Abstract
Objective
To analyze and compare different clinical, laboratory, and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics between pediatric and adult patients with first-attack myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) and to explore predictive factors for severity at disease onset.
Methods
Patients diagnosed with MOGAD at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2013 to August 2021 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Age at disease onset, sex, comorbidities, laboratory tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were collected and analyzed. The association between risk factors and initial EDSS scores at disease onset was analyzed using logistic regression models and Spearman correlation analyses. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive ability of the uric acid and homocysteine (Hcy) levels for the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of MOGAD.
Results
Sixty-seven patients (female, n=34; male, n=33) with first-attack MOGAD were included in this study. The mean age at onset was 26.43 ± 18.22 years (range: 3–79 years). Among patients <18 years of age, the most common presenting symptoms were loss of vision (36.0%), and nausea and vomiting (24.0%), and the most common disease spectrum was acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (40.0%). Among patients aged ≥18 years, the most common presenting symptoms were loss of vision (35.7%), paresthesia (33.3%), and paralysis (26.2%), and the most common disease spectrum was optic neuritis (35.7%). The most common lesions were cortical gray matter/paracortical white matter lesions in both pediatric and adult patients. Uric acid [odds ratio (OR)=1.014; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.006–1.022; P=0.000] and serum Hcy (OR=1.125; 95% CI=1.017–1.246; P=0.023) levels were significantly associated with the severity of neurological dysfunction at disease onset. Uric acid levels (r=0.2583; P=0.035) and Hcy levels (r=0.3971; P=0.0009) were positively correlated with initial EDSS scores. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.7775 (95% CI= 0.6617‒0.8933; P<0.001) and 0.6767 (95% CI=0.5433‒0.8102, P=0.014) for uric acid and Hcy levels, respectively.
Conclusion
The clinical phenotype of MOGAD varies in patients of different ages. The most common disease spectrum was ADEM in patients aged<18 years, while optic neuritis was commonly found in patients aged ≥18 years. The uric acid and Hcy levels are risk factors for the severity of neurological dysfunction at disease onset in patients with first-attack MOGAD.
Keywords: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease, clinical and radiological characteristics, predictive factors, uric acid, homocysteine
Introduction
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and has a wide spectrum of presenting clinical phenotypes. The majority of patients with MOGAD present with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), transverse myelitis (TM), recurrent optic neuritis (ON), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) (1, 2). Approximately 40% of patients with NMOSD who are seronegative for the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody have MOGAD (3). Unlike AQP4, which is an astrocytic protein, MOG is localized on the outer layer of myelin and oligodendrocytes, which may induce oligodendrocyte and myelin injuries that result in inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) (4).
The clinical and radiological findings of MOGAD vary. Previous studies have focused on the clinical and radiological features or treatment and prognosis of patients with MOGAD (5–7); studies reporting detailed laboratory test data are rare. Although many cases have been reported in recent years, Chinese studies regarding MOGAD include relatively small sample sizes. Studies identifying reliable and sensitive markers to predict the severity of neurological impairment in patients with NMOSD and MS have been reported (8, 9); however, few studies have reported predictive factors for the severity of MOGAD at disease onset.
Clinical, laboratory, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics were analyzed, and predictive factors for the severity at disease onset of MOGAD were identified in this study. We focused on the first-attack MOGAD patients to rule out possible effects of previous treatments (such as glucocorticoids, immunoglobulin, and immunosuppressants) on laboratory results.
This is the first study to investigate predictive factors for the severity of MOGAD at disease onset, and the results will be useful for the early assessment of the prognosis of patients with MOGAD, allowing for more individualized treatment plans.
Materials and Methods
Participants
Patients diagnosed with MOGAD at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2013 to August 2021 were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Patients who were seropositive for MOG antibodies on a live cell-based assay (CBA) with inflammatory attacks of the optic nerve, spinal cord, or brain were included (6).
The exclusion criteria were a non-first-attack of MOGAD, the coexistence of other diseases that may affect the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, the use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapies in the six months prior to admission, the use of drugs that may affect laboratory tests (including lipid-lowering drugs, homocysteine-lowering drugs, or hepatic or renal protectants), and the presence of hematological, infectious, or other diseases that may affect the laboratory tests or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. The detailed selection process is shown in Figure 1 .
Figure 1.
Overview of the patient selection process.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (2019-KY-018) and was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants or their guardians provided written informed consent for their participation in the study.
Data Collection and Treatment
Age at onset, sex, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, treatments, laboratory tests [routine blood tests, liver function, renal function, lipids, thyroid hormones, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), homocysteine (Hcy), and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)], CSF analysis (intracranial pressure, leukocyte count, and protein concentration), and imaging findings at admission were collected. The EDSS scores at admission, discharge, and follow-up were evaluated by an experienced neurologist. The clinical symptoms at admission were used to calculate the initial EDSS scores. Patients received different treatments according to their clinical symptoms and financial situation. Treatments including corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and immunosuppressants (such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate) were recorded. Relapse was defined as new-onset or recurrent neurological symptoms lasting for at least 24 hours, resulting in an increase in the EDSS score of at least 0.5 points from the patient’s lowest score. Relapse events occurring within 28 days of one another were considered a single relapse (10). Follow-up data were obtained via annual clinic visits or telephone interviews. The last follow-up date was November 15, 2021.
Blood samples were collected from patients after overnight fasting at 7:00–8:00 am the next day after admission. Blood and CSF samples were obtained prior to the administration of any treatments. MOG antibodies were measured by CBA. When MOG antibody titers were more than 1:10, we considered the MOG status positive. The MOG antibody titers of participants varied from 1:10 to 1:000++. Titers more than 1:000 were described as 1:000+ or 1:1000++. The tests were conducted in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocols, and the examiners were blinded to the patients’ diagnoses and clinical symptoms.
Imaging Data
MRI scans were performed using a 3.0T scanner (Philips Healthcare, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Sagittal T1-weighted images (T1WI), axial T1WI, T2-weighted images (T2WI), axial/sagittal fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, axial diffusion, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapped images, and contrast-enhanced axial, coronal, and sagittal T1WI images of the brain and sagittal T1WI, sagittal T2WI, axial T1WI, and axial T2WI images of the spine were analyzed. A gadolinium glutamine injection was used as the contrast agent. The locations of the lesions were recorded as deep white matter (WM), cortical gray matter/paracortical WM, periventricular WM, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cervical medulla, lumbar medulla, thoracic medulla, optic nerve, optic chiasma, and optic tract. All assessments were performed by two independent radiologists who were blinded to the patients’ clinical features.
Grouping
The patients were divided into children (<18 years) and adults (≥18 years) based on the age at onset. The differences in clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics between children and adult patients were analyzed. The patients were then categorized based on initial EDSS score (≤3 or >3) to identify predictive factors for the severity of neurological dysfunction at disease onset (11).
Statistical Analyses
Continuous data with a normal distribution are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Continuous data with a non-normal distribution are presented as median ± interquartile range. Categorical variables are expressed as frequency (percentage, %). The differences between the two groups were analyzed using the Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon test for normally and non-normally distributed data, respectively. Categorical data were compared using the chi-square test when comparing numbers ≥5 or Fisher’s exact test when comparing small numbers <5. A univariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential predictive factors for the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of MOGAD. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent predictive factors for the severity of neurological dysfunction at disease onset. Variables with a significance level of P < 0.1 in the univariate logistic regression analysis were included in the basic model. Variables clinically believed to have an impact on the initial EDSS (including age at onset and sex) and factors that affect Hcy levels (including folic acid and vitamin B12) were included in the adjusted model to analyze the stability of the associations between uric acid levels, Hcy levels, and the severity of neurological dysfunction at disease onset. A correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation analysis. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the uric acid and Hcy levels for the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of MOGAD.
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 26.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results
Patient Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
Eighty-nine patients were diagnosed with MOGAD and were seropositive for MOG antibodies between January 2013 and August 2021 at First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Sixty-seven (females, n=34; males, n=33) of these patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study.
The mean patient age at onset was 26.43 ± 18.22 years (range: 3–79 years). A total of 25 patients were <18 years of age (mean age: 9.12 ± 3.71 years; 15 females), and 42 patients were ≥18 years of age (mean age: 36.74 ± 15.32 years; 19 females). Sex was not significantly different between the groups ( Table 1 ).
Table 1.
Patient demographics and comorbidities.
| All patients | Age<18 | Age≥18 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 67) | (n = 25) | (n = 42) | ||
| Age at onset | 26.43 ± 18.22 | 9.12 ± 3.71 | 36.74 ± 15.32 | 0.000* |
| Sex, female | 34 (50.7) | 15 (60.0) | 19 (45.2) | 0.242 |
| Smoking | 8 (11.9) | 0 | 8 (19.4) | 0.020* |
| Drinking | 4 (6.0) | 0 | 4 (9.5) | 0.289 |
| Hypertension | 3 (4.5) | 0 | 3 (7.1) | 0.288 |
| Diabetes | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Coronary heart disease | 3 (4.5) | 0 | 3 (7.1) | 0.288 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Anxiety/depression | 2 (3.0) | 0 | 2 (4.8) | 0.525 |
| Malignancy | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Trauma | 1 (1.5) | 1 (4.0) | 0 | 0.373 |
| Autoimmune diseases | ||||
| Sjogren syndrome | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Thyroid disease | 5 (7.5) | 2 (8.0) | 3 (7.1) | 1.000 |
Data are presented as number (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation.
*P < 0.05.
The most common clinical symptoms were loss of vision (35.8%), paresthesia (28.4%), and paralysis (23.9%), and the main disease spectrums included ON (35.8%) and TM (26.9%). Among patients <18 years old, the most common presenting symptoms were visual loss (36.0%) and nausea/vomiting (24.0%), and the main disease spectrum was ADEM (40.0%). Among patients ≥18 years old, the most common presenting symptoms were loss of vision (35.7%), paresthesia (33.3%), and paralysis (26.2%), and the most common disease spectrum was ON (35.7%). The incidences of nausea and vomiting (P=0.009), post polar syndrome (P=0.009), and ADEM (P=0.000) were significantly higher in patients <18 years old than in patients ≥18 years old.
The initial, discharge, and follow-up EDSS scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05). Most patients (94.0%) received corticosteroids, while 14 (20.9%) received intravenous immunoglobulins, and 8 (11.9%) received immunosuppressants. The treatments were not significantly different between the groups (P>0.05).
The median follow-up period was 7 months (range: 3–42 months). A total of 14 (20.9%) patients had a relapse during the study period. The median time between the first and second episodes was 5.5 months (range: 2–26 months). There were no significant differences in follow-up times (P=0.109) or relapse rates (P=0.63) between the two groups ( Table 2 ).
Table 2.
Patient characteristics.
| All patients | Age<18 | Age≥18 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 67) | (n = 25) | (n = 42) | ||
| Symptoms at onset | ||||
| Visual loss | 24 (35.8) | 9 (36.0) | 15 (35.7) | 0.981 |
| Paralysis | 16 (23.9) | 5 (20.0) | 11 (26.2) | 0.636 |
| Paresthesia | 19 (28.4) | 5 (20.0) | 14 (33.3) | 0.242 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 7 (10.4) | 6 (24.0) | 1 (2.4) | 0.009* |
| Fever | 10 (14.9) | 5 (20.0) | 5 (11.9) | 0.368 |
| Headache | 10 (14.9) | 2 (8.0) | 8 (19.0) | 0.300 |
| Dizziness | 7 (10.4) | 1(4.0) | 6 (14.3) | 0.244 |
| Seizures | 12 (17.9) | 5 (20.0) | 7 (16.7) | 0.731 |
| Speech disorders | 2 (3.0) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Unsteady gait | 5 (7.5) | 4 (16.0) | 1 (2.4) | 0.061 |
| Disturbance of consciousness | 2 (3.0) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Disease spectrum | ||||
| Optic neuritis | 24 (35.8) | 9 (36.0) | 15 (35.7) | 0.981 |
| Transverse myelitis | 18 (26.9) | 9 (36.0) | 9 (21.4) | 0.193 |
| Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | 11(16.4) | 10 (40.0) | 1 (2.4) | 0.000* |
| Brainstem syndrome | 11 (16.4) | 4 (16.0) | 7 (16.7) | 1.000 |
| Post polar syndrome | 7 (10.4) | 6 (24.0) | 1 (2.4) | 0.009* |
| Treatment | ||||
| Corticosteroid | 63 (94.0) | 25 (100) | 38 (90.5) | 0.112 |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 14 (20.9) | 7 (28.0) | 7 (16.7) | 0.270 |
| Immunosuppressant | ||||
| Azathioprine | 4 (6.0) | 0 | 4 (9.5) | 0.289 |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 3 (4.5) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (4.8) | 1.000 |
| Methotrexate | 1 (1.4) | 1 (4.0) | 0 | 0.373 |
| Initial EDSS | 4 (2–6) | 4 (3–4.75) | 4 (2–6) | 0.974 |
| Discharge EDSS | 2 (1–4) | 1.5 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.351 |
| Follow-up EDSS | 1.5 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1.5 (1–2) | 0.340 |
| Follow-up interval (months) | 7 (5–15) | 6 (3.5–8.5) | 8 (5.375–16.75) | 0.109 |
| Relapse | 14 (20.9) | 6 (24.0) | 8 (19.0) | 0.630 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (percentage), or median (interquartile range).
EDSS, expanded disability status scale scores.
*P < 0.05.
Laboratory Examinations
Patients ≥18 years old had higher total bilirubin (P=0.001), creatinine (P=0.000), intracranial pressure (P=0.048), and CSF protein levels (P=0.000) than patients <18 years old ( Table 3 ). Among all patients, the median intracranial pressure during lumbar puncture was normal, while the median CSF leukocyte count was elevated. Eight patients (11.9%) had positive CSF oligoclonal bands (OBs). Three patients (4.5%) had anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) antibodies during the first attack of MOGAD (two patients presented with loss of vision and one patient with paralysis). Among the three patients, the disease spectrum was ON for two patients and myelitis for the other. The follow-up durations of the three patients were 20 months, 8 months, and 7 months, respectively. None of the three patients met the diagnostic criteria for anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis or relapsed during the study period.
Table 3.
Laboratory data.
| All = patients | Age<18 | Age≥18 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 67) | (n = 25) | (n = 42) | ||
| Leukocyte counts (×109/L) | 9563 ± 5.84 | 11.64 ± 8.26 | 8.36 ± 3.30 | 0.068 |
| Erythrocyte counts (×1012/L) | 4.39 ± 0.49 | 4.48 ± 0.41 | 4.33 ± 0.52 | 0.233 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 128 (118.1–142.9) | 124 (119.85–135) | 132 (118–144.35) | 0.218 |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.96 ± 0.99 | 2.14 ± 1.19 | 1.86 ± 0.86 | 0.268 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.93 ± 1.12 | 5.02 ± 1.20 | 4.88 ± 1.09 | 0.612 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 66.63 ± 5.99 | 68.81 ± 4.77 | 65.33 ± 6.31 | 0.013* |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 8.00 ± 4.65 | 6.0 ± 2.19 | 9.19 ± 5.30 | 0.001* |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 257.61 ± 84.72 | 246.60 ± 100.54 | 264.17 ± 74.28 | 0.452 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 54.51 ± 16.44 | 41.96 ± 15.96 | 61.98 ± 11.53 | 0.000* |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.79 ± 0.96 | 3.57 ± 0.45 | 3.92 ± 1.10 | 0.114 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.23 ± 0.82 | 1.21 ± 0.66 | 1.24 ± 0.91 | 0.892 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.32 | 1.17 ± 0.25 | 1.20 ± 0.36 | 0.687 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 2.29 ± 0.72 | 2.07 ± 0.53 | 2.42 ± 0.80 | 0.055 |
| ESR (mm/h) | 10 (6–17) | 11 (6–16.5) | 8.65 (5.875–18.25) | 0.484 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.82 (0.5–4.7) | 1 (0.425–5.23) | 2.705 (0.975–4.385) | 0.248 |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.88 ± 0.97 | 5.04 ± 1.15 | 4.78 ± 0.85 | 0.323 |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 13.06 ± 2.86 | 13.59 ± 2.73 | 12.74 ± 2.92 | 0.243 |
| TSH (pmol/L) | 2.02 ± 1.35 | 1.68 ± 1.11 | 2.22 ± 1.45 | 0.114 |
| Homocysteine levels (μmol/L) | 14.74 ± 6.30 | 15.31 ± 6.56 | 14.40 ± 6.19 | 0.574 |
| Folic acid (ng/mL) | 7.59 ± 4.02 | 6.60 ± 3.21 | 8.19 ± 4.36 | 0.119 |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 591.76 ± 397.33 | 614.66 ± 367.69 | 578.14 ± 417.72 | 0.719 |
| ANAs positive | 17 (25.4) | 3 (12.0) | 14 (33.3) | 0.081 |
| Thyroid peroxidase/Thyroglobulin antibodies positive | 7 (10.4) | 3 (12.0) | 4 (9.5) | 1.000 |
| Intracranial pressure (mmH2O) | 160 (135–180) | 150 (135–170) | 165 (140–200) | 0.048* |
| CSF leukocyte counts (×106/L) | 12 (4–32) | 15 (4.5–42) | 11 (3.75–30.5) | 0.266 |
| CSF protein concentration (mg/L) | 309.8 (233.2–388.9) | 238 (183.55–306) | 361.15 (294.525–446.875) | 0.000* |
| Positive oligoclonal band | 8 (11.9) | 5 (20.0) | 3 (7.1) | 0.138 |
| CSF anti-NMDAR(+) | 3 (.4.5) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (4.8) | 1.000 |
| Serum AQP4-IgG(+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (percentage), or median (interquartile range).
NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormones; ANAs, antinuclear antibodies; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; anti-NMDAR, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; AQP4-IgG, aquaporin-4 immunoglobulins G.
*P < 0.05.
Radiological Characteristics
At disease onset, nine patients (13.4%) had normal brain or spinal cord MRIs, and then six patients presented abnormal MRI findings in subsequent disease processes. MOGAD lesions were identified in the optic nerve, cortical gray matter/paracortical WM, deep WM, periventricular WM, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Overall, 41.8% of patients had lesions in the cortical gray matter/paracortical WM. The cortical gray matter/paracortical WM was the most common location for MOGAD lesions in both patients <18 years old and ≥18 years old. The cervical medulla was more involved than thoracic and lumbar lesions of the spinal cord ( Table 4 ).
Table 4.
Patients’ radiological characteristics.
| All patients | Age<18 | Age≥18 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 67) | (n = 25) | (n = 42) | ||
| Brain MRI | ||||
| Optic nerve | 9 (13.4) | 4 (160) | 5 (11.9) | 0.718 |
| Cortical gray matter/paracortical WM | 28 (41.8) | 10 (40.0) | 18 (42.9) | 0819 |
| Deep WM | 9 (13.4) | 3 (12.0) | 6 (14.3) | 1.000 |
| Periventricular WM | 15 (22.4) | 6 (24) | 9 (21.4) | 0.807 |
| Corpus callosum | 2 (3.0) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Basal ganglia | 7 (10.4) | 4 (16.0) | 3 (7.1) | 0.411 |
| Thalamus | 10 (14.9) | 3 (12.0) | 7 (16.7) | 0.732 |
| Midbrain | 5 (7.5) | 2 (8.0) | 3 (7.1) | 1.000 |
| Pons | 14 (20.9) | 6 (24.0) | 8 (19.0) | 0.630 |
| Medulla oblongata | 8 (11.9) | 6 (24.0) | 2 (4.8) | 0.045* |
| Cerebellum | 8 (11.9) | 4 (16.0) | 4 (9.5) | 0.459 |
| Spine MRI | ||||
| Cervical medulla | 17 (25.4) | 7 (28.0) | 10 (23.8) | 0.703 |
| Thoracic medulla | 16 (23.9) | 6 (24.0) | 10 (23.8) | 0.986 |
| Lumbar medulla | 2 (3.0) | 0 | 2 (4.8) | 0.525 |
Data are presented as number (percentage).
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; WM, white matter.
*P < 0.05.
Predictive Factors for Disease Severity
There were no significant differences in age at onset, sex, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, glucose, total protein, total bilirubin, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, ESR, CRP, free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH), folic acid, vitamin B12, intracranial pressure, and CSF leukocyte count and protein concentration between the patients with an EDSS score >3 and those with an EDSS score ≤ 3 ( Table 5 ). The proportions of positive ANAs (P=0.530) and positive thyroid peroxidase or thyroglobulin (P=0.454) antibodies were similar between the two groups. Patients with an EDSS score ≤3 had lower uric acid (P=0.000), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.013), and Hcy levels (P=0.015) than patients with an EDSS score >3.
Table 5.
Laboratory data according to initial Expanded Disability Status Scale.
| EDSS ≤3 | EDSS>3 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 28) | (n = 39) | ||
| Age at onset, years | 24.43 ± 16.52 | 27.87 ± 19.43 | 0.450 |
| Sex, female | 14 (50.0) | 20 (51.3) | 0.918 |
| Leukocyte count (×109/L) | 10.91± 7.83 | 8.64 ± 3.68 | 0.118 |
| Erythrocyte count (×1012/L) | 4.39 ± 0.59 | 4.39 ± 0.41 | 0.950 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 126.85 (116.5–145.775) | 128 (122–142) | 0.652 |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.82 ± 0.73 | 2.07 ± 1.14 | 0.325 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.73 ± 1.00 | 5.08 ± 1.20 | 0.219 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 66.82 ± 6.30 | 66.49 ± 5.84 | 0.830 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 7.41 ± 2.86 | 8.42 ± 5.59 | 0.335 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 209.96 ± 77.03 | 291.82 ± 73.32 | 0.000* |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 54.93 ± 16.62 | 54.21 ± 16.53 | 0.861 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.61 ± 0.75 | 3.92 ± 1.08 | 0.188 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.13 ± 0.87 | 1.30 ± 0.78 | 0.404 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.18 ± 0.33 | 1.19 ± 0.31 | 0.955 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 2.05 ± 0.50 | 2.46 ± 0.81 | 0.013* |
| ESR (mm/h) | 8 (5.1–16.5) | 10 (7–18) | 0.184 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.585 (0.625–3.7725) | 2.31 (0.5–5.14) | 0.736 |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.82 ± 0.83 | 4.92 ± 1.06 | 0.670 |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 12.93 ± 2.60 | 13.15 ± 3.06 | 0.757 |
| TSH (pmol/L) | 1.85 ± 1.33 | 2.14 ± 1.37 | 0.389 |
| Homocysteine levels (μmol/L) | 12.56 ± 4.37 | 16.31 ± 7.02 | 0.015* |
| Folic acid (ng/mL) | 7.69 ± 3.54 | 7.52 ± 4.38 | 0.867 |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 487.83 ± 181.10 | 666.38 ± 486.52 | 0.069 |
| ANAs positive | 6 (15.4) | 11 (28.2) | 0.530 |
| Thyroid peroxidase/Thyroglobulin antibodies positive | 2 (5.1) | 5 (12.8) | 0.454 |
| Intracranial pressure (mmH2O) | 160 (126.25–180) | 160 (140–175) | 0.592 |
| CSF leukocyte counts (×106/L) | 10 (4–27.75) | 14 (4–40) | 0.511 |
| CSF protein concentration (mg/L) | 309.6 (226.75–369.175) | 309.8 (238–440.2) | 0.457 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (percentage), or median (interquartile range).
NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormones; ANAs, antinuclear antibodies; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale.
*P < 0.05.
Uric acid (odds ratio (OR)=1.014; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.006–1.022; P=0.000) and serum Hcy levels (OR=1.125; 95% CI=1.017–1.246; P=0.023) were significantly correlated with the initial EDSS score ( Table 6 ). In the basic model of multivariate logistic regression analysis, uric acid (OR=1.014; 95% CI=1.004–1.023; P=0.003) and Hcy levels (OR=1.125; 95% CI=1.002–1.262; P=0.045) were related with the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of MOGAD. In the adjusted model, uric acid (OR=1.019; 95% CI=1.007–1.031; P=0.002) and Hcy levels (OR=1.198; 95% CI=1.033–1.390; P=0.017) remained significantly correlated with the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of MOGAD ( Table 7 ).
Table 6.
Univariate logistic regression analysis of potential predictive factors for the severity at the onset of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease.
| Variables | Univariate analysis | P value |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | ||
| Age at onset | 1.011 (0.983–1.039) | 0.444 |
| Sex | 0.950 (0.360–2.509) | 0.918 |
| Leukocyte count | 0.920 (0.819–1.034) | 0.163 |
| Erythrocyte count | 0.966 (0.353–2.646) | 0.946 |
| Hemoglobin | 1.005 (0.984–1.027) | 0.638 |
| Lymphocyte count | 1.301 (0.772–2.194) | 0.323 |
| Glucose | 1.338 (0.840–2.130) | 0.220 |
| Total protein | 0.991 (0.913–1.075) | 0.826 |
| Total bilirubin | 1.053 (0.938–1.181) | 0.382 |
| Uric acid | 1.014 (1.006–1.022) | 0.000* |
| Creatinine | 0.997 (0.968–1.027) | 0.858 |
| Total cholesterol | 1.437 (0.835–2.473) | 0.191 |
| Triglycerides | 1.310 (0.698-2.456) | 0.401 |
| High-density lipoprotein | 1.045 (0.226–4.830) | 0.955 |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 2.496 (1.108–5.623) | 0.027* |
| ESR | 1.029 (0.983–1.077) | 0.216 |
| CRP | 0.978 (0.932–1.027) | 0.372 |
| FT3 | 1.120 (0.671–1.867) | 0.665 |
| FT4 | 1.028 (0.866–1.221) | 0.753 |
| TSH | 1.183 (0.810–1.728) | 0.385 |
| Homocysteine levels | 1.125 (1.017–1.246) | 0.023* |
| Folic acid | 0.989 (0.876–1.117) | 0.864 |
| Vitamin B12 | 1.001 (1.000–1.003) | 0.086 |
| ANAs positive | 0.694 (0.222–2.172) | 0.531 |
| Thyroid peroxidase/Thyroglobulin antibodies positive | 0.523 (0.094–2.914) | 0.460 |
| Intracranial pressure | 1.006 (0.992–1.020) | 0.400 |
| CSF leukocyte count | 1.003 (0.990–1.015) | 0.670 |
| CSF protein concentration | 1.002 (0.999–1.006) | 0.223 |
NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormones; ANAs, antinuclear antibodies; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*P < 0.05.
Table 7.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of predictive factors for the severity at the onset of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease.
| Variables | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a Basic Model | b Adjusted model | |||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age | 1.014 (0.976–1.054) | 0.475 | ||
| Sex, female | 0.262 (0.051–1.339) | 0.108 | ||
| Uric acid | 1.014 (1.004–1.023) | 0.003* | 1.019 (1.007–1.031) | 0.002* |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 2.938 (1.068–8.088) | 0.037* | 2.298 (0.818–6.456) | 0.114 |
| Homocysteine levels | 1.125 (1.002–1.262) | 0.045* | 1.198 (1.033–1.390) | 0.017* |
| Folic acid | 1.003 (0.829–1.214) | 0.973 | ||
| Vitamin B12 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 0.140 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 0.174 |
Basic Model: Variables with P < 0.1 in the univariate logistic regression analysis were included in the multivariate model.
Adjusted model: Variables with P < 0.1 in the univariate logistic regression analysis or variables clinically believed to have an impact on the initial Expanded Disability Status Scale (including age at onset and sex) and factors that affect Hcy levels (including folic acid and vitamin B12) were included in the adjusted model.
*P < 0.05.
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
Uric acid levels (r=0.3905; P=0.0011) and Hcy levels (r=0.3971; P=0.0009) were found to be positively correlated with the initial EDSS scores ( Figure 2 ).
Figure 2.
The correlation between uric acid levels, homocysteine (Hcy) levels and the initial Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. (A) The correlation between uric acid levels and the initial EDSS scores is shown. (B) The correlation between Hcy levels and the initial EDSS scores is shown.
ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of uric acid and Hcy for predicting the severity of neurological impairment at the onset of MOG. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.7775 (95% CI= 0.6617‒0.8933; P<0.001) for uric acid levels and 0.6767 (95% CI=0.5433‒0.8102, P=0.014) for Hcy levels. At a uric acid cut-off value of 223 μmol/L, the sensitivity for predicting an initial EDSS>3 was 64.29% and the specificity was 84.62%. At an Hcy cut-off value of 11.37 μmol/L, the sensitivity for predicting an initial EDSS>3 was 64.29% and the specificity was 79.49% ( Figure 3 ).
Figure 3.
The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The ROC curves show the predictive abilities of uric acid (light brown) and serum homocysteine (orange) for the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD).
Discussion
MOGAD is an antibody-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS with a monophasic or relapsing course of neurological dysfunction. It presents as various phenotypes, such as ADEM, TM, recurrent ON, and cortical encephalitis (12, 13). In this study, we carried out a retrospective analysis to explore and compare different clinical, laboratory, and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics between children and adult patients with first-attack MOGAD, and explored risk factors for predicting the severity at disease onset of MOGAD. We found that the clinical phenotype of MOGAD varies in patients of different ages. The most common disease spectrum was ADEM in patients aged <18 years, while ON was commonly found in patients aged ≥18 years. The most common lesions were cortical gray matter/paracortical WM lesions in both pediatric and adult patients. Uric acid and Hcy levels were associated with the severity of neurological dysfunction at the disease onset of MOGAD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore risk factors for predicting the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of MOGAD in a real-world setting. To eliminate the effects of previous treatments (such as glucocorticoids, immunoglobulin, and immunosuppressants) on laboratory indicators, we focused on the first-attack NMOSD patients in the study.
Among 67 patients with first-attack MOGAD, the age of onset ranged from 3 to 79 years with an average age of 26.43 years, which was consistent with previous reports (14, 15). Prior evidence suggests that the female-to-male ratio among NMOSD patients is about 8:1 for AQP4-seropositive patients and 2:1 for AQP4-seronegative patients (16). Unlike the higher proportion of affected females seen in NMOSD, we found no sex differences between the affected males and females in patients with MOGAD, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.03:1. Similarly, there was no sex difference in either children or adult groups.
Loss of vision was the most common symptom in both children and adults in this study, and the most common disease spectrum was ADEM in children and ON in adults. A previous study reported that among patients <14 years of age with MOGAD, ADEM was the most frequent initial clinical symptom follow/ed by ON (17). In the study, we found that the incidence of nausea/vomiting and post polar syndrome in children was significantly higher than that in adults. However, when compared with children with AQP4-IgG positive NMOSD, patients with MOGAD tend to be less likely to present with post polar syndrome, but more likely to present with ADEM (18).
A previous study showed that 33.8–54% of children experience clinical relapses (19). Another report indicated that the relapse rate of MOG-Ab-positive patients aged ≥18 years were 44.8% and 61.8% after 2 and 5 years, respectively (20). Our study found that 24% of children patients experienced relapse, and adult patients showed a relapse rate of 19%, which was lower than previously-reported rates. This difference may be due to the different mean follow-up intervals of the studies.
Most patients with MOGAD present normal intracranial pressure and CSF protein concentration. Median CSF leukocyte counts of MOGAD were slightly elevated in our study. A previous study indicated that positive OBs were more commonly found in children and occurred in 6–17% of MOGAD patients. In the present study, the incidence of OBs was 11.9%, consistent with a previous study (21). A cohort study enrolled 42 patients with MOGAD and 491 patients with NMOSD and found that 11.9% patients with MOGAD and 0.6% patients with NMOSD had overlapping anti-NMDAR encephalitis (22).Three patients (4.4%) with MOGAD were found to have anti-NMDAR antibodies at first attack in our study. A previous study found that patients with MOGAD with positive anti-NMDAR antibodies had a higher relapse compared with patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis (17). We speculate the possible reason may be MOGAD causes oligodendrocyte damage and primary demyelination. N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) is mainly catabolised in oligodendrocytes. Defective NAA metabolism in oligodendrocytes may lead to increased NAA, which is a sign of acute neuronal damage (23). In the study, during follow-up, none of the three patients relapsed. Longer follow-up periods are required to further investigate the relapse rate in patients with MOGAD with anti-NMDAR antibodies.
Our study found that the most common lesions in children and adults were cortical gray matter/paracortical WM, which were present in 41.8% of all patients with MOGAD. Previous reports showed that in comparison with AQP4-positive NMOSD patients, MOGAD patients are more likely to have cortical gray matter/paracortical WM region involvement. Salama et al. reported that cortical gray matter/paracortical WM lesions on brain MRI might help distinguish MOGAD from AQP4-positive NMOSD (6). Thus, we speculated that cortical gray matter/paracortical WM might act as a potential imaging marker for MOGAD. Thalamic and pontine lesions have also been reported as more common in patients with MOGAD than in patients with AQP4-positive NMOSD (20). Bilateral thalamic lesions at onset have been reported in approximately 60% of children with MOGAD (15). We found that brainstem involvement, especially of the pons and medulla oblongata, was commonly found in children, whereas thalamic lesions were less common compared with a previous report (15). It has been reported that >50% of patients with MOGAD have hyperintense lesions in the spinal cord (especially in the cervical or thoracic regions) on T2 images (14). In the study, the incidence of spinal cord lesions was 52% in children and 52.4% in adults, respectively, with cervical or thoracic segments predominantly involved.
In this study, patients with an initial EDSS score ≤3 had lower levels of uric acid, low-density lipoproteins, and Hcy than patients with an initial EDSS score >3. Uric acid and Hcy levels were correlated with the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of MOGAD and with the initial EDSS score. The optimal cut-off values of uric acid and Hcy levels for predicting the severity of neurological dysfunction at the onset of MOGAD were 223μmol/L and 11.37 μmol/L, respectively.
Uric acid is a natural product of the adenine nucleotide metabolic pathway, and its role in the CNS remains unclear. Previous studies have reported that uric acid is a strong free radical scavenger and antioxidant, while other studies have shown that uric acid reflects the production of free radicals by xanthine oxidase and is related to the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in neurological patients, which reflects the rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) catabolism (24, 25). In the attempt to find out reliable diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, uric acid in biological fluids (plasma/serum, CSF, and urine) was measured in patients with MS or NMOSD. The uric acid levels in the biological fluids of patients with MS or NMOSD remain controversial. Some previous studies observed decreased uric acid levels in both serum/CSF of MS and NMOSD patients. Researchers have speculated that MS/NMOSD patients with low uric acid levels were unable to inhibit free radical toxicity and inflammation occurring in diseases. To deplete the excessively produced free radicals, the consumption of uric acid increases with lower uric acid levels as a result (26, 27). Contrarily, other scientists have observed different results. Amorini et al. demonstrated that uric acid levels were significantly higher in both the CSF and serum of MS patients in comparison with control groups, leading to the hypothesis that uric acid does not act as an antioxidant but indicates ongoing accelerated purine catabolism, possibly secondary to energy imbalance in MS (28). Another study reported significantly increased uric acid levels in the CSF and mildly increased uric acid levels in the serum of patients with NMOSD during relapse compared to control patients. Patients with an EDSS score >3.5 were reported to have higher uric acid levels in the CSF than patients with an EDSS score ≤ 3.5 (29). In the present study, we demonstrated that uric acid levels were related to the severity of MOGAD. Further studies are needed to identify the possible mechanisms of uric acid in MOGAD.
Serum Hcy levels were found to be associated with the prognosis of MS and NMOSD (30, 31). Elevated Hcy levels could cause oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, myelin sheath degeneration, and apoptosis (32–34). In our previous study, we found that Hcy was an independent predictor of relapse and poor prognosis in first-attack NMOSD patients (31). In the present study, we found that serum Hcy levels were higher in patients with EDSS >3 than in patients with EDSS ≤3 and positively correlated with the severity of neurological dysfunction at onset of MOGAD.
This study had some limitations. First, the sample size was relatively small, and the patients were from a single center. Second, the follow-up period was relatively short. Finally, the antibody titer results of some patients were not recorded. Therefore, the results of this study require further validation in larger multicenter studies with longer follow-up periods.
In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that MOGAD presents differently in patients of different ages. Uric acid and Hcy levels may be useful predictors of the severity of MOGAD at onset during the first attack, and elevated uric acid and Hcy levels are associated with severe neurological disabilities. These results indicate that more aggressive therapies should be administered when these predictors are observed. Further studies are needed to validate these conclusions.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.
Author Contributions
YL: Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. HX: Investigation, Writing—review and editing. JZ: Investigation, Writing—review and editing. YZ: Methodology, Investigation, Writing—review and editing. LJ: Data curation. YY: Formal analysis. RD: Formal analysis. YJ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Funding acquisition. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YL and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.