Abstract
Purpose
To report a case of macular hole (MH) closure at seven years after internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling.
Observations
A 66-year-old woman developed a MH in her left eye. Pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling and SF6 gas injection followed by face-down position for a week slightly improved the visual acuity from 20/400 to 20/200 but did not close the MH. During subsequent three years of follow-up without any treatment, the MH did not close. Seven years after the surgery, she visited us for cataract surgery in her right eye, and the optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination coincidentally found closure of the MH in her left eye. The visual acuity of her left eye remained 20/200 despite the MH closure.
Conclusions and Importance
ILM peeling might indirectly contribute to the closure of MH at seven years after the surgery although the mechanism is unclear. Sharing the serial OCT images until the MH closure would help us explore the mechanisms of ILM peeling to close MH and develop rational surgery technique manipulating ILM for MH.
Keywords: Delayed closure, Macular hole, Internal limiting membrane, Pars plana vitrectomy
1. Introduction
Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) has been used to treat macular hole (MH) since 1982,1 and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling technique was introduced in 1996.2 ILM peeling improved the outcome of PPV for MH, and the first report of ILM peeling discussed that ILM removal might promote MH closure through the relief of tangential traction.2 Although the precise mechanisms of ILM peeling to promote MH closure have not been elucidated, inverted ILM flap technique was introduced in 2010 and further modified surgical techniques manipulating ILM have been proposed by various study groups.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Recently, we experienced a case of delayed MH closure after ILM peeling. Sharing the serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) images until the MH closure would help us explore the mechanisms of ILM peeling to close MH.
2. Case report
A 66-year-old woman developed a flat-open MH after PPV for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in her left eye. Since surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment had been performed in other hospitals, details of the surgery were unclear. Three weeks after the surgery for retinal detachment, she visited Otsu Red Cross Hospital for treatment of the MH. Her best-corrected visual acuity was 20/400 in the left eye, and the axial length of her left eye was 23.4 mm. An intraocular lens was fixed in her left lens capsule. Fundus examination revealed a MH in her left eye (Fig. 1). She underwent ILM peeling, fluid-gas exchange, and SF6 gas injection, and was asked to position face-down for a week. After the surgery, her visual acuity slightly improved to 20/200, but the MH did not close during three-years postoperative follow-up. Seven years after the ILM peeling surgery, she visited us for cataract surgery in her right eye, and the optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination coincidentally found closure of the MH in her left eye. The visual acuity of her left eye remained 20/200 despite the MH closure.
Fig. 1.
Vertical optical coherence tomography examination images across fovea before and after surgery for macular hole; before surgery (a), and one week (b), one month (c), nine months (d), two years (e), three years (f), and seven years (g) after internal limiting membrane removal.
3. Discussion
Although MH can close spontaneously without any intervention, most cases with MH are treated with surgery. Given that most previous studies on surgical outcome for MH evaluated the success rate of MH closure during the first year after the surgery, MH closure should be rare after the first year. In the present case, the MH did not close for three years after the surgery, but the MH size gradually decreased in the second and the third year; the MH was suggested to be close during the 4–6th year (Fig. 2). The subfoveal atrophic outer retina would account for the failure of visual acuity improvement after MH closure.
Fig. 2.
Sequential optical coherence tomography examination images after surgery for macular hole; one month (a), nine months (b), two years (c), three years (d), and seven years (e) after internal limiting membrane removal.
The present case underwent ILM peeling in 2012 when the inverted ILM flap technique had already been introduced for large MHs.3 The ILM removal technique was chosen rather than the inverted ILM flap technique because the MH size was less than 400 μm. Precise mechanisms of the ILM removal technique or the inverted ILM flap technique to promote MH closure have not been fully elucidated. ILM removal may relieve tangential traction,2 while the inverted ILM flap may induce glial cell proliferation, resulting in MH filling with proliferating cells that enhance closure.3 Although there is insufficient understanding of the roles of ILM removal or ILM flap in MH closure, further modified surgical techniques manipulating ILM have been proposed,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and different surgical techniques are used to treat MHs according to surgeons’ discretion. The relief of tangential traction would not directly contribute to the MH closure after the delayed MH closer in the present case. ILM peeling might increase retinal tissue elasticity to decrease the size of MH gradually. Accumulation of various closure patterns of MH would lead to a precise understanding of the mechanisms by which ILM peeling promotes MH closure.
4. Conclusions
The sequential OCT images of MH in this case suggest that the relief of tangential traction after ILM removal would not directly contribute to the delayed MH closure. We have to elucidate precise mechanisms of ILM peeling or ILM flap during MH closure through accumulation of various closure patterns of MH in order to develop rational and efficient surgical strategy for MH in the future.
Patient consent
Consent to publish the case report was not obtained. This report does not contain any personal information that could lead to the identification of the patient.
Funding/support
None.
Financial Disclosure(s)
The authors have made the following disclosures.
K.N.: None.
K.Y.: Lecture, Novartis Pharma, Tokyo, Japan; Alcon Pharma, Tokyo, Japan; Bayer Yakuhin, Osaka, Japan; Alcon Japan, Tokyo, Japan; Kowa Pharmaceutical Company, Nagoya, Japan; Santen Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan; Senju Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan; Canon, Tokyo, Japan.
All authors attest that they meet the current ICMJE criteria for Authorship.
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