Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to see the prevalence of different molecular subtypes in breast cancer patients among two different age groups: ≤40 years and >40 years.
Materials and Methods Retrospective study was conducted from January 2019 to December 2019. We studied 568 cases of breast carcinoma and classified them into four molecular subtypes—luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER 2), and triple negative. Cases were divided into two different groups: (1) ≤40 years and (2) >40 years.
Statistical Analysis was done by using SPSS software version 20.0.
Results Out of 568 cases, 151 (26.6%) were ≤40 years of age and 417 (73.4%) were >40 years of age. The most common histological subtype of breast cancer was ductal carcinoma in 548 cases and the most common grade was grade III. Immunohistochemistry was done in 432 patients. In younger age group, the most common molecular subtype was luminal B (31%) followed by triple negative (20%), luminal A (14%), and then HER 2 (5.3%), while in the older age group most common molecular subtype was luminal B (27.8%) followed by triple negative (14%), HER 2 (12.2%), and then luminal A (12%).
Conclusion Luminal B is found to be the most common subtype in Northeast Indian women with breast cancer, as compared with other studies in which luminal A was the most common subtype. This could be due to the reason that K i -67 was not done in most of the other studies.
Keywords: estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor, luminal A, luminal B, triple negative
Shubhra Ramchandani
Introduction
Breast cancer accounts for the most common cancer in women worldwide. It is multifactorial with both genetic as well as environmental factors playing a role in carcinogenesis. The various risk factors include: age, family history, marital status, menstrual history, hormonal exposure, and lifestyle. 1 2 Breast cancer in young women is increasing in Asia due to their western lifestyle. 3
Risk factors, prognosis, and tumor biology are different in younger age group (≤40 years) than the older group (>40 years) suggesting it represents different entity. 1 4 Breast cancer in young women is more aggressive with higher mortality and recurrence rate as compared with older women, however, incidence is more common in older women. 5
Prognosis depends on—histological type, grade, lymph node metastasis, hormonal receptor status—(estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], human epidermal growth factor receptor [HER 2]), and proliferation index (K i -67). 1 4 6
Breast cancer has varied clinical and molecular characteristics. It can be divided into five molecular groups: luminal A, luminal B, HER 2, basal and normal like. 7 8 The need for molecular classification is for categorizing the patients who can benefit from targeted therapy (hormonal therapy and anti HER 2 therapy). 7
Breast cancer with same histologic subtype may respond differently to therapy and may have different prognosis. Triple negative and HER 2 are more aggressive subtypes, with shorter survival period. Although they tend to respond better to chemotherapy. 9 Also, triple negative breast cancers with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes have better prognosis and survival rate those without tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. 10
Materials and Methods
This is a retrospective study. All female patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma at our institute between January 2019 and December 2019 were included. We divided the cases into two groups—group 1: ≤ 40 years of age (younger group) and group 2: > 40 years (older group). Among them we studied histological type, grade, ER, PR, HER 2 status, and molecular classification.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done on 4-µm thick formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections. Antigen retrieval was done using Tris-EDTA buffer and machine used was benchmark. Antibodies used for ER, PR, HER 2, and K i -67 were monoclonal antibodies against estrogen receptor (Clone SP1), progesterone receptors (Clone Y85), Her2 receptor (Clone SP3), and K i -67 receptor (Clone SP6), respectively. Then percentage of cells staining positive was recorded.
Guidelines for Immunohistochemistry Reporting
According to ASCO and CAP guidelines, 11 12 cutoff of 1% of tumor cells positive for nuclear stain of ER/PR was considered to be positive and the tumors staining < 1% of any intensity was considered negative. For HER 2, a semiquantitative scoring system called Allred scoring system was used which is based on percentage of positively stained cells and intensity of nuclear stain of the cells. HER 2 was scored from 0 to 3.
0: No stain or incomplete, faint in <10% tumor cells.
1+: Faint, incomplete staining in <10% tumor cells.
2+: Complete, weak to moderate staining in >10% of tumor cells.
3+: Complete circumferential membrane staining in >10% of tumor cells.
The tumors were classified into four groups (luminal A, luminal B, HER 2, and triple negative) according to ER/PR/HER 2 status/K i -67:
Luminal A: ER+ and/or PR+, HER 2-, K i -67 ≤14%.
Luminal B: ER+ and/or PR+ and HER 2+ or if HER 2-then K i -67 >14%.
HER 2: ER−, PR−, HER 2+.
Triple negative: ER−, PR−, HER 2−.
Out of total 568 cases, molecular typing could not be done in 189 cases due to either of these three reasons:
IHC was not available.
HER 2 borderline was not followed by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization).
K i -67 was not available.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software version 20.0.
Results
Out of 568 cases studied, 151 cases (26.6%) were of ≤ 40 years age group while 417 cases (73.4%) were > 40 years age group with mean and median age 48.14 years and 47 years, respectively.
The most common histological subtype was ductal carcinoma in 548 cases (96%) followed by lobular carcinoma in nine cases (1.5%) and other 2.5% included cribriform carcinoma in four cases, two cases each of papillary carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma, one case each of carcinosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and apocrine carcinoma ( Table 1 ).
Table 1. Distribution of histological subtypes of breast carcinoma.
| Histological type | Number |
|---|---|
| Ductal carcinoma | 548 (96.4%) |
| Lobular carcinoma | 9 (1.6%) |
| Cribriform carcinoma | 4 (0.7%) |
| Papillary carcinoma | 2 (0.35%) |
| Mucinous carcinoma | 2 (0.35%) |
| Carcinosarcoma | 1 (0.2%) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 1 (0.2%) |
| Apocrine carcinoma | 1 (0.2%) |
Among ductal carcinomas, the most common grade was grade III, seen in 278 cases (50.7%) followed by grade II in 263 cases (48%) ( Table 2 ).
Table 2. Distribution of grades among ductal carcinoma.
| Grade | ≤40 y | >40 y | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grade I | 0 | 7 (1.7%) | 7 (1.3%) |
| Grade II | 71 (48.6%) | 192 (47.7%) | 263 (48%) |
| Grade III | 75 (51.4%) | 203 (50.6%) | 278 (50.7%) |
| Total | 146 (100%) | 402 (100%) | 548 (100%) |
Out of nine lobular carcinomas, seven were of grade I and two of grade II. Two out of four cribriform carcinoma had grade I and for another two, grade was not available. One out of two papillary and two mucinous carcinomas had grade I, for second cases in both grade was not available. Carcinosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and apocrine carcinoma were not graded.
IHC was done for 432 cases (76%) and K i -67 was done in 299 cases (52.6%). ER positivity was seen in 256 cases (59%) and PR in 206 cases (47.7%). HER 2 was positive in 104 cases (24%), borderline in 88 cases (20.4%).
Molecular typing could be done in 379 cases only. The most common molecular subtype was luminal B in 163 cases (43%) followed by triple negative in 22.8%, luminal A in 18.7% and HER 2 in 15.5% of cases. In younger age group, the most common molecular subtype was luminal B (31%) followed by triple negative (20%), luminal A (14%), and then HER 2 (5.3%), while in the older age group most common molecular subtype was luminal B (27.8%) followed by triple negative (14%), HER 2 (12.2%), and then luminal A (12%) ( Table 3 ).
Table 3. Distribution of molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma.
| Molecular subtype | ≤40 | >40 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviation: HER, human epidermal growth factor. | |||
| Luminal A | 21 (14%) | 50 (12%) | 71 (18.7%) |
| Luminal B | 47 (31%) | 116 (27.8%) | 163 (43%) |
| HER 2 | 8 (5.3%) | 51 (12.2%) | 59 (15.5%) |
| Triple negative | 30 (20%) | 56 (14%) | 96 (22.8%) |
| Total | 106 | 273 | 379 |
Different molecular subtypes from cases of this study are shown in Figs. 1 2 3 to 4
Fig. 1.
Luminal A.
Fig. 2.
Luminal B.
Fig. 3.
HER 2.
Fig. 4.
Triple negative.
Grade I had mostly luminal A then luminal B subtype; maximum cases of grade II belong to luminal B then luminal A, triple negative and HER 2 and maximum cases of grade III belong to luminal B then triple negative, HER 2, and luminal A ( Table 4 ).
Table 4. Distribution of molecular subtypes according to different grades.
| Grade | Luminal A | Luminal B | HER 2 | Triple negative | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviation: HER, human epidermal growth factor. | |||||
| Grade I | 17 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| Grade II | 37 | 86 | 22 | 26 | 265 |
| Grade III | 17 | 74 | 37 | 60 | 277 |
Discussion
The mean age in younger and older group was 35 and 52 years, respectively, likewise in another study done by Gupta et al 1 and AlZaman et al 4 where the mean age in younger age group was 37 and 36 years, respectively while in older age group the mean age was 54 and 55 years, respectively.
The most common histological subtype of breast carcinoma was ductal carcinoma similar to studies done by AlZaman et al, 4 Alnegheimish et al, 7 Goksu et al, 13 and Kumar et al. 8
ER positivity was seen in 59% and PR in 47.7%. HER 2 positivity in 24%, borderline in 20.4% cases, unlike in a study done by Alnegheimish et al. 7 ER positivity was seen in 70.8% and PR in 63.8%, HER 2 positivity in 18.7%, and borderline in 22.8% cases.
The most common grade was grade III (50.7%) followed by grade II (48%), and grade I (1.3%) unlike the study done by Engstrøm et al, 6 where the most common was grade II (53.7%) followed grade III (33.4%), and grade I (12.9%).
The most prevalent molecular subtype was luminal B followed by triple negative, luminal A and HER 2, unlike in a study done by Gupta et al 1 and Lin et al 3 in which luminal A was the most common followed by triple negative, HER 2, and luminal B type. In a study done by Alnegheimish et al 7 the most common molecular subtype was luminal A followed by triple negative, luminal B, and HER 2 ( Table 5 ).
Table 5. Prevalence of molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma among different population.
| Author, Country | Luminal A | Luminal B | HER 2 | Triple negative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present study | 71 (18.7%) | 163 (43%) | 59 (15.5%) | 86 (22.8%) |
| Gupta et al, (India) | 36 (60.6%) | 2 (3.3%) | 6 (10.0%) | 16 (26.7%) |
| Lin et al, Taiwan (Western) | 635 (62%) | 90 (9%) | 121 (12%) | 132 (13%) |
| Alnegheimish et al Saudi Arabia (Middle east) | 210 (58.5%) | 52 (14.5%) | 44 (12.3%) | 53 (14.8%) |
| AlZaman et al, Bahrain (Asian) | 45 (41.3%) | 24 (22%) | 25 (23%) | 15 (13.7%) |
Two out of four cribriform carcinoma were of luminal A and other two of luminal B, six out of nine ILC were of luminal A and one each of luminal B, HER 2, triple negative. Both cases of mucinous and papillary carcinoma were of luminal A. Apocrine carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and squamous cell carcinoma could not be typed.
Younger females had grade III tumors and luminal B as the most common molecular subtype similar to a study done by Lee et al. 5
Luminal A had the highest proportion of grade II followed by equal proportion of grade I and grade III, HER 2 and triple negative had the highest proportion of grade III followed by grade II like a similar study done by Engstrøm et al 6 according to which luminal A had the highest proportion of grade I and grade II while HER 2 and triple negative had the highest proportion of grade III followed by grade II.
Different age cutoff values for younger and older age group are shown in Table 6 .
Table 6. Comparison of age cutoff for younger and older age group breast carcinomas in different studies.
| Author, Country | Age cutoff for younger age group | Age cutoff for older age group |
|---|---|---|
| Present study | ≤40 | >40 |
| Gupta et all, India | ≤40 | >40 |
| Goksu et al, Turkey | ≤35 | >35 |
| Lin et al, Taiwan | ≤50 | >50 |
| AlZaman et al, Bahrain | ≤40 | >40 |
Conclusion
Molecular classification is useful not only for prognosis, but also for the targeted therapy. Thus, it should be adopted as a part of routine histopathological reporting. Our study compared molecular subtypes of breast cancer and age in Northeast Indian women and luminal B is found to be the most common subtype as compared with other studies where luminal A was the most common subtype. This could be due to the reason that K i -67 was not done in most of the other studies.
Funding Statement
Funding None.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest None declared.
Note This study was conducted at Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam. Total of 568 cases of breast cancer were taken and were classified into different molecular subtypes with the help of ER/PR/HER 2/K i -67. Our study had advantage over other studies as K i -67 was done and thus we got luminal B as the most common subtype unlike luminal A in other studies.
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