associated with toll-like receptor 4 and the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) that activates the NF-κB signaling pathway. Interferon-β is produced when TRAM (TRIF-related adaptor molecule) associates with TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β).
