Abstract
Introduction:
The nature of pharyngeal swallowing function during the course of recovery of dysphagia due to lateral medullary syndrome (LMS) is unclear. Vacuum swallowing is a compensatory swallowing method that improves the pharyngeal passage of a bolus by creating negative pressure during swallowing in the esophagus in patients with dysphagia due to LMS. We present a case involving a patient with dysphagia due to LMS who involuntarily acquired a swallowing method with prolonged and increased pharyngeal contraction and vacuum swallowing.
Patient concerns:
We report a unique case involving a 52-year-old patient with dysphagia due to LMS. His dysphagia was severe but improved gradually with swallowing rehabilitation. The patient involuntarily acquired a swallowing method with prolonged and increased pharyngeal contraction and vacuum swallowing.
Diagnosis:
The patient presented with dysphagia due to left LMS. A videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing revealed pharyngeal residue.
Interventions:
Forty-five days after the onset of the dysphagia, the swallowing pressure along the pharynx and esophagus was measured using high-resolution manometry.
Outcomes:
Vacuum swallowing was observed in six out of 19 swallows (32.5%). The velopharyngeal contractile integral (CI) and mesohypopharyngeal CI values increased during swallowing, reflecting prolonged and increased pharyngeal contraction. We named this swallowing method “prolonged swallowing.”
Conclusion:
The findings in this case indicate that vacuum and prolonged swallowing may be compensatory swallowing methods observed in individuals recovering from dysphagia due to LMS. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between these swallowing methods and the pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of dysphagia in patients with LMS.
Keywords: esophagus, high-resolution manometry, pressure, rehabilitation, Wallenberg
1. Introduction
Dysphagia is clinically significant in cases of lateral medullary syndrome (LMS) because it is related to aspiration pneumonitis, malnutrition, increased mortality, and prolonged hospital stay.[1] The status of dysphagia in patients with LMS can range from very mild and transient to very severe and prolonged. With respect to prognosis, a majority of patients with LMS initially show severe dysphagia and require parenteral nutrition; however, such patients usually recover rapidly and return to oral food intake within a few months after the onset of dysphagia.[1–6] In contrast, some patients with severe dysphagia require tube feeding and tracheostomy for several months or years, and may also require surgical treatment.[1,7] With respect to patients with dysphagia, the nature of pharyngeal swallowing function in such patients during the recovery of dysphagia due to lateral medullary syndrome (LMS) is unclear.
Vacuum swallowing is a novel compensatory swallowing method that improves the pharyngeal passage of a bolus by creating negative pressure in the esophagus in patients who have dysphagia due to LMS.[1,8,9] In this swallowing method, a bolus is sucked from the pharynx into the esophagus due to a pressure gradient despite weak pharyngeal contraction and impaired upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function.
Herein, we present a case involving a patient with dysphagia due to LMS who involuntarily acquired a swallowing method with prolonged and increased pharyngeal contraction and vacuum swallowing.
2. Patient information
The patient was a 52-year-old man who developed ataxia, alternating disturbance of pain and temperature sensation, dysarthria, and dysphagia. Diffusion-weighted imaging revealed high signal intensity (hyperintensity), indicating the occurrence of a left lateral medullary infarction that included the nucleus ambiguus. He was diagnosed as having left LMS. The patient was fed using a nasogastric tube. He exhibited dysphagia, and the severity of dysphagia according to the Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS) was level 3 (in patients with dysphagia of such severity, swallowing training using a small quantity of food is performed).[10] Thirty-three days after the onset of dysphagia, he was admitted to our rehabilitation hospital for dysphagia treatment.
The patient had mild left ataxia, but could walk without a cane or walker. Sensory examination revealed reduced temperature and pinprick sensations on the left side of his face and right side of his extremity. He had dysphagia and mild hoarseness, and was expectorating saliva into a tissue. He underwent dysphagia rehabilitation once a day, including balloon catheter dilatation and head raising exercises, for impaired UES opening.
His dysphagia severity improved to FILS level 7 (in patients with dysphagia of such severity, easy-to-swallow food is orally ingested in three meals, and no alternative nutrition is provided). On day 45, a videoendoscopic examination of swallowing revealed pooling of saliva in the pyriform sinus and mild left vocal cord paralysis. A videofluoroscopic examination of the swallowing revealed a small amount of pharyngeal residue in the epiglottic vallecula and pyriform sinus. High-resolution manometry (HRM) revealed prolonged and increased constriction of the pharynx and impaired UES opening. Furthermore, the patient occasionally experienced negative pressure in the esophagus during swallowing.
Sixty-five days after the onset of dysphagia, HRM was performed for re-evaluation. The swallowing rehabilitation was continued, and the severity of dysphagia improved to FILS level 9 (there was no dietary restriction, and the patient ingested three meals orally; however, medical considerations were given). The patient was discharged 90 days after the occurrence of the stroke.
2.1. Manometric study
Pressure and timing data were extracted using the ManoScanTM software (Medtronic plc, Dublin, Ireland). Vacuum swallowing was defined as the simultaneous generation of strong negative esophageal pressure with swallowing. Values of several parameters, including the velopharyngeal contractile integral (VPCI), mesohypopharyngeal contractile integral, duration of UES relaxation, nadir UES pressure, minimum esophageal pressure (esophageal Pmin), and maximum lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure (LES Pmax), were recorded (Fig. 1). Contractile integrals were calculated using the following formula: amplitude × duration × length of muscular contractions ≥20 mm Hg.[11,12] These integrals can act as useful indicators of pharyngeal swallowing disorders.
Figure 1.
Pressure topography of the patient and a normal subject. Spatiotemporal plots for the patient in the present case and a normal subject (control) displaying vacuum swallowing (left), usual swallowing (middle), and normal swallowing (right). Y-axis, catheter position; X-axis, time. Pressure has been indicated using a color scale.
The mean and standard deviation (SD) values of each HRM parameter (on day 45) were estimated. Swallowing pressure in 19 swallows, including seven dry swallows, three swallows of thickened liquids for the pharyngeal phase, three dry swallows, three swallows of thickened liquids, and three swallows of sliced jellies for the esophageal phase, was evaluated. Vacuum swallowing was observed in six of the 19 swallows (32.5%), including two dry swallows, three thickened-liquid swallows, and one sliced-jelly swallow. A comparison of the means between the normal and vacuum swallowing was performed using the unpaired t-test. In the vacuum swallowing, the nadir UES pressure and esophageal Pmin were significantly lower than those in usual swallowing, and the LES Pmax was significantly higher than that in usual swallowing (Table 1). The VPCI, mesohypopharyngeal contractile integral, and nadir-UES-pressure values for the patient were greater than those for a normal subject,[12] and the duration of UES relaxation in the patient was longer than that in a normal subject (control). The HRM-parameter values on day 65 were similar to day-45 values. The vacuum swallowing was observed in seven out of 24 swallows (29.1%).
Table 1.
Summary of swallowing data.
| Vacuum swallowing | Usual swallowing | P value | Normal swallowing[12] | |
| Pharynx | Three swallows | Seven swallows | ||
| VPCI (mm Hg · s · cm) | 836.9 ± 100.4 | 821.9 ± 21.8 | .821 | 124.3 ± 50.3 |
| MHPCI (mm Hg · s · cm) | 432.4 ± 158.1 | 490.0 ± 48.8 | .595 | 193.2 ± 34.1 |
| UES relaxation duration (msec) | 1193.3 ± 206.5 | 754.3 ± 286.9 | .709 | 520.6 ± 60.0 |
| Nadir UES pressure (mm Hg) | 14.9 ± 10.7 | 19.7 ± 19.8 | .046 | −11.2 ± 6.7 |
| Upper esophageal Pmin (mm Hg) | −26.1 ± 9.2 | −4.4 ± 1.4 | .054 | n/a |
| Esophagus | Three swallows | Six swallows | ||
| Esophageal Pmin (mm Hg) | −24.2 ± 3.1 | −4.3 ± 2.2 | <.001 | n/a |
| LES Pmax (mm Hg) | 67.4 ± 11.0 | 24.5 ± 3.2 | <.001 | n/a |
3. Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a case involving a patient who had dysphagia due to LMS and involuntarily acquired vacuum and prolonged swallowing. These compensatory swallowing methods were revealed through the use of HRM, which was performed to derive precise information regarding pharyngeal and esophageal pressure.
It should be noted that the patient involuntarily acquired vacuum swallowing with the creation of negative pressure in the esophagus and increased LES pressure, which reflected the contraction of the diaphragm during swallowing. In a previously reported case, a patient voluntarily performed vacuum swallowing through the contraction of the respiratory and accessory muscles of respiration during swallowing[1,8,13]; this patient could also adjust the strength of the negative pressure in the esophagus by controlling the contraction of the respiratory muscles. In contrast, vacuum swallowing in the present case was performed involuntarily. Furthermore, the negative esophageal pressure during swallowing in the present case was not as strong as that in the patient in the previously reported case.
When we confirmed the presence of vacuum swallowing using HRM forty-five days after the onset of dysphagia, the bolus passed through the pharynx even with usual swallowing. The patient spontaneously acquired vacuum swallowing to compensate for impaired UES opening in the acute phase following the onset of LMS. As there is an improvement in swallowing function in such patients, the frequency of vacuum swallowing may gradually decrease. As vacuum swallowing can be reproduced using instructions,[13] further research regarding the use of vacuum swallowing as a new swallowing maneuver in patients who have dysphagia due to LMS is needed.
Interestingly, involuntarily prolonged and increased constriction of the pharynx was observed in the present case. Pharyngeal contractile integrals are measures of the “vigor” of pharyngeal contractility, including prolonged swallowing time. In the present case, the remarkable increase in the VPCI reflected the increased and prolonged contraction of the velopharynx during swallowing. This might be similar to the Mendelsohn maneuver, which requires the palate and larynx to be held forcefully while swallowing.[14,15] These findings are empirically observed in patients using videofluoroscopy, specifically in the recovery process of bulbar-type dysphagia due to LMS. We named this swallowing method “prolonged swallowing,” which refers to prolonged pharyngeal contraction time.
The central pattern generator for swallowing, nucleus ambiguus, and nucleus tractus solitarius, located in the medulla, control the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing.[1,2,4,5,11] An LMS lesion involving the central pattern generator, nucleus ambiguous, and nucleus tractus solitarus could cause decreased pharyngeal contractility and impaired UES function.[1,11] Vacuum and prolonged swallowing might be compensatory swallowing maneuvers that are used due to weak pharyngeal contractility and impaired UES opening in patients who have dysphagia due to of the LMS.
A majority of patients with LMS initially exhibit severe dysphagia; however, they often recover within few months of the onset of LMS. Several patients who progress to oral food intake may acquire these swallowing methods. It is not known how frequently these swallowing methods are observed in such patients and how long they persist in the recovery process that follows the onset of LMS. In the previously reported case, the subject performed vacuum swallowing consciously.[8] In contrast, in the present case, vacuum swallowing was acquired and occurred involuntarily. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether these swallowing methods can be applied in clinical practice as a new therapeutic approach to improve swallowing.
In conclusion, patients with dysphagia due to LMS may utilize vacuum and prolonged swallowing as compensatory swallowing methods due to abnormal pharyngeal contraction and impaired UES opening during the recovery process following the onset of dysphagia and LMS. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between these swallowing methods and the pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of dysphagia in patients with LMS.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Editage for English language editing.
Author contributions
KK and IF: developed the study concept and design. JS and AN: acquired the data. KK and TO: analyzed and interpreted the data. KK: drafted the manuscript. All six authors: approved the final version to be submitted.
Conceptualization: Kenjiro Kunieda.
Data curation: Kenjiro Kunieda, Junya Sugiyama, Akiko Nomoto, Ichiro Fujishima.
Formal analysis: Tomohisa Ohno.
Investigation: Kenjiro Kunieda, Junya Sugiyama, Akiko Nomoto.
Methodology: Kenjiro Kunieda.
Project administration: Kenjiro Kunieda.
Supervision: Tomohisa Ohno, Takashi Shigematsu, Ichiro Fujishima.
Writing – original draft: Kenjiro Kunieda.
Writing – review & editing: Kenjiro Kunieda, Tomohisa Ohno, Takashi Shigematsu, Ichiro Fujishima.
Footnotes
Abbreviations: HRM = high-resolution manometry, LMS = lateral medullary syndrome, MHPCI = mesohypopharyngeal contractile integral, Pmax = maximum pressure, Pmin = minimum pressure, UES = upper esophageal sphincter, VPCI = velopharyngeal contractile integral.
How to cite this article: Kunieda K, Sugiyama J, Nomoto A, Ohno T, Shigematsu T, Fujishima I. Compensatory swallowing methods in a patient with dysphagia due to lateral medullary syndrome—vacuum and prolonged swallowing: a case report. Medicine. 2022;101:1(e28524).
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21K17471.
Funding or grants or equipment provided for the project from any source: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21K17471.
Financial benefits to the authors: None.
Details of any previous presentation of the manuscript or abstract in any form: None.
Informed consent for the publication of this case report was obtained from the patient.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
LES = lower esophageal sphincter, MHPCI = mesohypopharyngeal contractile integral, n/a = not applicable, Pmax = maximum pressure, Pmin = minimum pressure, UES = upper esophageal sphincter, VPCI = velopharyngeal contractile integral.
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