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. 2021 Nov 29;10(12):2617. doi: 10.3390/plants10122617

Anatomical and Chemical Characterization of Ulmus Species from South Korea

Woo-Sung Park 1,†, Hye-Jin Kim 2,†, Atif Ali Khan Khalil 3,†, Dong-Min Kang 1,†, Kazi-Marjahan Akter 1, Ji-Min Kwon 1, Yong-ung Kim 4, Xiang-Lan Piao 5, Kyung-Ah Koo 1,6, Mi-Jeong Ahn 1,*
Editor: Daniel K Gladish
PMCID: PMC8707370  PMID: 34961088

Abstract

Ulmus species (Ulmaceae) are large deciduous trees distributed throughout Korea. Although their root and stem bark have been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases and wounds in folk medicine, commercial products are consumed without any standardization. Therefore, we examined anatomical and chemical differences among five Ulmus species in South Korea. Transverse sections of leaf, stem, and root barks were examined under a microscope to elucidate anatomical differences. Stem and root bark exhibited characteristic medullary ray and secretary canal size. Leaf surface, petiole, and midrib exhibited characteristic inner morphologies including stomatal size, parenchyma, and epidermal cell diameter, as well as ratio of vascular bundle thickness to diameter among the samples. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis of anatomical data efficiently differentiated the five species. To evaluate chemical differences among the five species, we quantified (-)-catechin, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and (-)-catechin-5-O-β-D-apiofuranoside using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector. (-)-Catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside content was the highest among all compounds in all species, and (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside content was characteristically the highest in Ulmus parvifolia among the five species. Overall, the Ulmus species tested was able to be clearly distinguished on the basis of anatomy and chemical composition, which may be used as scientific criteria for appropriate identification and standard establishment for commercialization of these species

Keywords: Ulmus species, anatomical data, chemical differences, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside, (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside

1. Introduction

Ulmus genus (elm) of the Ulmaceae family is represented by deciduous arboreous trees with approximately 20 species distributed over the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere [1]. The dried root and stem bark have been used in China, Korea, and Japan as “Yugeunpi” and “Yubaekpi”, respectively, to treat gastrointestinal diseases and bedsores in traditional Korean medicine [2]. Meanwhile, the botanical origin of “Yugeunpi” and “Yubaekpi” used as folk medicine is unclear, and it is not known that the root or stem bark of which species has the most potent biological activity. Five Ulmus species, namely, U. davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai, U. parvifolia Jacq., U. macrocarpa Hance, U. laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr, and U. pumila L. are found in Korea [3]. The root bark extract of U. davidiana var. japonica possesses various pharmacological properties including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant activities [4,5,6,7,8,9]. In addition, the stem and root bark extracts of U. parvifolia possess anti-allergic activity [10]. Moreover, the extract of and compounds isolated from U. macrocarpa root bark exhibit anti-inflammatory activity [11,12,13]. Several secondary metabolites such as catechin, catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, catechin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, lyoniside, (-)-lyoniresinol, (+)-lyoniresinol nudiposide, triterpenes, flavanones, and phenolics have been reported in the root bark of U. davidiana var. japonica [13,14,15,16]. Moreover, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside, (-)-catechin, procyanidin B3, phloridzin, fraxetin, isovanillic acid, and vanillic acid have been isolated from the root bark of U. parvifolia, and sterol, sterol-glucoside, catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, rutin, and isoquercetin have been isolated from its stem bark and leaves [17,18]. In addition, flavonoids and coumarins have been isolated from the root bark of U. macrocarpa [19,20].

While U. parvifolia belongs to Section Microptelea, the other four species belong to Section Ulmus. It is known that Ulmus species produce mucilage, and solitary pores or pore clusters with multiseriate medullary rays exist in the wood specimens of this genus [21,22]. The wood of Ulmus species has diffuse or semi-ring or ring porosity, one to eight seriate and homocellular rays, and prismatic crystals in axial parenchyma or enlarged cells [21]. The wood of the five Ulmus species in South Korea has ring porosity. U. parvifolia has 2–3 deep pores in earlywood zone and thick-walled fibers in latewood zone. U. macrocarpa has one deep pore in earywood zone. While more than three rows of earlywood vessels are found in U. parvifolia and U. pumila, one to three rows in the other three species. In an anatomical study on the bark of Ulmus species, it was reported that orderly arranged phloem fibers and parenchyma strands were found in the bark of U. americana seedlings, but significant intracellular space was not observed [23].

While previous anatomical studies such as comparative anatomy of Ulmaceae, wood anatomy of extant Ulmaceae, and that of 12 species and two varieties from Ulmus from China have been reported, along with their phytochemicals and biological activities, anatomical and chemical differences among the root and stem barks of the five Ulmus species in South Korea remain unexplored [21,22,23,24]. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish a standardization method to identify the botanical origin of biomedical materials on the basis of differences in the inner morphological and phytochemical characteristics of the five Ulmus species in Korea.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Anatomical Characteristics of the Leaf Surface

The adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of the five Ulmus species were subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 1a,b). Hairs were observed on both the leaf surfaces in all species, except on the abaxial leaf surface in U. parvifolia. They were unicellular pointed trichomes. Short uniseriate stalked trichomes with a multicellular head were also found in all species, except in U. parvifolia. This result is consistent with the previous report that multicellular trichomes were not founded in U. americana, U. crassiflola, U. glabra, U. minor, U. laevis, U. parvifolia, and U. thomasii [22]. There is no report on U. davidiana var. japonica, and U. laciniata showed longer hair and higher hair density on the adaxial leaf surface compared to the others. U. parvifolia showed short hair and the lowest hair density among the five species. Anomocytic stomata were observed only on the abaxial leaf surface of all species (Figure 1c). The number of stomata, but not the stomatal index, is significantly affected by factors such as growth, environment, maturity, veins, and hair [25,26]. The longest stomatal apparatus was found in U. pumila (30.0 ± 1.1 μm) and the shortest in U. macrocarpa (18.8 ± 1.4 μm). Likewise, the widest stomatal width was found in U. pumila (25.7 ± 1.2 μm), while the narrowest in U. macrocarpa (14.4 ± 1.5 μm). In this study, the stomatal index of U. pumila and U. macrocarpa was the highest (19.2 ± 0.2 and 18.8 ± 0.1, respectively) and the lowest was of U. davidiana var. japonica (11.4 ± 0.2) (Figure 1c). The freqeuncy of stomata was the highest in U. davidiana var. japonica, followed by U. macrocarpa, and the lowest in U. parvifolia (Table 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Photomicrographs of the leaf surfaces of the five Ulmus species tested. (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the adaxial leaf surface. (b) SEM images of the abaxial leaf surface. (c) Photomicrographs of the abaxial leaf surface. The white or black bars indicate 100 µm. h, hair; st, stomata. UD, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; UP, U. parvifolia; UM, U. macrocarpa; UL, U. laciniata; UPU, U. pumila.

Table 1.

Anatomical characteristics of the abaxial leaf surface of the five Ulmus species.

Parameters U. davidiana var. japonica U. parvifolia U. macrocarpa U. laciniata U. pumila
Stomatal length (μm) 21.3 ± 1.7 c 26.0 ± 1.2 b 18.8 ± 1.4 d 26.8 ± 2.6 ab 30.0 ± 1.1 a
Stomatal width (μm) 16.9 ± 0.9 d 19.3 ± 1.1 c 14.4 ± 1.5 e 21.2 ± 1.4 b 25.7 ± 1.2 a
Stomatal index (%) 11.4 ± 0.2 d 13.5 ± 0.1 b 18.8 ± 0.1 a 12.5 ± 0.1 c 19.2 ± 0.2 a
Frequency of stomata 34.4 ± 5.1 a 18.1 ± 0.7 b 29.0 ± 2.2 a 16.8 ± 0.9 c 11.0 ± 0.8 d
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Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n > 3) of five independent experiments. Different upper letters in the same line indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among samples. A range of 200 μm × 200 μm was selected to count stomatal index and frequency of stomata.

2.2. Anatomical Characteristics of the Leaf Midrib

The vascular bundle of the midrib was U-shaped in all Ulmus species (Figure 2). The vascular bundle width was similar to vascular bundle height (Table 2). The widest epidermal cells in the adaxial part were found in U. parvifolia (20.1 ± 0.8 μm) and the narrowest were in U. davidiana var. japonica (11.5 ± 0.7 μm). The longest epidermal cells were observed in U. parvifolia (15.3 ± 1.5 μm) and the shortest in UPU and U. davidiana var. japonica (10.5 ± 1.4 and 9.9 ± 0.9 μm, respectively). The widest epidermal cells in the abaxial part were observed in U. laciniata (18.9 ± 1.4 μm) and the narrowest in U. davidiana var. japonica and U. parvifolia (14.0 ± 3.3 and 13.8 ± 1.3 μm, respectively). The longest epidermal cells were observed in U. laciniata and U. macrocarpa (14.9 ± 0.6 and 14.2 ± 3.5 μm, respectively). The longest diameter of collenchyma cells was observed in U. laciniata (38.6 ± 4.0 μm), and the shortest in U. davidiana var. japonica (15.0 ± 1.6 μm). Collenchyma cells support the stem near the epidermis and the parenchyma cells, helping the plant to grow straight [27]. The diameter of parenchyma cells in the cortex and pith was the longest in U. laciniata (29.8 ± 2.8 and 25.6 ± 2.2 μm, respectively). Higher ratio of vascular bundle thickness to midrib diameter was observed in U. parvifolia and U. pumila (0.17 ± 0.01 and 0.16 ± 0.01, respectively) than the others (Table 2). No significant differences in the ratio of vascular bundle width to vascular bundle height was found among the samples with the value of about one. Calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate crystals were usually present in plant tissues. Prismatic calcium oxalate crystals in the midrib of the Ulmus species exhibited a U-shaped distribution pattern along the collenchyma cells, and these crystals were the most abundant in U. pumila and the least abundant in U. laciniata. In U. laciniata, both prismatic crystals and druses were detected in parenchyma cells (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Photomicrographs of the leaf midrib of the five Ulmus species (×100). The black bars indicate 100 µm. cr, crystal; col, collenchyma cells; dr, druse; h, hair; ep, epidermis; par, parenchyma cell; xy, xylem; a, vascular bundle thickness; b, midrib diameter; c, vascular bundle width; d, vascular bundle height. UD, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; UP, U. parvifolia; UM, U. macrocarpa; UL, U. laciniata; UPU, U. pumila.

Table 2.

Anatomical characteristics of the leaf midrib of the five Ulmus species.

Parameters U. davidiana var. japonica U. parvifolia U. macrocarpa U. laciniata U. pumila
Width of epidermal cells in adaxial part (μm) 11.5 ± 0.7 d 20.1 ± 0.8 a 16.0 ± 2.2 cb 17.3 ± 1.2 b 13.6 ± 0.7 c
Length of epidermal cells in adaxial part (μm) 9.9 ± 0.9 b 15.3 ± 1.5 a 14.9 ± 2.1 a 15.6 ± 1.6 a 10.5 ± 1.4 b
Width of epidermal cells in abaxial part (μm) 13.8 ±1.3 b 15.6 ± 1.4 ab 17.4 ± 5.6 ab 18.9 ± 1.4 a 14.0 ± 3.3 b
Length of epidermal cells in abaxial part (μm) 12.1 ± 1.1 b 12.1 ± 0.5 b 14.2 ± 3.5 ab 14.9 ± 0.6 a 11.4 ± 2.1 b
Diameter of collenchyma cells (μm) 15.0 ± 1.6 d 21.5 ± 1.6 c 32.0 ± 7.2 ab 38.6 ± 4.0 a 26.0 ± 3.6 b
Diameter of parenchyma cells in cortex (μm) 20.2 ± 2.6 b 19.4 ± 1.6 b 22.8 ± 2.0 ab 25.6 ± 2.2 a 24.1 ± 0.8 a
Diameter of parenchyma cells in pith (μm) 23.7 ± 1.6 b 22.2 ± 2.7 bc 28.2 ± 3.9 a 29.8 ± 2.8 a 20.1 ± 0.9 c
Ratio of vascular bundle thickness to midrib diameter * 0.10 ± 0.01 b 0.17 ± 0.01 a 0.10 ± 0.01 b 0.10 ± 0.01 b 0.16 ± 0.01 a
Ratio of vascular bundle width to vascular bundle height * 1.02 ± 0.18 a 1.05 ± 0.02 a 1.12 ± 0.27 a 1.14 ± 0.18 a 0.94 ± 0.07 a
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Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n > 3) of five independent experiments. Different upper letters in the same line indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among samples. * Ratio of vascular bundle thickness to midrib diameter, and ratio of vascular bundle width to vascular bundle height were calculated from a/b and c/d, respectively, in Figure 2.

2.3. Anatomical Characteristics of the Petiole

The petiole was round in all species. The widest epidermal cells in the adaxial part were observed in U. macrocarpa and U. laciniata (18.8 ± 3.2 and 18.3 ± 5.0 μm, respectively) and the narrowest in U. pumila (13.5 ± 1.0 μm). The longest epidermal cells in the adaxial part were observed in U. macrocarpa and U. laciniata (16.6 ± 3.5 and 13.9 ± 1.3 μm, respectively). The widest epidermal cells in the abaxial part were observed in U. macrocarpa and U. laciniata (24.5 ± 3.5 and 21.5 ± 3.2 μm, respectively), and the longest epidermal cells in this part were observed in U. laciniata and the shortest in U. pumila. Collenchyma cells were detected in all samples. A significant difference among the species was found in the diameter of collenchyma cells. While the values of U. macrocarpa and U. laciniata were more than 30 μm, they were less than 20 μm in U. parvifolia and U. pumila. The diameter of parenchyma cells in the cortex was the longest in U. parvifolia (23.5 ± 1.6 μm), and the diameter of parenchyma cells in the pith was the longest in U. davidiana var. japonica and U. laciniata (22.3 ± 5.5 and 20.3 ± 1.5 μm, respectively). The vascular bundle in the petiole was U-shaped in all species. The ratio of vascular bundle thickness to petiole diameter was the highest in U. parvifolia and U. pumila (0.10 ± 0.01 and 0.11 ± 0.02, respectively). Unlike leaf midrib, petiole showed significant difference in the ratio of vascular bundle width to vascular bundle height among the samples. While U. parvifolia showed square type of vascular bundle, oblong type of vascular bundle was observed in the others. U. davidiana var. japonica and U. laciniata showed the lowest ratio. Calcium oxalate crystals were detected, exhibiting a U-shape distribution pattern along collenchyma cells, in all species, except in U. pumila, in which prismatic crystals exhibited an O-shape distribution pattern. Interestingly, calcium oxalate crystals were mainly concentrated in the abaxial part of U. parvifolia but distributed throughout the parenchyma cells in U. macrocarpa. The abundance of druses was the highest in U. pumila and the lowest in U. laciniata (Figure 3 and Table 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Photomicrographs of the petiole of the five Ulmus species (×100). The black bars mean 100 µm. cr, crystal; col, collenchyma cells; dr, druse; h, hair; ep, epidermis; par, parenchyma cell; xy, xylem; a, vascular bundle thickness; b, midrib diameter; c, vascular bundle width; d, vascular bundle height. UD, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; UP, U. parvifolia; UM, U. macrocarpa; UL, U. laciniata; UPU, U. pumila.

Table 3.

Anatomical characteristics of the petiole of the five Ulmus species.

Parameters U. davidiana var. japonica U. parvifolia U. macrocarpa U. laciniata U. pumila
Width of epidermal cells in adaxial part (μm) 16.4 ± 1.2 ab 15.5 ± 0.7 b 18.8 ± 3.2 a 18.3 ± 5.0 a 13.5 ± 1.0 c
Length of epidermal cells in adaxial part (μm) 14.4 ± 1.6 a 9.3 ± 0.5 b 13.9 ± 1.3 a 16.6 ± 4.1 a 9.4 ± 1.1 b
Width of epidermal cells in abaxial part (μm) 15.2 ± 2.1 b 16.1 ± 0.4 b 21.5 ± 3.2 a 24.7 ± 3.5 a 14.0 ± 2.2 b
Length of epidermal cells in abaxial part (μm) 13.5 ± 2.3 b 12.5 ± 0.4 b 15.1 ± 2.5 ab 19.4 ± 3.1 a 10.2 ± 1.2 c
Diameter of collenchyma cells (μm) 22.2 ± 0.7 c 17.7 ± 5.5 c 31.5 ± 2.2 b 37.3 ± 2.3 a 17.9 ± 2.3 c
Diameter of parenchyma cells in cortex (μm) 20.3 ± 1.5 a 14.2 ± 3.3 b 17.5 ± 0.6 ab 22.3 ± 5.5 a 16.8 ± 1.9 ab
Diameter of parenchyma cells in pith (μm) 29.1 ± 1.9 c 23.5 ± 1.1 d 38.6 ± 2.4 b 42.9 ± 1.7 a 26.7 ± 3.7 cd
Ratio of vascular bundle thickness to petiole diameter * 0.08 ± 0.01 b 0.10 ± 0.01 a 0.07 ± 0.01 b 0.07 ± 0.01 b 0.11 ± 0.02 a
Ratio of vascular bundle width to vascular bundle height * 0.71 ± 0.03 c 1.03 ± 0.02 a 0.94 ± 0.05 b 0.80 ± 0.09 c 0.94 ± 0.01 b
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Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n > 3) of five independent experiments. Different upper letters in the same line indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among samples. * Ratio of vascular bundle thickness to petiole diameter, and ratio of vascular bundle width to vascular bundle height were calculated from a/b and c/d, respectively, in Figure 3.

2.4. Anatomical Characteristics of the Stem Bark

The medullary rays of the stem bark were straight in U. davidiana var. japonica and U. parvifolia, and were curved and closer to the epidermis in U. macrocarpa, U. laciniata, and U. pumila. The medullary ray was 2–4 cells thick in all species, with the highest frequency in U. davidiana var. japonica (4.3 ± 0.7 per 1 mm2). The length of the medullary ray cells was the longest in U. laciniata and U. parvifolia (51.4 ± 6.6 and 47.0 ± 7.2 μm, respectively) and the shortest in U. macrocarpa (20.0 ± 7.0 μm). The width of the medullary ray cells was the widest in U. macrocarpa (17.0 ± 1.8 μm), followed by U. laciniata (15.5 ± 0.5 μm). Secretory canals, which synthesize and store chemicals for defense against herbivores and pathogens [28], were uniformly distributed throughout the stem bark in all species, except in U. macrocarpa. It is known that Ulmus species produce mucilage, and solitary pores or pore clusters with multiseriate medullary rays exist in the wood specimens of this genus [21,22]. The frequency of secretary canals was the highest in U. parvifolia (23.4 ± 4.0%) and the lowest in U. macrocarpa (2.5 ± 4.0% in 1 mm2). The number of secretary canals was the highest in U. parvifolia and U. davidiana var. japonica (20.5 ± 2.7 and 18.4 ± 2.5, respectively). The widest the secretary canals were observed in U. parvifolia (167.9 ± 11.2 μm), while the longest secretary canals were observed in U. parvifolia and U. pumila (237.4 ± 28.8 and 224.5 ± 27.3 μm, respectively) (Figure 4 and Table 4).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Photomicrographs of the stem bark of the five Ulmus species (×40). The black bars mean 100 µm. mr, medullary ray; seca, secretary canal. UD, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; UP, U. parvifolia; UM, U. macrocarpa; UL, U. laciniata; UPU, U. pumila.

Table 4.

Anatomical characteristics of the stem bark of the five Ulmus species.

Parameters U. davidiana var. japonica U. parvifolia U. macrocarpa U. laciniata U. pumila
Number of layers in medullary rays 2.2 ± 0.2 b 3.2 ± 0.4 a 4.1 ± 1.2 a 3.2 ± 0.4 a 3.5 ± 0.1 a
Frequency of medullary rays (in 1 mm2) 4.3 ± 0.7 a 3.3 ± 0.5 b 2.9 ± 0.4 b 2.9 ± 0.5 b 2.8 ± 0.3 b
Length of medullary ray cells (µm) 35.9 ± 1.6 b 47.0 ± 7.2 a 20.2 ± 7.0 c 51.4 ± 6.6 a 37.4 ± 3.0 b
Width of medullary ray cells (µm) 12.6 ± 0.9 b 13.3 ± 1.7 b 17.0 ± 1.8 a 15.3 ± 0.5 ab 11.7 ± 2.0 b
Ratio of secretary canals (%, in 1 mm2) 20.7 ± 2.8 ab 23.4 ± 4.0 a 2.5 ± 0.5 c 17.6 ± 3.0 b 20.0 ± 0.9 ab
Frequency of secretary canals (in 1 mm2) 18.4 ± 2.5 a 20.5 ± 2.7 a 2.7 ± 0.6 c 3.2 ± 0.4 c 15.5 ± 0.6 b
Length of secretary canals (µm) 145.9 ± 9.6 b 167.9 ± 11.2 a 89.6 ± 11.0 e 108.6 ± 11.8 d 133.6 ± 1.9 c
Width of secretary canals (µm) 169.4 ± 41.3 b 237.4 ± 28.8 a 129.8 ± 5.5 c 191.9 ± 6.5 ab 224.5 ± 27.3 a
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Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n > 3) of five independent experiments. Different upper letters in the same line indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among samples.

2.5. Anatomical Characteristics of the Root Bark

The medullary rays of the root bark, unlike those of the stem bark, were curved in all species, except in U. laciniata, in which they were disconnected (Figure 5). The medullary ray was 2–4 cells thick in all species, with the highest frequency in U. laciniata (3.6 ± 0.5 per 1 mm2). The longest medullary ray cells were observed in U. pumila (54.5 ± 5.7 μm), while the widest medullary ray cells were observed in U. parvifolia (19.0 ± 0.6 μm) and the narrowest in U. laciniata. Secretary canals were unevenly distributed and overlapped in the root bark, unlike those in the stem bark. The frequency of secretary canals was the highest in U. pumila (30.8 ± 0.2% per 1 mm2) and the lowest in U. laciniata and U. davidiana var. japonica (16.2 ± 1.4 and 16.8 ± 0.4% per 1 mm2, respectively). The number of secretary canals per square millimeter was the highest in U. macrocarpa (36.6 ± 8.1) and the lowest in U. davidiana var. japonica (13.9 ± 0.9). The longest secretary canals were observed in U. pumila (171.5 ± 1.7 μm) and the shortest in U. davidiana var. japonica. The widest secretary canals were observed in U. pumila (248.4 ± 15.5 μm) and the narrowest in U. macrocarpa and U. laciniata (Table 5).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Photomicrographs of the root bark of the five Ulmus species (×40). The black bars indicate 100 µm. mr, medullary ray; seca, secretary canal. UD, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; UP, U. parvifolia; UM, U. macrocarpa; UL, U. laciniata; UPU, U. pumila.

Table 5.

Anatomical characteristics of the root bark of the five Ulmus species.

Parameters U. davidiana var. japonica U. parvifolia U. macrocarpa U. laciniata U. pumila
Number of layers in medullary rays 2.0 ± 0.2 b 2.6 ± 0.4 ab 2.2 ± 0.3 b 3.2 ± 0.7 a 2.2 ± 0.1 b
Frequency of medullary rays (in 1 mm2) 2.9 ± 0.3 b 2.5 ± 0.5 bc 1.7 ± 0.04 c 3.6 ± 0.5 a 2.1 ± 0.2 c
Length of medullary ray cells (µm) 40.6 ± 2.5 b 41.2 ± 2.5 b 41.8 ± 5.0 b 41.5 ± 5.4 b 54.5 ± 5.7 a
Width of medullary ray cells (µm) 16.2 ± 1.3 bc 19.0 ± 0.6 a 18.3 ± 2.9 ab 15.0 ± 0.5 c 16.1 ± 0.7 b
Ratio of secretary canal (%, in 1 mm2) 16.8 ± 0.4 c 21.4 ± 1.4 b 24.2 ± 5.6 ab 16.2 ± 1.4 c 30.8 ± 0.2 a
Frequency of secretary canals (in 1 mm2) 13.9 ± 0.9 c 18.9 ± 1.1 b 36.6 ± 8.1 a 19.6 ± 2.4 b 21.4 ± 2.6 b
Length of secretary canals (µm) 116.6 ± 5.6 c 157.3 ± 5.4 b 100.8 ± 11.5 d 103.7 ± 3.1 d 171.5 ± 1.7 a
Width of secretary canals (µm) 192.0 ± 2.3 b 243.2 ± 10.0 a 163.3 ± 7.7 c 163.5 ± 2.7 c 248.4 ± 15.5 a
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Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n > 3) of five independent experiments. Different upper letters in the same line indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among samples.

2.6. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Anatomical Data

Orthogonal projections to latent structures–discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was performed to classify the five species on the basis of their anatomical data. Regarding leaf, the midrib and petiole presented characteristic sizes of the epidermal, parenchyma, and collenchyma cells on the abaxial and adaxial parts. Among the five Ulmus species, U. davidiana var. japonica, U. macrocarpa, and U. laciniata could be successfully distinguished, but U. parvifolia and U. pumila could not be distinguished and appeared to overlap with each other (Figure 6a). The leaves of U. parvifolia and U. pumila could not be distinguished from each other due to the similar ratio of vascular bundle thickness to diameter in the midrib and petiole. Regarding the stem and root bark, the five species presented similar values of frequency and size of the medullary ray cells but different values of the ratio, frequency, and size of the secretary canals. Therefore, Ulmus species could be distinguished using OPLS-DA of stem and root bark anatomical data (Figure 6b–d). Overall, the five Ulmus species could be clearly distinguished and classified on the basis of the anatomical features of the leaf, stem bark, and root bark (Figure 6e).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Orthogonal projections to latent structures–discriminant analysis of the anatomical data of five Ulmus species. Anatomical characteristics of leaf (a), stem bark (b), root bark (c), stem and root bark (d), and overall anatomical data (e). UD, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; UP, U. parvifolia; UM, U. macrocarpa; UL, U. laciniata; UPU, U. pumila.

2.7. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Profiles of the Five Ulmus Species

Six compounds (1–6) corresponding to the major peaks in the HPLC chromatogram were isolated from 70% ethanol extracts of the bark of UP. The compounds were identified as (-)-catechin (1) and (-)-catechin glycosides of catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside (2), catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (4), catechin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), and catechin-5-O-β-D-apiofuranoside (6) on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and mass spectrometry data (Figure 7 and Figures S1–S18) [29,30,31,32,33,34]. Compound 1 has various biological activities such as anti-microbial, anti-allergenic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities [14,35,36]. Compounds 2 and 3 showed hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively [14,37]. Compounds 4 and 5 displayed anti-oxidant activity [36,38]. The isolated compounds were further used as external standards for quantification (Figure 8).

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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Chemical structures of compounds 1–6.

Figure 8.

Figure 8

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High-performance liquid chromatograms (280 nm) of the (a) stem bark and (b) root bark extracts of the five Ulmus species (10 mg/mL). 1, (-)-catechin; 2, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside; 3, (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoisde; 4, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside; 5, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; 6, (-)-catechin-5-O-β-D-apiofuranoside.

Considerable differences in the content of compounds 1–6 were observed among the five species. In the stem bark, the content of compound 1 was the highest in U. pumila (9.72 mg g−1∙dry weight (DW)−1), followed by U. parvifolia (2.78 mg g−1∙DW−1). The content of compound 2 was the highest among the six compounds in all species (23.62 to 21.21 mg g−1∙DW−1) in U. pumila, U. davidiana var. japonica, and U. macrocarpa; 15.95 mg g−1∙DW−1 in U. laciniata; and 14.08 mg g−1∙DW−1 in U. parvifolia. The content of compound 3 was the highest in U. parvifolia (6.81 mg g−1∙DW−1). The content of compound 4 was the highest in U. pumila (2.92 ± 0.34 mg g−1∙DW−1) and the lowest in U. parvifolia (0.49 ± 0.04 mg g−1∙DW−1). The content of compound 6 was the lowest among the six compounds in all species, and the content was the highest in U. pumila among the five species.

In the root bark, the content of compound 1 was the highest in U. davidiana var. japonica and U. laciniata (2.96 and 3.21 mg g−1∙DW−1, respectively), followed by U. parvifolia and U. pumila (1.15 and 1.26 mg g−1∙DW−1, respectively). The content of compound 2 was the highest among the six compounds in the root bark of all species, as observed in the stem bark. The content of compound 2 in the root bark was the highest in U. macrocarpa and U. laciniata (26.61 and 24.89 mg g−1∙DW−1, respectively). While the content of compound 2 was the lowest in U. parvifolia, the content of compound 3 was the highest in U. parvifolia (1.63 mg g−1∙DW−1), as observed in the stem bark. The content of compound 3 was similar among U. davidiana var. japonica, U. laciniata, and U. macrocarpa (0.51–0.57 mg g−1∙DW−1). The content of compound 4 was the highest in U. laciniata, followed by U. macrocarpa, and the content of compound 5 was the highest in U. macrocarpa (1.83 mg g−1∙DW−1), followed by U. laciniata (1.50 mg g−1∙DW−1). The content of compound 6 was the lowest in the root bark among the six compounds in all species, as observed in the stem bark. The content of compound 6 was the highest in U. davidiana var. japonica (0.46 mg g−1∙DW−1). In summary, the content of compound 2 was the highest among the six compounds in the stem and root bark of all species. Meanwhile, the content of compound 3 was the highest in the stem and root bark of U. parvifolia among the five species (Table 6). Although chemical taxonomy with popular flavonoids such myricetin and quercetin by classical paper chromatography has been accomplished on Ulmus species without U. laciniata and U. davidiana var. japonica [39], this is the first report on chemical differences by HPLC on the major secondary metabolites of five Ulmus species in South Korea.

Table 6.

Contents of six compounds in the stem and root bark of the five Ulmus species.

Parts Species 1 2 3 4 5 6
Stem bark UD 1.31 ± 0.06 c 22.72 ± 2.39 a 1.07 ± 0.19 b 1.52 ± 0.19 b 0.67 ± 0.00 d 0.32 ± 0.05 b
UP 2.78 ± 0.21 b 14.08 ± 1.03 b 6.81 ± 0.51 a 0.49 ± 0.04 d 1.06 ± 0.07 b 0.25 ± 0.01 c
UM 1.40 ± 0.09 c 21.21 ± 3.31 a 1.19 ± 0.05 b 1.83 ± 0.20 b 0.75± 0.12 d 0.31 ± 0.01 b
UL 1.44 ± 0.03 c 15.95 ± 0.33 b 0.65 ± 0.02 c 0.81 ± 0.06 c 0.93 ± 0.07 c 0.21 ± 0.01 d
UPU 9.72 ± 1.08 a 23.62 ± 0.71 a 0.62 ± 0.00 c 2.92 ± 0.34 a 5.65 ± 0.57 a 0.45 ± 0.04 a
Root bark UD 2.96 ± 0.11 a 20.02 ± 0.48 b 0.56 ± 0.02 c 0.24 ± 0.01 e 0.66 ± 0.02 e 0.46 ± 0.01 a
UP 1.15 ± 0.07 c 4.40 ± 1.38 d 1.63 ± 0.17 a 0.13 ± 0.02 d 0.74 ± 0.10 d 0.18 ± 0.03 d
UM 2.63 ± 0.03 b 26.61 ± 0.95 a 0.51 ± 0.05 c 0.93 ± 0.07 b 1.83 ± 0.14 a 0.32 ± 0.01 b
UL 3.21 ± 0.10 a 24.89 ± 0.26 a 0.57 ± 0.04 c 1.78 ± 0.10 a 1.50 ± 0.15 b 0.25 ± 0.02 c
UPU 1.26 ± 0.01 c 7.94 ± 0.26 c 1.13 ± 0.01 b 0.51 ± 0.02 c 0.95 ± 0.15 c 0.32 ± 0.05 b
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Data are expressed as mean ± SD (mg/g dry weight) of three independent experiments. Different upper letters in the same column indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among the samples. UD, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; UP, U. parvifolia; UM, U. macrocarpa; UL, U. laciniata; UPU, U. pumila. 1, (-)-catechin; 2, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside; 3, (-)-catechin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoisde; 4, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside; 5, (-)-catechin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; 6, (-)-catechin-5-O-β-D-apiofuranoside.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Plant Materials and Reagents

Five Ulmus species were collected from various regions of Korea from April to October during 2017–2019. The samples were identified by Dr. Mi-Jeong Ahn, College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University. The voucher specimens (PGSC-451–456, 461–464, 471–475, 481–484, and 491–494) were deposited in the herbarium of the College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University (Table 7).

Table 7.

A list of Ulmus plants collected from Korea.

Botanical Name Collection Place
(Latitude, Longitude)		 Specimen No.
Ulmusdavidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai Jinju
(35°09′03.2″ N, 128°17′40.3″ E)
Sancheong
(35°19′18.7″ N,127°45′19.9″ E)
Hadong
(35°14′17.5″ N, 127°42′19.0″ E)
Pocheon
(37°45′23.7″ N, 127°10′03.8″ E)		 PGSC-451–456
Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. Jinju
(35°12′54.9″ N, 128°04′07.3″ E)
(35°13′00.3″ N, 128°04′09.0″ E)
(35°09′27.4″ N, 128°17′43.9″ E)
Busan
(35°22′02.4″ N, 129°13′64.1″ E)
(35°22′02.6″ N, 129°13′20.7″ E)		 PGSC-461–464
Ulmus macrocarpa Hance Bonghwa
(36°47′15.3″ N, 128°54′24.0″ E)
Yeongwol
(37°12′31.1″ N, 128°25′58.1″ E)
Pocheon
(37°45′23.3″ N, 127°09′58.7″ E)		 PGSC-471–475
Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr Hadong
(35°14′59.2″ N, 127°42′29.1″ E)
(35°15′00.9″ N, 127°42′30.2″ E)
Pocheon
(37°45′19.0″ N, 127°09′51.9″ E)		 PGSC-481–484
Ulmus pumila L. Jeongseon
(37°18′53.3″ N, 128°37′30.0″ E)
(37°21′47.4″ N, 128°36′34.6″ E)
Pocheon
(37°45′18.0″ N, 127°09′57.5″ E)		 PGSC-491–494
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Glycerin (Junsei Chemicals Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to prepare specimens for anatomical examination. Ethanol (Daejung Chemicals and Metals Co., Ltd., Shiheung, Korea) was used for sample extraction. HPLC was performed using water and MeOH (Thermo Fisher Scientific Korea Ltd., Seoul, Korea). NMR solvents were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. (Andover, MA, USA). Other reagents used were of high analytical grade.

3.2. Anatomical Study

Healthy and well-acclimatized samples (stem bark, root bark, midrib, and petiole of leaves) were obtained from the five Ulmus species and were preserved in 50% ethanol solution. Free hand or hand microtome sections with 20 to 40 μm-thickness were prepared using razor blades or a hand-held microtome (Euromex MT.5500, Arnhem, the Netherlands). Four to five sections were obtained from the middle part of the collected stem and root bark, lower part of midrib, and central part of petiole. The adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were analyzed using SEM (JSM-6380LV, Jeol, Tokyo, Japan) [38]. Eau de Javelle solution (Sigma, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used to bleach the samples. Then, the samples were mounted in 100% glycerin or 50% glycerinated water on glass slides. All samples were observed under a light microscope (BX53F, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), and photomicrographs were obtained using image processing software (IMT i-Solution Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada) coupled to a video camera (PixeLINK, Ottawa, ON, Canada). Over five specimens of each species were analyzed to obtain representative characteristics, and five regions were measured on each photomicrograph.

Transverse sections of the stem and root bark were used to count the frequency of medullary rays and secretary canals in an area of 1 mm2. A range of 200 × 200 μm was selected to count the frequency of stomata and stomatal index on the abaxial leaf surface.

3.3. Sample Extraction and Compound Isolation

Dried stem bark of UP (300 g) was ground and extracted with 70% ethanol by sonication. The sample was concentrated in a rotary evaporator to obtain a crude extract (117 g). The crude extract was suspended in water and successively fractionated with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol to yield n-hexane (2.0 g), CH2Cl2 (0.4 g), EtOAc (8.5 g), and n-BuOH (101.5 g) fractions. The EtOAc fraction was subjected to open silica column chromatography (CC) with a gradient elution system of CH2Cl2 and MeOH (100:0→0:100) to obtain 15 subfractions (fr.1–fr.15). Compound 1 (60 mg) was isolated from fr.6 using Sephadex LH-20 gel CC with methanol as the eluting solvent. Compound 2 (300 mg) was isolated from fr.9 through recrystallization. Subfraction fr.12 was further divided into four subfractions (fr.12.1–fr.12.4) using prep-HPLC. Subfraction fr.12.3 was subjected to Sephadex LH-20 gel CC with methanol as the eluting solvent to obtain compound 3 (200 mg). Subfraction fr.13 was further divided into eight subfractions (fr.13.1–fr.13.8) using prep-HPLC. Compounds 4 (5 mg), 5 (8 mg), and 6 (6 mg) were isolated from subfractions 13.2, 13.4, and 13.6, respectively, using Sephadex LH-20 gel CC with methanol as the eluting solvent. The prep-HPLC equipped with 312 pump, 155 detector, and GX-271 liquid handler of Gilson Company (Middleton, WI, USA) was used. The column was YMC Pack ODS-A (250 × 20 mm, 5 μm) equipped with a guard column. The flow rate was 4.0 mL/min, and eluent was detected at 280 nm. The gradient conditions using water and methanol were as follows: 15% methanol to 20% for the first 25 min, 20% to 90% for the next 10 min, 90% to 15% for 2 min, and then 15% kept for 5 min. For the compound identification, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data were obtained using Bruker DRX-300 and 500 spectrometers (Germany). EI, FAB, and ESI-MS were obtained using JMS-700 (Jeol) and Qtrap 4500 (Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA), respectively.

3.4. HPLC-DAD Profiling and Quantification

Dried stem and root barks were crushed in a grinder, and 250 mg of each sample was weighed. The powdered samples were extracted with 15 mL of 70% ethanol by sonicating it thrice for 60 min. The extract was centrifuged at 5752× g at 4 °C for 10 min (Eppendorf 5430R, Germany), and the supernatant was passed through a 0.45 μm PTFE syringe filter (Whatman, New York, NY, USA). Before HPLC analysis, the final volume was adjusted to 15 mL with 70% ethanol.

An Agilent 1260 series LC system equipped with an autosampler, a column oven, a binary pump, and a degasser (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used for the analysis. An aliquot (10 μL) of sample solution was directly injected on a Phenomenex Gemini C18 110A column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) equipped with a compatible guard column. Components were resolved by gradient elution using a 5% formic acid in water and methanol solvent system as follows, 10% to 80% methanol for the first 15 min, and then 80% to 10% for next 35 min. A conditioning phase was then used to return the column to the initial state for 5 min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and column temperature was 30 °C. The eluent was detected at 280 nm. LC chromatograms and in-line UV spectra were collected and analyzed using the Chemstation software (Agilent Technologies).

Quantification of compounds 1–6 was accomplished on the same LC condition used for profiling. Stock solutions of standard compounds were prepared with HPLC-grade methanol. For calibration curve, solutions were prepared by successive serial dilutions of the stock solution with methanol, and the final concentrations were 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.3, 15.6, 7.8, 3.9, 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 μg/mL.

3.5. Statistical Analysis

All anatomical data of the stem bark, root bark, leaf, midrib, and petiole of each sample were subjected to OPLS-DA. OPLS-DA was performed using SIMCA (Ver. 13, Umetrics, Sweden). All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance was performed using Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Values with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

4. Conclusions

Anatomical characteristics and phytochemical profiles significantly varied among the five Ulmus species from South Korea. Specifically, there were significant differences in the size of epidermal cells in the midrib and petiole of leaves, as well as the frequency of secretary canals, and moreover the number and size of medullary rays in stem and root bark. OPLS-DA of anatomical data could clearly distinguish the five Ulmus species tested. There were significant differences in the HPLC profiles of the six isolated compounds among the five samples. The content of compound 2 was the highest among the six compounds in stem and root bark and in all species. Meanwhile, the content of compound 3 was the highest in the stem and root bark of UP among the five species. Therefore, compound 2 can serve as an indicator for the standardization of Ulmus species, while compound 3 can serve as a valuable marker to distinguish UP from other Ulmus species. Anatomical characteristics and phytochemical profiles obtained in this study might be useful as reference to distinguish Ulmus plants in South Korea.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants10122617/s1, Figure S1, The EI-MS spectrum of compound 1. Figure S2, The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 1. Figure S3, The 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 1. Figure S4, The FAB-MS spectrum of compound 2. Figure S5, The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 2. Figure S6, The 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 2. Figure S7, The FAB-MS spectrum of compound 3. Figure S8, The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 3. Figure S9, The 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 3. Figure S10, The ESI-MS spectrum of compound 4. Figure S11, The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 4. Figure S12, The 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 4. Figure S13, The ESI-MS spectrum of compound 5. Figure S14, The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 5. Figure S15, The 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 5. Figure S16, The ESI-MS spectrum of compound 6. Figure S17, The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 6. Figure S18, The 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 6. 1H and 13C NMR assign data of isolated compounds.

Click here for additional data file. (1.1MB, zip)

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.-S.P., H.-J.K. and A.A.K.K.; methodology, W.-S.P., H.-J.K. and X.-L.P.; validation, W.-S.P., H.-J.K., Y.-u.K. and D.-M.K.; formal analysis, K.-M.A., D.-M.K. and J.-M.K.; writing—original draft preparation, W.-S.P., A.A.K.K., K.-A.K. and M.-J.A.; writing—review and editing, D.-M.K., Y.-u.K., X.-L.P. and M.-J.A.; visualization, H.-J.K., D.-M.K. and J.-M.K.; supervision, M.-J.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the R&D Program for Forest Science Technology (Project No. 2017036A00-1719-BA01) developed by the Korea Forest Service (Korea Forestry Promotion Institute); and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017R1A2B4008859).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Date is contained within the article and Supplementary Material.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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