Table 2.
Summary of composite materials containing nano-hydroxyapatite as basic filler (only any other fillers are listed).
| Matrix | Filler | Tested Cells | In Vitro | In Vivo | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carboxymethyl chitosan | Sodium alginate | - | MTT assay, life/dead assays | - | [108] |
| Poly(d-lactic acid) | Bone mesenchymal stem cells | Proliferation assay, live/dead assays, osteogenic differentiation | - | [109] | |
| Poly(l-lactic acid) | Mesoporous silica Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 | MG63 osteoblast cells | MTT assay, cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, | - | [110] |
| Poly (lactide-co-propylene glycol-co-lactide) dimethacrylate | Hydroxyethyl methacrylate | Long-term release BMP-2 | Biocompatibility in rat mesenchymal stem cells, live/dead assays, proliferation cell, osteogenesis, gene expressions of osteogenesis-related markers | Rabbit femoral condyle defect animal model, micro-CT, histological observations | [111] |
| Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) | Mouse preosteoblast cells MC3T3-E1 | Cell culture, viability and morphology assay using mouse preosteoblast cells, MTT assay, ALP assay | Repair of rabbit radius defect, X-ray, micro-CT tests | [112] |
| Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide | - | - | - | [113] | |
| Chitosan, poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride | SD rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Biocompatibility, viability of cells | - | [114] | |
| hydroxyl-capped poly(lactide), carboxyl-capped aniline pentamer, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) | l-Lactic acid oligomer | Mouse preosteoblast cells MC3T3-E1 | MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation activity with and without electrical stimulation, MTT assays | Intramuscular implantation into rabbits dorsal muscles, implantation for repair of radius defects in rabbits and of tibia defects in sheep | [115] |
| Poly(thioketal urethane) | - | - | Femoral defects in New Zealand White rabbits | [116] | |
| Poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) | Graphene nanoribbons | - | - | Implantation into critical tibia defects in rats, radiography analysis, tomography, bone remodeling, biomechanical properties | [117] |
| - | Gold nanoparticles | Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Cell viability, proliferation by CCK-8 assay, Alizarin red S staining, RT-PCR, western blotting | - | [118] |
| Alginate | Chitooligosaccharide coated silver nanoparticles | MG-63 cells | Antimicrobial testing, MTT assay, cell viability and proliferation, Hoechst 33342 staining assay | - | [119] |
| Alginate | Zinc | Murine osteoblastic mycoplasm-free cell line | Cytocompatibility assay, cell viability, cytotoxicity assays | Wistar rats: implantation into critical-sized calvarial defects, histological preparation, histomorphometric evaluation, degradation, bioavailability | [120] |
| - | Zirconia | Mouse osteoblast precursor cell line | Cell cytocompatibility, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation | - | [121] |
| - | Magnetite | Mouse preosteoblast cells MC3T3-E1 | Cell proliferation and morphology | Female SD rats: protein corona formation and determination | [122] |
| Bacterial cellulose | Magnetite | Mouse fibroblast L929 cells | Cell cytocompatibility on MC3T3-E1, proliferation | - | [123] |
| Dextran-grafted iron oxide | Human-derived osteoblast-like cells | Cell cytocompatibility, gene expression, RNA isolation and reverse transcription, RT-PCR | - | [125] |