Table 4.

Summary of Quality Assessment of the included studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (adapted for cross-sectional studies).

Studies/Domains	Selection				Comparability	Outcome
	Representativeness of the Sample	Sample Size	Non-Respondents:	Ascertainment of the Exposure (Risk Factor)	Comparability	Assessment of the Outcome	Statistical Test	Quality
Willens et al., 2013 [37]	*	*	*	**	**	**	*	Good (5 + 2 + 3)
McNaughton et al., 2014 [35]	*	*	*	**	**	*	*	Good (5 + 2 + 2)
Glashen, 2015 [33]								Good (5 + 2 + 2)
Gaffari-fam et al., 2020 [25]	*	*	*	**	**	*	*	Good (5 + 2 + 2)
Aboumatar et al., 2013 [38]	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	Good (5 + 1 + 2)
Suon and Ruaisungnoen, 2019 [41]	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	Good (5 + 1 + 2)
Yilmazel and Centikaya, 2017 [30]	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	Good (5 + 1 + 2)
Lenahan et al., 2013 [39]	*		*	**	**	*	*	Good (4 + 2 + 2)
Hutchison et al., 2014 [42]		*	*	**	**	*	*	Good (4 + 2 + 2)
Luta et al., 2018 [3]		*	*	**	**	*	*	Good (4 + 2 + 2)
Hall et al., 2016 [31]		*	*	**	**	*	*	Good (4 + 2 + 2)
Hu et al., 2017 [29]	*	*		**	**	*	*	Good (4 + 2 + 2)
Costa et al., 2019 [26]		*	*	**	**	*	*	Good (4 + 2 + 2)
Selcuk et al., 2018 [28]		*	*	**	*	*	*	Good (4 + 1 + 2)
Borges et al., 2019 [27]		*	*	**	*	*	*	Good (4 + 1 + 2)
Wannasirikul et al., 2016 [32]	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	Good (4 + 1 + 2)
Ko et al., 2013 [36]		*		**	**	*	*	Good (3 + 2 + 2)
Shibuya et al., 2011 [40]		*	*	*	**	*	*	Good (3 + 2 + 2)

Good quality: 3 or 4 stars in the selection domain, 1 or 2 two stars in the comparability domain, and 2 or 3 stars in the outcome/exposure domain. Fair quality: 2 stars in the selection domain, 1 or 2 stars in the comparability domain, and 2 or 3 stars in the outcome/exposure domain. Poor quality: 0 or 1 star in the selection domain, 0 stars in the comparability domain, and 0 or 1 star in the outcome/exposure domain.