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. 2021 Dec 16;26(50):2101098. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101098

COVID-19 trends and severity among symptomatic children aged 0–17 years in 10 European Union countries, 3 August 2020 to 3 October 2021

Nick Bundle 1, Nishi Dave 1, Anastasia Pharris 1, Gianfranco Spiteri 1, Charlotte Deogan 1, Jonathan E Suk 1; Study group members2; Study group members, Soteroulla Soteriou, Anna Papandreou, Valentinos Silvestros, Maria Athanasiadou, Theopisti Kyprianou, Anna Demetriou, Otto Helve, Emmi Sarvikivi, Silke Buda, Barbara Hauer, Walter Haas, Thorsten Wolff, Aoife Colgan, Kate O’Donnell, Antonino Bella, Joël Mossong, Anne Vergison
PMCID: PMC8728490  PMID: 34915968

Abstract

We estimated risks of severe outcomes in 820,404 symptomatic paediatric COVID-19 cases reported by 10 European Union countries between August 2020 and October 2021. Case and hospitalisation rates rose as transmission increased but severe outcomes were rare: 9,611 (1.2%) were hospitalised, 640 (0.08%) required intensive care and 84 (0.01%) died. Despite increased individual risk (adjusted odds ratio hospitalisation: 7.3; 95% confidence interval: 3.3–16.2; intensive care: 8.7; 6.2–12.3) in cases with comorbidities, most (83.7%) hospitalised children had no comorbidity.

Keywords: COVID-19, surveillance, Europe, children

Understanding the burden of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among children is essential for evidence-based decision-making regarding the vaccination of children and for assessing the importance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mitigation measures in specific settings, such as schools [1]. Here, we report on the burden and severity of symptomatic notified COVID-19 cases among children in the European Union (EU).

Understanding the burden of COVID-19 in children in Europe

We analysed, using R v4.1.1 (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria [2]), pooled case-based surveillance data reported to The European Surveillance System (TESSy) by 10 EU countries (Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovakia and Sweden) for symptomatic COVID-19 cases (reported as symptomatic or with a date of onset), between weeks 32/2020 and 43/2021. We restricted the analysis to weeks 32/2020 to 39/2021 to account for delayed reporting of the outcomes: hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) (admission to ICU and/or requiring ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)) or death. We compared the cumulative number of reported deaths by each country to official data from public sources [3], with a minimum completeness threshold of 90% for inclusion in this study. Time series of reported hospital and ICU admissions were compared with those for admission or occupancy obtained from public sources [4], excluding countries reporting incomplete time series or with peaks that occurred at different times. Outcomes reported as ‘unknown’ were recoded to ‘no’ for deaths in all countries, and for hospitalisation/ICU in Ireland (following national practice) and Sweden (all cases were coded as 'yes’ or ‘unknown’). Hospitalisation/ICU status was recoded to ‘no’ if date of hospitalisation preceded date of onset, to minimise inclusion of incidental hospital admissions in the crude risk numerators. Cases with unknown outcome or sex were excluded.

We described trends by age group in weekly rates and proportions of case notifications and hospital admissions. Age-specific cumulative case notification rates per 100,000 population and crude risk (percentage of cases in each age group reporting the outcome) for hospitalisation, ICU admission (among all and hospitalised cases) and death were estimated by age group in years and in months < 2 years using data from seven countries that reported age in months (Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia and Sweden). We considered the overall study period and the period when the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern (Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak (Pango) lineage designation B.1.617.2) accounted for more than 95% of reported weekly sequences (median: weeks 28/2021 to 39/2021). Age-specific distributions of the outcomes by period and sex were compared using chi-squared tests.

Cases with unknown comorbidity were excluded from a subset of data from seven countries (Cyprus, Finland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovakia and Sweden) reporting data on comorbidities (coded as cancer, diabetes, cardiac disease, lung disease, neuromuscular disease, HIV infection, asthma, kidney disease, hypertension, pregnancy, liver disease, obesity, smoker/history of smoking). We estimated crude risks stratified by the presence and absence of a comorbidity and adjusted odds ratios (aOR; via logistic regression) to compare outcomes for cases in each age group (< 1, 1–4, 5–11, 12–17, 0–17 years) with and without any comorbidity.

Trends in case notification and hospitalisation

Pooled weekly notification rates increased sharply in all age groups from July 2021 (Figure 1A). We observed concomitant rises in hospitalisation rates in all age groups, but starting from, and reaching, much lower levels in children aged 1–17 years than in adults or children younger than 1 year (Figure 1C). Since January 2021, children have represented an increasing proportion of notified cases and hospital admissions (Figure 1B and D).

Figure 1.

Weekly age distribution and rates of notified symptomatic COVID-19 cases and hospital admissions reported to TESSy, pooled from 10 EU countries, weeks 32/2020 to 39/2021 (n = 6,604,483)

COVID-19: coronavirus disease; EU: European Union; TESSy: The European Surveillance System.

Figure 1

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Cumulative case rates reported among a total of 820,404 symptomatic paediatric cases (12.4% of 6,604,483 cases of all ages) increased with every additional year of age from 2 to 17 years (Table 1). Hospitalisation was reported for 9,611 (1.2%) cases, ICU admission for 640 (0.08% of all cases, 6.7% of hospitalised cases) and death for 84 (0.01%). Limiting the analysis to children aged 2–17 years, the overall risks of these outcomes were 0.8%, 0.06%, 7.5% and 0.01%, respectively. The risk of hospitalisation was highest among the youngest (0–2 months), with point estimates that decreased with increasing age to 9 years and then increased with each year from 12 to 17 years. Male children aged 0–17 years were slightly more likely than female children to be admitted to hospital (1.2% vs 1.1%; p < 0.0001) or ICU (0.09% vs 0.07%; p < 0.05), but these differences did not exist in all paediatric age groups. Results for periods coinciding with dominance of the Delta variant were consistent with the full study period, although hospitalisation was more common among children younger than 1 year (14.7% Delta vs 13.1% full period; p < 0.01).

Table 1. Age-specific counts and crude risks of severe COVID-19 outcomes by age, pooled from 10 EU countries, weeks 32/2020 to 39/2021 (n = 6,604,483).

Age Symptomatic cases Cases per 100,000 population Hospitalisation ICU Death ICU among hospitalised cases
n Crude risk %
(95% CI)		 n Crude risk %
(95% CI)		 n Crude risk %
(95% CI)		 Crude risk %
(95% CI)
Total 0–23 monthsa 8,258 NS 695 8.42
(7.83–9.04)		 95 1.15
(0.93–1.40)		 8 0.10
(0.04–0.19)		 13.67
(11.20–16.45)
0–2 months 1,243 NS 320 25.74
(23.33–28.27)		 39 3.14
(2.24–4.26)		 3 0.24
(0.05–0.70)		 12.19
(8.81–16.28)
3–5 months 869 NS 101 11.62
(9.57–13.94)		 18 2.07
(1.23–3.25)		 0 0 17.82
(10.92–26.70)
6–8 months 995 NS 64 6.43
(4.99–8.14)		 11 1.11
(0.55–1.97)		 2 0.20
(0.02–0.72)		 17.19
(8.90–28.68)
9–11 months 1,085 NS 63 5.81
(4.49–7.37)		 6 0.55
(0.20–1.20)		 0 0 9.52
(3.58–19.59)
12–17 months 2,042 NS 82 4.02
(3.21–4.96)		 7 0.34
(0.14–0.71)		 2 0.10
(0.01–0.35)		 8.54
(3.50 - 16.80)
18–23 months 2,024 NS 65 3.21
(2.49–4.08)		 14 0.69
(0.38–1.16)		 1 0.05
(0.00–0.27)		 21.54
12.31–33.49)
Total 0–17 years 820,404 2,692 9,611 1.17
(1.15–1.20)		 640 0.08
(0.07–0.08)		 84 0.01
(0.01–0.01)		 6.66
(6.17–7.18)
< 1 year 22,518 1,432 2,952 13.11
(12.67–13.56)		 142 0.63
(0.53–0.74)		 15 0.07
(0.04–0.11)		 4.81
(4.07–5.65)
1 year 24,797 1,525 852 3.44
(3.21–3.67)		 44 0.18
(0.13–0.24)		 5 0.02
(0.01–0.05)		 5.16
(3.78–6.87)
2 years 23,032 1,384 471 2.04
(1.87–2.24)		 22 0.10
(0.06–0.14)		 4 0.02
(0.00–0.04)		 4.67
(2.95–6.99)
3 years 24,573 1,452 324 1.32
(1.18–1.47)		 14 0.06
(0.03–0.10)		 3 0.01
(0.00–0.04)		 4.32
(2.38–7.14)
4 years 24,858 1,484 265 1.07
(0.94–1.20)		 15 0.06
(0.03–0.10)		 6 0.02
(0.01–0.05)		 5.66
(3.20–9.16)
5 years 26,494 1,574 241 0.91
(0.80–1.03)		 18 0.07
(0.04–0.11)		 4 0.02
(0.00–0.04)		 7.47
(4.49–11.55)
6 years 31,300 1,881 225 0.72
(0.63–0.82)		 20 0.06
(0.04–0.10)		 1 0.00
(0.00–0.02)		 8.89
(5.51–13.39)
7 years 34,857 2,062 230 0.66
(0.58–0.75)		 14 0.04
(0.02–0.07)		 3 0.01
(0.00–0.03)		 6.09
(3.37–10.00)
8 years 39,241 2,325 253 0.64
(0.57–0.73)		 23 0.06
(0.04–0.09)		 3 0.01
(0.00–0.02)		 9.09
(5.85–13.33)
9 years 44,703 2,588 266 0.60
(0.53–0.67)		 24 0.05
(0.03–0.08)		 0 0 9.02
(5.87–13.13)
10 years 50,126 2,914 315 0.63
(0.56–0.70)		 31 0.06
(0.04–0.09)		 3 0.01
(0.00–0.02)		 9.84
(6.79–13.68)
11 years 54,337 3,120 307 0.56
(0.50–0.63)		 29 0.05
(0.04–0.08)		 4 0.01
(0.0–0.02)		 9.45
(6.42–13.28)
12 years 58,210 3,371 328 0.56
(0.50–0.63)		 26 0.04
(0.03–0.07)		 4 0.01
(0.00–0.02)		 7.93
(5.24–11.40)
13 years 61,897 3,621 374 0.60
(0.54–0.67)		 35 0.06
(0.04–0.08)		 6 0.01
(0.00–0.02)		 9.36
(6.61–12.77)
14 years 63,855 3,737 430 0.67
(0.61–0.74)		 49 0.08
(0.06–0.10)		 8 0.01
(0.01–0.02)		 11.40
(8.55–14.78)
15 years 70,862 4,091 477 0.67
(0.61–0.74)		 38 0.05
(0.04–0.07)		 7 0.01
(0.00–0.02)		 7.97
(5.70–10.77)
16 years 77,353 4,490 567 0.73
(0.67–0.80)		 40 0.05
(0.04–0.07)		 1 0.00
(0.00–0.01)		 7.05
(5.09–9.48)
17 years 87,391 5,043 734 0.84
(0.78–0.90)		 56 0.06
(0.05–0.08)		 7 0.01
(0.00–0.02)		 7.63
(5.81–9.79)
1–4 years 97,260 1,461 1,912 1.97
(1.88–2.06)		 95 0.10
(0.08–0.12)		 18 0.02
(0.01–0.03)		 4.97
(4.04–6.04)
5–11 years 281,058 2,359 1,837 0.65
(0.62–0.68)		 159 0.06
(0.05–0.07)		 18 0.01
(0.00–0.01)		 8.66
(7.41–10.04)
12–17 years 419,568 4,061 2,910 0.69
(0.67–0.72)		 244 0.06
(0.05–0.07)		 33 0.01
(0.01–0.01)		 8.38
(7.40–9.45)
18–49 years 3,339,485 4,702 86,961 2.60
(2.59–2.62)		 10,293 0.31
(0.30–0.31)		 2,837 0.08
(0.08–0.09)		 11.84
(11.62–12.05)
50–79 years 2,095,032 3,143 277,377 13.24
(13.19–13.29)		 59,911 2.86
(2.84–2.88)		 73,672 3.52
(3.49–3.54)		 21.60
(21.45–21.75)
≥ 80 years 349,562 2,948 141,502 40.48
(40.32–40.64)		 16,136 4.62
(4.55–4.69)		 116,871 33.43
(33.28–33.59)		 11.40
(11.24–11.57)
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CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease; EU: European Union; ICU: intensive care unit; NS: not shown.

aAnalysis of a subset of cases younger than 2 years with data on age in months, from seven countries (Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia and Sweden). Case rates per 100,000 population are not provided for these age groups.

Stratification by presence of any comorbidity

Data on comorbidities were available for 210,008 of 460,790 paediatric cases (45.6%) from the seven countries that provided this information. Among these, 203,548 (96.9%) reported having none, 5,773 (2.7%) one and 687 (0.3%) two or more comorbidities. Data on comorbidities were less likely to be reported for hospitalised than non-hospitalised paediatric cases (30.0% vs 45.8%; p < 0.0001). After controlling for age group, reporting country, sex and four periods (weeks 32/2020 to 53/2020 (pre-vaccine period), 1/2021 to 21/2021 (Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant dominant), 22/2021 to 27/2021 (Alpha and Delta variants co-circulating), 28/2021 to 39/2021 (Delta variant dominant)), the adjusted odds of hospitalisation, ICU admission and death were seven, nine and 27 times higher, respectively, among cases with at least one comorbidity compared with those with none (Table 2).

Table 2. Age-specific counts, crude risks and adjusted odds ratios for severe COVID-19 outcomes comparing cases with and without any comorbidity, pooled from seven EU countries, weeks 32/2020 to 39/2021 (n = 210,008).

Age (years) Any comorbidity Symptomatic cases Cases with outcome Crude stratified risk Adjusted RRa
Risk % (95% CI) p value aOR (95% CI)
Hospitalisation
Total 0–17 No 203,548 1,506 0.74 (0.70–0.78) < 0.0001 7.29 (3.28–16.20)
Yes 6,460 293 4.54 (4.04–5.07)
< 1 No 3,812 537 14.09 (13.00–15.23) < 0.05 1.68 (0.38–7.41)
Yes 184 37 20.11 (14.57–26.64)
1–4 No 16,054 275 1.71 (1.52–1.93) < 0.0001 8.95 (5.02–15.95)
Yes 419 56 13.37 (10.26–17.00)
5–11 No 68,152 273 0.40 (0.35–0.45) < 0.0001 11.98 (9.02–15.91)
Yes 1,791 77 4.30 (3.41–5.34)
12–17 No 115,530 421 0.36 (0.33–0.40) < 0.0001 9.28 (5.92–14.54)
Yes 4,066 123 3.03 (2.52–3.60)
ICU
Total 0–17 No 203,548 102 0.05 (0.04–0.06) < 0.0001 8.74 (6.22–12.27)
Yes 6,460 32 0.50 (0.34–0.70)
< 1 No 3,812 32 0.84 (0.57–1.18) 1 1.72 (0.30–9.96)
Yes 184 2 1.09 (0.13–3.87)
1–4 No 16,054 21 0.13 (0.08–0.20) < 0.0001 10.25 (5.70–18.45)
Yes 419 6 1.43 (0.53–3.09)
5–11 No 68,152 15 0.02 (0.01–0.04) < 0.0001 18.56 (10.12–34.06)
Yes 1,791 9 0.50 (0.23–0.95)
12–17 No 115,530 34 0.03 (0.02–0.04) < 0.0001 10.25 (7.55–13.90)
Yes 4,066 15 0.37 (0.21–0.61)
Death
Total 0–17 No 203,548 22 0.01 (0.01–0.02) < 0.0001 26.85 (4.97–145.05)
Yes 6,460 14 0.22 (0.12–0.36)
< 1 No 3,812 4 0.10 (0.03–0.27) 0.56 9.05 (0.70–117.78)
Yes 184 1 0.54 (0.01–2.99)
1–4 No 16,054 6 0.04 (0.01–0.08) 0.44 7.02 (0.62–79.09)
Yes 419 1 0.24 (0.01–1.32)
5–11 No 68,152 2 0.00 (0.00–0.01) < 0.0001 158.61 (19.06–1,319.58)
Yes 1,791 6 0.34 (0.12–0.73)
12–17 No 115,530 10 0.01 (0.00–0.02) < 0.0001 24.81 (4.49–137.05)
Yes 4,066 6 0.15 (0.05–0.32)
ICU among hospitalised cases
Total 0–17 No 1,506 102 6.77 (5.56–8.16) < 0.05 1.24 (0.95–1.62)
Yes 293 32 10.92 (7.59–15.07)
< 1 No 537 32 5.96 (4.11–8.31) 1 0.73 (0.29–1.88)
Yes 37 2 5.41 (0.66–18.19)
1–4 No 275 21 7.64 (4.79–11.44) 0.62 1.37 (0.65–2.89)
Yes 56 6 10.71 (4.03–21.88)
5–11 No 273 15 5.49 (3.11–8.90) 0.1 1.58 (0.94–2.66)
Yes 77 9 11.69 (5.49–21.03)
12–17 No 421 34 8.08 (5.66–11.10) 0.22 1.18 (0.74–1.90)
Yes 123 15 12.20 (6.99–19.32)
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COVID-19: coronavirus disease; EU: European Union; ICU: intensive care unit; RR: relative risk.

aLogistic regression models: for Total 0–17 years: outcome ca any comorbidity + age group (< 1, 1–4, 5–11, 12–17 years) + covariables period (weeks 32/2020 to 53/2020 (pre-vaccine period), 1/2021 to 21/2021 (Alpha variant dominant), 22/2021 to 27/2021 (Alpha and Delta variants co-circulating), 28/2021 to 39/2021 (Delta variant dominant), sex (male/female) and reporting country. Robust standard errors accounting for clustering on reporting country. Age group-specific estimates were obtained using an interaction between age group and any comorbidity.

This table is based on data from seven countries (Cyprus, Finland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovakia and Sweden) with information on comorbidities reported for 210,008 of 460,790 paediatric cases (45.6%). Data from Austria, Germany and Ireland (359,614 cases, 3,619 hospitalised) that did not include information on comorbidities were excluded.

Distribution of comorbidities among hospitalised cases

Of the 210,008 paediatric cases with data on comorbidities, 83.7% (1,506/1,799) of those hospitalised were reported not to have any. This proportion fell with increasing age: 93.6% (37/574; < 1 year), 83.1% (56/331; 1–4 years), 78.0% (77/350; 5–11 years) and 77.4% (123/544; 12–17 years) (Figure 2A). Among 293 (16.3%) hospitalised cases reporting a total of 314 comorbidities (18 cases had two and one case had four comorbidities), the most frequently reported conditions were cancer (20.7%), diabetes (18.2%), cardiac (15.9%) and lung (11.8%) disease (Figure 2B). Cancer (n = 7) followed by HIV (n = 5), lung disease (n = 5), cardiac disease (n = 4) and diabetes (n = 4) were most common among the 34 of 136 (25.0%) cases admitted to ICU reporting at least one comorbidity, and 14 of 36 fatal cases had at least one comorbidity.

Figure 2.

Occurrence of reported comorbidities among hospitalised paediatric COVID-19 cases by age group, pooled from seven EU countries, weeks 32/2020 to 39/2021 (n = 1,799)

ASTH: asthma; CANC: cancer; CARDIACDIS: cardiac disease; COVID-19: coronavirus disease; DIAB: diabetes; EU: European Union; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HYPERT: hypertension; KIDNEY: kidney disease; LIVER: liver disease; LUNG: lung disease; NEUROMUS: neuromuscular disease; OBES: obesity; PREG: pregnancy (including post-partum); SMOKE: smoker/history of smoking.

One instance each of smoker and pregnancy reported in two infants aged 0 months (< 1 year) are not shown in the figure.

Figure 2

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Discussion

By week 47/2021 only 15.2% (range: 1.0–29.0%) of children younger than 18 years in the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 [5]. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) recently approved the emergency authorisation of Comirnaty vaccine (BNT162b2 mRNA, BioNTech-Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York, United States (US)) in children aged 5–11 years [6]. The evidence presented here indicates that case notification and hospital admission rates among children rise as overall transmission increases, but that most children with symptomatic COVID-19 have a very low risk of death or hospitalisation. For every 10,000 symptomatic paediatric cases reported during the study period, ca 117 were hospitalised and eight required ICU admission or respiratory support.

The high COVID-19 incidence in many parts of the EU/EEA means that large numbers of unvaccinated children are likely to be exposed to the virus, leading to increases in the absolute numbers of children with severe COVID-19 outcomes. In addition, perhaps particularly in countries that have achieved high levels of vaccination coverage in adults, the majority of community transmission could be increasingly among children [7]. Thus, tailored national guidance and appropriate mitigation measures, notably in schools and other places where children congregate, will continue to be essential [1].

This study highlights that the risk of a severe COVID-19 outcome is substantially elevated for children with underlying risk factors compared with healthy children [8]. However, among paediatric COVID-19 cases with information on comorbidities, 83.7% had no reported comorbidity, demonstrating a potential population-level impact of high levels of community transmission leading to large numbers of hospital admissions among healthy children.

The elevated risk of hospitalisation observed for children younger than 2 years may reflect lower thresholds for admission of infants and neonates in particular [9], and further research is required to clarify the risk of severe disease in this age group. Whether the higher crude risk of hospitalisation among children under 1 year in the period of dominance of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant reflects elevated severity of this variant is unclear since this was not observed in other age groups.

This analysis did not consider other health impacts of COVID-19 on children such as the prevalence and burden of paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome or post-COVID-19 syndrome, as well as the numerous indirect negative health and mental health impacts on children caused by disruptions to their social and educational lives [1]. Such factors are, nonetheless, important considerations for decision making about vaccination of children [10].

There are important limitations to this study. The analysis is based on surveillance data reported to TESSy with at least 90% completeness of cases and deaths compared with official national totals. Data on vaccination status of the children in this study was not available, however, during the study period, vaccines were only approved in the EU for use in children 12–17 years-old. As children are less likely to be symptomatic for COVID-19 than adults [11,12], reporting of cases may be biased towards those with severe disease. Although we recoded 640 cases with hospitalisation date before date of onset as not hospitalised and the TESSy reporting protocol defined a hospitalised case as one with severe COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital or ICU [13], it is possible that some remaining reported paediatric COVID-19 hospitalisations may have been for other causes. While this could overestimate the crude risk of hospitalisation, we are aware that hospitalisations were under-reported to TESSy in three of the countries in our study (50–76% complete for Germany, Ireland and Sweden) for which comparison against publicly available admission data was possible, which would have the opposite effect. Overall, our results are comparable to those reported among symptomatic cases in a recent systematic review, including studies from Europe and the US [10]. Reporting of comorbidities was less likely among cases with severe outcomes, making our effect estimates conservative for cases with a comorbidity. Low numbers of children with severe outcomes diminish the analytical power of the study, particularly for less common outcomes. This, together with incomplete reporting of comorbidities, prevented a detailed risk factor analysis.

Conclusions

Paediatric hospital admissions for COVID-19 increased as overall transmission rates increased. The individual risks of a severe COVID-19 outcome were substantially elevated for those with a comorbidity compared with healthy children, but most children hospitalised in this study with data on comorbidities had no reported comorbidity. This demonstrates the additive impact of high levels of community transmission and can inform decision making around paediatric COVID-19 vaccinations. Preventive measures to reduce transmission and severe outcomes in children remain critical, as does the submission of timely, complete surveillance data to facilitate assessment of severity following the emergence of new variants.

Acknowledgements

We thank the TESSy data managers for their ongoing support and all people involved in the ECDC COVID-19 response. Special thanks are due to ECDC staff who work tirelessly on the weekly processing and analysis of TESSy data, who have provided input to or reviewed this work, in particular Tommi Karki, Enrique Delgado, Gaetano Marrone, Pasi Penttinen and Ole Heuer. We would like to acknowledge Richard Pebody, Piers Mook and Maarten Vanhaverbeke from the WHO Regional Office for Europe for their ideas and critical review which help shaped this work. The European COVID-19 surveillance network is jointly coordinated by the ECDC and the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The authors are grateful to all network members and National Focal Points for Viral Respiratory Disease for kindly collecting, uploading and helping in the interpretation of weekly European surveillance data. We particularly thank experts from the countries included in this study (listed in alphabetical order): Austria (Stephan Aberle, Monika Redlberger-Fritz and Daniela Schmid), Cyprus (Costas Constantinou, Ioanna Gregoriou, Christos Karagiannis, and Barbara Zinieri), Finland (Idil Hussein, Niina Ikonen, Maia Jeganova, Jeremia Kapanen, Mia Kontio, Jan-Erik Löflund, Merit Melin and Carita Savolainen-Kopra), Germany (Doris Altmann, Christian Drosten, Andreas Tille), Ireland (Jeff Connell, John Cuddihy, Gillian Cullen, Lorraine Doherty, Lisa Domegan, Linda Dunford, Margaret Fitzgerald, Patricia Garvey, Derval Igoe, Sarah Jackson, Jolita Mereckiene, Niamh Murphy and Joan O’Donnell), Italy (Angela Di Martino, Simona Puzelli, Flavia Riccardo, Caterina Rizzo and Paola Stefanelli), Luxembourg (Tamir Abdelrahman and Gerard Scheiden), Malta (Christopher Barbara, Maria Louise Borg, Warren Bruno, Charmaine Gauci, Jackie Maistre Melillo and Tanya Melillo), Slovakia (Ivan Bakoss, Eva Chmelanova, Ivan Kapitáň, Ján Mikas, Jana Námešná, Jozef Nováček, Maria Ondekova and Edita Staronová) and Sweden (Sören Andersson, Mia Brytting, AnnaSara Carnahan, Shaman Muradrasoli, Moa Rehn and Katherina Zakikhany).

Data sharing statement: All relevant data are within the paper. Access to data requests for subsets of COVID-19 TESSy datasets can be requested from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).

Conflict of interest: None declared.

Authors’ contributions: NB, ND, CD, AP, JS, GS conceived the study. NB conducted the data analysis. The country study group authors conducted COVID-19 surveillance and data collections in their respective countries. NB, CD, AP, JS, GS drafted the manuscript, with all authors providing input and contributing to its finalisation.

References

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