Abstract
BACKGROUND
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the commonest cause of abnormal liver function tests (LFTs). Current upper normal of limit (UNL) of LFTs was derived from a “healthy” population, where undiagnosed MAFLD and viral hepatitis might be suspected.
AIM
To evaluated potential implications of changes in UNL of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in MAFLD.
METHODS
We retrospectively assessed consecutive first referrals with a diagnosis of MAFLD from 2010 to 2017. The conventional UNL of ALT was 45 IU/L for men and 34 IU/L for women, while a low UNL of ALT was 30 IU/L for men and 19 IU/L for women. The UNL of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was 40 IU/L.
RESULTS
Total 436 patients were enrolled; of these, 288 underwent liver biopsy. Setting a lower UNL reduced the percentage of those with significant disease despite normal ALT; specifically, patients with advanced fibrosis (F ≥ F3) or definite “metabolic-associated steato-hepatitis (MASH)” (NAS ≥ 5) within normal ALT decreased from 10% to 1% and from 28% to 4% respectively. However, the proportion of those with elevated ALT and no evidence of advanced fibrosis or “definite MASH” increased from 39% to 47% and from 3% to 19%. Overall, LFTs performed poorly in distinguishing “definite MASH” from simple steatosis (receiver operating characteristic areas under the curves 0.59 for ALT and 0.55 for AST).
CONCLUSION
Liver function tests might both under- and overestimate MASH-related liver disease. Reducing the UNL might not be beneficial and imply an increase in healthcare burden. Risk stratification in MAFLD should rely on a combination of risk factors, not on LFTs alone.
Keywords: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, Liver function tests, Alanine aminotransferase, Fibrosis, Stiffness
Core Tip: In the United Kingdom, the hepatologists receive increasing demand for secondary care services to investigate liver function tests (LFTs), especially with the suspicion of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). With current upper normal limit (UNL), patients without liver diseases but elevated LFTs is high (27%), as well as those with significant fibrosis or metabolic-associated steato-hepatitis and normal LFTs (10%). Here, we aimed to evaluate the potential implications of changes in UNL of LFTs. Our data show that reducing the UNL would lead to an increase in overall healthcare burden. In MAFLD, the risk-stratification should rely on a combination of risk factors, rather than on LFTs alone.
INTRODUCTION
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is emerging as the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide secondary to the epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. MAFLD also represents the commonest cause of abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) in Western countries[1]. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are enzymes which transfer amino groups to different substrates, with ALT being more liver-specific[2]. Notably, the patient’s metabolic status (such as the presence of obesity and/or insulin resistance) may directly influence LFTs values[3,4]. Moreover, current upper normal limits (UNL) were derived in a population with highly-prevalent MAFLD but unrecognised as a disease entity at the time. As such, several studies have questioned whether current UNL of ALT should be revised although giving contrasting results[5,6].
LFTs are often the first-line investigation for any suspected liver disease with or without imaging[2]. However, the role of LFTs in diagnosing metabolic-associated steato-hepatitis (MASH)-related liver disease, such as the presence of advance fibrosis and/or steatohepatitis, is currently limited. In particular, the full spectrum of MAFLD has been reported in patients with normal LFTs[7,8]. Although histology represents the “gold standard” for diagnosing and staging MASH, the costs and invasive nature of the procedure limit its widespread applicability. Therefore, non-invasive markers are an established part of the investigation of MAFLD. In particular, transient elastography has been validated as marker of fibrosis and represents the typical second-line investigation for MAFLD[2,9].
The aim of this study was to evaluate potential implications of lowering the UNL of ALT in patients with a clinical or histological diagnosis of MAFLD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study population
We retrospectively assessed all consecutive referrals with a clinical or histological diagnosis of MAFLD followed-up at the Liver Unit of St. Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, from January 2010 to May 2017.
At the time of liver biopsy or Liver Stiffness Measurement, clinical parameters were recorded, including demographic, anthropometric and biochemical data. The use of steatogenic drugs, chronic alcohol consumption, as well as other liver disease were considered as exclusion criteria[9]. Fibrosis-4 index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fibrosis score were calculated based on published formulas[10,11].
The conventional upper normal limit (UNL) of ALT from the Imperial College NHS Trust laboratory was 45 IU/L for men and 34 IU/L for women. The effect of the application of a lower value of ALT was then investigated. This UNL was set at 30 IU/L for men and 19 IU/L for women, in keeping with previous studies aiming to increase the sensitivity in diagnosing active chronic hepatitis C in the general population[5]. Similarly, this lower ALT UNL helped with differentiating active from inactive chronic hepatitis B carriers[12].
The whole study population was then stratified into three subgroups: the group with ALT higher than the conventional UNL (ALT ≥ 45 IU/L for men and ≥ 34 IU/L for women), the group with ALT within the conventional and the low UNL (ALT 31-45 IU/L for men and 20-34 UI/L for women), and the group with ALT lower than the low UNL (ALT ≤ 30 IU/L for men and ≤ 19 IU/L for women). The UNL for AST was set as 40 IU/L, as per laboratory range.
Liver stiffness measurement
Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was obtained using FibroScan™. Scans were performed after 4 h fasting. LSM was interpreted according to interquartile range/median ratio: “poorly reliable” LSM values were not considered[13]. Advanced fibrosis was defined as LSM ≥ 8.1 kPa[14].
Liver histology
Liver biopsies were performed using a 16-Gauge Trucut needle (Argon, Athens Tx, USA). Specimens were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded; thick sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Sirius Red. All biopsies were scored using the NASH CRN scoring system. Advanced fibrosis was defined as fibrosis stage ≥ F3. “Definite MASH”, “possible MASH” and “non-MASH” were defined as per NAFLD activity score (NAS)[15].
Statistical analysis
The distribution of variables was explored using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Since the variables were normally distributed, continuous variables were expressed as medians and SD, and categorical variables were expressed as relative frequencies. Differences between the groups were tested using one-way ANOVA for categorical and Mann-Whitney or Kruskal Wallis for categorical variables. Correlation was measured using Pearson’s Rho coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) areas under the curves (AUROC) were used to assess the diagnostic performance of ALT and AST. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS© (version 24.0; SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL).
Ethics
This study was considered a service evaluation project, using routinely collected patient data, therefore no ethical approval was required under the United Kingdom (UK) policy framework for health and social care.
RESULTS
Alanine aminotransferase and liver stiffness measurement
Four hundred thirty-six patients underwent LSM. Overall, 330 (76%) patients had ALT higher than the conventional UNL, 73 (17%) had ALT within the conventional and the low UNL and 33 (7%) had ALT lower than the low UNL. AST and γ-GT levels only were significantly different between the three groups (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.008 respectively). There was no difference in terms of use of statin therapy between the groups (Table 1).
Table 1.
Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the whole population, stratified into three groups according to alanine aminotransferase levels
|
Variable
|
ALT lower than the low cut-off (n = 33)
|
ALT within the conventional and the low cut-off (n = 73)
|
ALT higher than the conventional cut-off (n = 330)
|
P
value
|
| Age (yr) | 52 ± 13.3 | 52.1 ± 12.1 | 52.5 ± 13.1 | 0.52 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 ± 4.2 | 30 ± 5.5 | 29.3 ± 4.5 | 0.23 |
| T-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 1.4 | 4.4 ± 1 | 4.7 ± 2 | 0.3 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1 ± 0.8 | 0.81 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1 | 0.27 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.9 ± 1 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 0.28 |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 41 ± 21 | 42 ± 16 | 45 ± 15.8 | 0.75 |
| AST (IU/L) | 25 ± 8 | 31 ± 7.7 | 51 ± 37 | < 0.00011 |
| γGT (IU/L) | 32 ± 41 | 38 ± 62 | 81 ± 76 | 0.0081 |
| Platelet (109 /L) | 208 ± 70 | 225 ± 72 | 229 ± 72 | 0.39 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40 ± 6.1 | 41 ± 3.4 | 41 ± 3.2 | 0.62 |
| Ferritin (µg/L) | 58 ± 145 | 104 ± 150 | 163 ± 120 | 0.13 |
| Male gender | 21 (65) | 52 (62) | 207 (63) | 0.13 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 19 (58) | 46 (55) | 161 (49) | 0.12 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 17 (5) | 35 (48) | 163 (49) | 0.79 |
| Arab | 8 (24) | 11 (15) | 66 (20) | 0.31 |
| Hispanic and Latinos | 2 (6) | 5 (6) | 20 (7) | 0.99 |
| South Asian | 4 (12) | 11 (15) | 41 (12) | 0.95 |
| East Asian | 1 (3) | 6 (6) | 25 (7) | 0.26 |
| African/Afrocaribbean | 1 (3) | 5 (6) | 15 (4) | 0.73 |
| Hypertension | 15 (45) | 33 (39) | 112 (34) | 0.2 |
| Dyslipidemia | 13 (39) | 37 (44) | 141 (43) | 0.93 |
| Statin treatment | 14 (42) | 34 (46) | 152 (46) | 0.54 |
Significantly different. Data present as mean ± SD or n (%). ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1C; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.
Using the conventional UNL as reference, 10% of the patients had evidence of advanced fibrosis (LSM ≥ 8.1 kPa) despite normal ALT. When the low UNL for ALT was applied, this percentage reduced to 3%. However, applying the low UNL determined also the increase in the proportion of those with elevated ALT but not showing evidence of advanced fibrosis (LSM ≥ 8.1 kPa) from 42% to 52% (Supplementary Figure 1).
In the whole population, there was no linear association between ALT and age, as Pearson’s correlation was not significant (Rho = -0.86, P = 0.07). Moreover, the distribution of ALT across age groups was similar when patients were further stratified per gender (Kruskal Wallis).
Alanine aminotransferase and liver histology
A subgroup of 288 patients underwent a liver biopsy. Overall, 220 (78%) patients had ALT higher than the conventional UNL, 50 (17%) had ALT within the conventional and the low UNL and 18 (5%) had ALT lower than the low UNL.
Using the conventional UNL as reference, 10% of patients had advanced fibrosis (F ≥ F3) on histology despite normal ALT. When the low UNL for ALT was applied, this percentage reduced to 1%. However, applying the low UNL determined also the increase in the proportion of those with elevated ALT but not showing advanced fibrosis from 39% to 47% (Figure 1). Similarly, lowering the UNL of ALT, the percentage of those with “definite MASH” (NAS ≥ 5) despite normal ALT decreased from 28% to 4%, whilst the percentage of patients without “definite MASH” but showing elevated ALT increased from 3% to 19% (Figure 2).
Figure 1.
Fibrosis stage in three subgroups of patients stratified for alanine aminotransferase levels. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; pts: Patients.
Figure 2.
Diagnosis of metabolic-associated steato-hepatitis in three subgroups of patients stratified for alanine aminotransferase levels. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; pts: Patients; MASH: Metabolic-associated steato-hepatitis.
Overall, FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis scored performed better than ALT in diagnosing F > F3. Specifically, the AUROC of ALT for diagnosing F ≥ F3 was 0.45 (95%CI: 0.38-0.53, P = 0.05) compared to 0.71 (95%CI: 0.63-0.79, P = 0.0001) for FIB-4 and 0.65 (95%CI: 0.59-0.72, P = 0.0001) for NAFLD fibrosis score. However, ALT, FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis score performed similarly in diagnosing “definite MASH”. In particular, the AUROC of ALT was 0.55 (95%CI: 0.47-0.62, P = 0.049), compared to 0.47 (95%CI: 0.39-0.54, P = 0.01) for FIB-4 and 0.5 (95%CI: 0.42-0.58, P = 0.05) for NAFLD fibrosis score (Figure 3A and B).
Figure 3.
Receiver operating characteristic areas under the curves for liver function tests and non-invasive markers of fibrosis for diagnosis advanced fibrosis (F ≥ F3) and definite metabolic-associated steato-hepatitis (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score ≥ 5). A: Liver function tests and non-invasive markers of fibrosis for diagnosis advanced fibrosis (F ≥ F3); B: Liver function tests and non-invasive markers of fibrosis for diagnosis definite metabolic-associated steato-hepatitis (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score ≥ 5). ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; FIB: Fibrosis.
Aspartate aminotransferase and liver stiffness measurement
Overall, 235 (54%) patients had elevated AST and 201 (46%) had normal AST. ALT, γ-GT and ferritin only were significantly different between the groups (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001 and P = 0.008 respectively). There was no difference in terms of statin therapy (Supplementary Table 1).
Advanced fibrosis (LSM ≥ 8.1 kPa) was diagnosed despite normal AST in 16% of the cases, while the proportion of those with elevated AST but LSM <8.1 kPa was 27%.
In the whole population, there was no linear association between AST and age, as Pearson’s correlation was not significant (Rho = 0.01, P = 0.99). Moreover, the distribution of AST across age groups was similar when patients were further stratified per gender (Kruskal Wallis).
Aspartate aminotransferase and liver histology
In the subgroup of patients who underwent a liver biopsy, 155 (54%) patients had elevated AST and 133 (46%) had normal AST. Advanced fibrosis (F ≥ F3) was diagnosed despite normal AST in 21% of the cases, while the proportion of those with elevated AST and no advanced fibrosis (F ≥ F3) was 26%. “Definite MASH” was diagnosed in presence of normal AST in 37% cases.
Overall, FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis scored performed better than AST in diagnosing F > F3, while the three performed similarly in diagnosing “definite MASH”. Specifically, the AUROC of AST for diagnosing F ≥ F3 was 0.56 (95%CI: 0.49-0.64, P = 0.05) and 0.59 (95%CI: 0.52-0.67, P = 0.049) for diagnosing “definite MASH” (Figure 3A and B).
DISCUSSION
Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease is a major cause of chronic liver disease and the commonest cause of elevated liver enzymes[16,17]. In the UK, referrals for abnormal LFTs are increasing (> 300 referrals/year), and this often represents the first step in diagnosing MAFLD[18].
Several factors may influence ALT, such as age, gender, BMI, insulin resistance and triglycerides[3,4,19]. Overall, ALT is more commonly elevated than AST in chronic liver disease, with the notable exception of alcohol-induced liver injury[20]. Since transaminases are released following hepatocellular injury, AST and ALT are markers of cytolysis and not necessarily associated with inflammation or steatosis[21]. Nevertheless, LFTs are often used as a surrogate markers to assess the anti-inflammatory effect in clinical trials in MAFLD[22].
While the diagnosis and management of MAFLD has been streamlined in secondary and tertiary care centres, there is still a high variability in how the disease is assessed within the community. In particular, general practitioners (GPs) in primary care rely heavily on LFTs measurement, consistent with pragmatic guidelines which have been developed only recently in the UK[2]. It is also evident from a recent survey study that diagnosing MAFLD is perceived as challenging even to experienced GPs, with the overall perception of overlooking the disease especially in high-risk groups[23].
In this retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with MAFLD, LFTs were frequently normal despite the presence of advanced liver disease. Moreover, transaminases could not distinguish simple steatosis from “definite MASH” (AUROC 0.59 for ALT and 0.55 for AST) at first referral, giving false reassurance in 10%-15% of patients. Conversely, decision-making based on LFTs alone might have implied unnecessary second-line investigations in approximately 27%-42% of cases. Our results confirm that non-invasive markers based on blood tests (i.e., FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis score) perform better than LFTs alone in assessing the severity of liver disease from NAFLD.
The actual normal ALT value is an area of ongoing controversy. Differences in the UNL used between studies are consistent, resulting from laboratory setting and populations tested[24]. Interestingly, the ALT normal range has been derived from “healthy” subjects in the general population[1], where MAFLD and obesity were highly prevalent[24]. Moreover, the UNL was first described in the 1980s, when LFTs were used to rule out ‘non-A and non-B hepatitis’ positivity amongst blood donors, in a time when anti-HCV antibodies were not available[25]. As such, both undiagnosed cases of MAFLD and chronic viral hepatitis may have contributed to the current definition of the UNL.
In this cohort, when a lower UNL was applied, the proportion of patients with advanced fibrosis or definite MASH on biopsy and normal biochemistry fell substantially, providing a rationale for revising current UNL. However, reducing the ALT normal range might lead to an increase in unnecessary second-line investigations (from 27% to 33% in based on histology this population) for a disease which is already highly prevalent in the general population. As a result, health costs would overwhelm the healthcare system with no clear clinical benefit[5].
CONCLUSION
Liver function tests might both underestimate and overestimate MASH-associated liver disease. Changing the UNL of ALT is not beneficial, as it might increase healthcare burden. Referral/management pathways and risk-stratification strategies are most needed for primary and they should rely on a combination of risk factors and non-invasive markers, not on LFTs alone.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
Elevated liver function tests (LFTs) often represent the main reason for referring patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to secondary and tertiary care.
Research motivation
In MAFLD, liver function tests may both under and over-estimate liver disease. Moreover, difference in upper normal limit (UNL) of LFTs is consistent across the literature.
Research objectives
As such, we investigated the potential use of different UNLs of LFTs in MAFLD.
Research methods
We evaluated the use of a lower UNL of ALT vs histology and liver stiffness measurement in a cohort of 436 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a tertiary care centre.
Research results
Modifying the upper normal limit of LFTs does not improve the diagnostic performance of the test in MAFLD.
Research conclusions
In MAFLD, the risk-stratification should rely on a combination of risk factors and non-invasive markers, rather than on LFTs alone.
Research perspectives
Future research should focus on identifying biomarkers for diagnosing metabolic-associated steato-hepatitis and advanced fibrosis.
Footnotes
Institutional review board statement: This study was considered a service evaluation project, using routinely collected patient data, therefore no ethical approval was required under the UK policy framework for health and social care.
Informed consent statement: The Informed consent is not required.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest.
Provenance and peer review: Invited article; Externally peer reviewed.
Peer-review model: Single blind
Corresponding Author's Membership in Professional Societies: European Association for the Study of the Liver.
Peer-review started: April 21, 2021
First decision: June 23, 2021
Article in press: November 15, 2021
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: United Kingdom
Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification
Grade A (Excellent): 0
Grade B (Very good): 0
Grade C (Good): C
Grade D (Fair): D
Grade E (Poor): 0
P-Reviewer: Shahini E, Tsou MT S-Editor: Wang JL L-Editor: A P-Editor: Wang JL
Contributor Information
Roberta Forlano, Liver Unit/Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
Benjamin H Mullish, Liver Unit/Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
Ameet Dhar, Liver Unit/Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
Robert D Goldin, Centre for Pathology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
Mark Thursz, Liver Unit/Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
Pinelopi Manousou, Liver Unit/Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom. p.manousou@imperial.ac.uk.
Data sharing statement
No additional data are available.
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