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AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology logoLink to AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology
. 2022 Jan;43(1):151–156. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7367

Imaging Features with Histopathologic Correlation of CNS High-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumors with a BCOR Internal Tandem Duplication

L Cardoen a,✉, A Tauziède-Espariat d, V Dangouloff-Ros f,g,k, S Moalla h, N Nicolas a, C-J Roux f, Y Bouchoucha b, F Bourdeaut b, K Beccaria e,k, S Bolle i, G Pierron c, C Dufour j, F Doz b,k, N Boddaert f,g,k, HJ Brisse a,l
PMCID: PMC8757552  PMID: 34887247

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

A new brain tumor entity occurring in early childhood characterized by a somatic BCL6 corepressor gene internal tandem duplication was recently described. The aim of this study was to describe the radiologic pattern of these tumors and correlate this pattern with histopathologic findings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This retrospective, noninterventional study included 10 children diagnosed with a CNS tumor, either by ribonucleic acid–sequencing analysis or deoxyribonucleic acid methylation analysis. Clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic data were collected. A neuropathologist reviewed 9 tumor samples. Preoperative images were analyzed in consensus by 7 pediatric radiologists.

RESULTS:

All tumors were relatively large (range, 4.7–9.2 cm) intra-axial peripheral masses with well-defined borders and no peritumoral edema. All tumors showed mild and heterogeneous enhancement and marked restriction on DWI of the solid portions. Perfusion imaging showed a relatively lower CBF in the tumor than in the adjacent normal parenchyma. Nine of 10 tumors showed areas of necrosis, with the presence of hemorrhage in 8/10 and calcifications in 4/7. Large intratumoral macroscopic veins were observed in 9/10 patients. No intracranial or spinal leptomeningeal dissemination was noted at diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS:

CNS tumors with a BCL6 corepressor gene internal tandem duplication present as large intra-axial peripheral masses with well-defined borders, no edema, restricted diffusion, weak contrast enhancement, frequent central necrosis, hemorrhage and calcifications, intratumoral veins, and no leptomeningeal dissemination at the time of diagnosis. Knowledge of these imaging characteristics may aid in histologic, genomic, and molecular profiling of brain tumors in young children.

Recently, a new group of CNS tumors characterized by a genetic BCL6 corepressor (BCOR) alteration and distinct histopathologic and clinical features was identified.1 CNS tumors with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the BCOR gene, formerly included in the group of primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the CNS, form a specific molecular entity.2

To date, 50 cases have been reported,1,3-13 with mainly a genomic and histopathologic description. Only 2 publications included a few MR images6,12 but no detailed discussion of the CT and MR imaging features.

The aim of our study was to report a series of CNS tumors with a proved somatic BCOR ITD, to describe their radiologic patterns on CT and MR imaging, and to correlate these patterns with the histopathologic findings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective noninterventional study was approved by the institutional review board of the Institut Curie, with a waiver of the requirement for patient consent.

Patients

Ten children were diagnosed with a CNS tumor with a BCOR ITD during 2010–2019 in France, either by ribonucleic acid–sequencing analysis performed at 2 expert centers (Institut Curie in Paris and Center Léon Bérard in Lyon, France) or by deoxyribonucleic acid methylation analysis in the Neuropathology Department of Sainte-Anne Hospital (Paris, France) using the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum/Heidelberg University classifier.14 Medical records were searched retrospectively for the collection of clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic data.

One patient in the cohort (patient 6) was previously included in the article by Appay et al.5

Histopathology

All tumor samples were evaluated by an experienced neuropathologist (9/10 were reviewed by A.T.-E., and the histopathologic findings from 1 tumor sample were previously published5) using hematoxylin phloxine saffron staining. For each tumor sample, we analyzed the following criteria: cellular density, the presence of necrosis, calcifications, hemorrhagic modifications, the density of the vascular network, and the presence of microvascular proliferation. The infiltrative or well-circumscribed growth pattern of the tumors was evaluated using an antibody against neurofilament (1:100, clone NF70; Dako). The density of the vascular network was evaluated using a CD34 antibody (1:40, clone QBEnd10; Dako).

Imaging

Both MR imaging and CT scans of the brain were available for 5 patients, MR images only were available for 4 patients, and only CT scans were available for 1 patient. MR imaging of the spinal axis was available for 6 patients.

MR imaging was performed at different institutions. At a minimum, the acquired sequences were T1-weighted, T2-weighted, DWI, and T1-weighted imaging after contrast media injection. The MR imaging investigation of 1 patient included unenhanced perfusion imaging a with 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin-labeling sequence, and another patient had a dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion-weighted (T2*) sequence. CT images before and after iodine contrast media injection were also reviewed. The presence of calcifications was assessed either by unenhanced CT or the comparison of phase and magnitude images from SWI when available.

The preoperative images of each patient were analyzed by 7 pediatric radiologists (L.C., H.J.B., N.N., N.B., V.D.-R., C.-J.R., and S.M.), with 6, 25, 4, 20, 9, 8, and 5 years’ experience, respectively, who came to a consensus regarding the findings. Images were qualitatively analyzed using the viewer of the PACS of the Institut Curie.

RESULTS

Clinical Findings

The study population included 7 girls and 3 boys. The age of the patients ranged from 1.2 years to 7.6 years with a median age of 1.8 years. The clinical symptoms at diagnosis were mainly intracranial pressure and ataxia and hemiparesis and convulsions.

Histopathologic Findings

All tumors were densely cellular and well-circumscribed from the normal brain parenchyma, as confirmed by neurofilament staining. Hemorrhagic modifications were present in 6/9 tumors. A dense branching capillary network was present in all tumors, confirmed by CD34 immunostaining, with hyalinized fibrous vessels in 2 tumors. However, no large vessels, including veins, were observed in any tumors. Only 2 tumors presented with calcifications in the viable portion of the tumor. Palisading, geographic, and calcified necrosis was observed in 6/9 tumors. Microvascular proliferation was present in only 1 tumor. Leptomeningeal involvement in 1 tumor was confirmed histopathologically.

Imaging Features

Findings are reported in the Online Supplemental Data.

All tumors were relatively large, well-defined intra-axial masses, with the largest median diameter being 6 cm (range, 4.7–9.2 cm) and the median volume being 48 cm3 (range, 26–208 cm3) (Fig 1).

FIG 1.

FIG 1.

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T2-weighted MR images showing large masses located supratentorially (A and B) and infratentorially (C).

Five tumors were located supratentorially, 2 in the frontal lobe, 2 in the temporal lobe, and 1 centered on the fornix. The 5 tumors situated infratentorially were all cerebellar hemisphere masses. Nine of 10 tumors were localized peripherally—ie, they abutted the overlying dura but showed no radiologic signs of dural invasion.

On MR imaging, tumors showed a low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and a signal intensity on T2-weighted images slightly higher than that of the normal gray matter. Nine of 10 tumors showed areas of necrosis with the presence of hemorrhage in 8/10 and calcifications in 4/7 at the border of the necrotic area and the solid portions of the tumor (Figs 2 and 3). On CT, tumor density was measured between 26 and 38 HU (versus 35 HU for normal cortical gray matter). No vasogenic edema in the surrounding white matter was observed for any tumor.

FIG 2.

FIG 2.

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Characteristic MR imaging features of CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD. A, Axial T2-weighted image shows a well-defined mass, central necrosis, and no surrounding edema. B, Axial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image shows poor enhancement after contrast medium administration. Axial DWI (C) and ADC map (D) show restricted diffusion of the solid portions of the tumor.

FIG 3.

FIG 3.

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Axial CT images before (A) and after (B) contrast medium administration. The tumor is hypo to isodense relative to the cortex, and it exhibits weak-to-mild contrast enhancement. Intralesional calcifications are well-visualized. C, Visualization of several calcifications (black stained) (hematoxylin phloxine saffron, original magnification ×100).

All tumors demonstrated a restriction of diffusion, with ADC values varying between 0.5 and 0.9 × 10−3mm2/s (Fig 4) (the ADC values measured in the normal cortical gray matter of our patients ranged between 0.8 and 1.0 × 10−3mm2/s.

FIG 4.

FIG 4.

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A, High cellular density of the tumor with numerous nuclei, densely packed (hematoxylin phloxine saffron, original magnification ×100). Black scale bar represents 250 µm. Note the corresponding diffusion-weighted image (B) with ADC mapping (C).

Large intratumoral macroscopic vessels connected to cortical veins were observed in 9/10 patients. All tumors showed mild and heterogeneous enhancement of the solid portion on MR imaging or CT (Fig 5). For patient n° 4, the CBF measured with arterial spin-labeling was 37 mL/min/100g and the relative CBF compared with that of the contralateral cortical gray matter was 0.52. By T2* perfusion-weighted MR imaging, the relative CBV was 1.91 and the relative CBF was 0.87 for patient n° 6.

FIG 5.

FIG 5.

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A, Rich delicate thin-walled vessels without microvascular proliferation (hematoxylin phloxine saffron, original magnification ×100). Black scale bar represents 250 µm. B, Corresponding contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR image shows weak contrast uptake.

No intracranial or spinal leptomeningeal dissemination was noted at diagnosis.

Treatment

All patients underwent an initial operation, with macroscopic complete resection in 9/10 patients. Seven patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Eight patients received adjuvant external radiation therapy on the tumor bed, and 6 received additional craniospinal radiation therapy.

Clinical/Patient Outcomes

Six patients died of their disease within 9–71 months of diagnosis (patient n° 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9). Three patients still have a complete response: Two patients (n° 5 and 6) had an initial complete response 19 and 51 months from diagnosis, and 1 patient (n° 4) had a second complete response 69 months from diagnosis. One patient is still being treated (n° 10).

DISCUSSION

CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD are a new tumor entity occurring in early childhood and are characterized by a specific genetic BCOR alteration and distinct histopathologic features. To the best of our knowledge, this series, though small, is the largest for which a detailed radiologic description correlated with the histopathologic characteristics is presented.

Genomic profiling of these tumors revealed a somatic ITD in the region of exon 15 of the BCOR gene. Somatic alterations in BCOR have been identified as recurrent genetic drivers in a wide spectrum of human tumor types. The same type of duplication in BCOR has been described in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney15-17 and in a subset of soft-tissue undifferentiated, primitive myxoid mesenchymal tumors of infancy.18,19

CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD are compact tumors with predominantly solid growth, characterized by a combination of spindle and oval cells. The histopathologic analysis demonstrates cytologic and immunohistochemical evidence of neuroepithelial differentiation. Histologic features such as fibrillary processes, characteristics of glial differentiation, perivascular pseudorosettes, and palisading necrosis have been reported. In contrast to ependymomas however, CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD exhibit sparse-to-no expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein or S-100. The typical embryonal morphology as seen in embryonal tumors and evident neuronal differentiation is not observed.1

According to our study cohort, in CT and MR imaging, CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD present as relatively large intra-axial and peripheral masses with well-defined borders without peripheral edema, confirmed by pathology and in agreement with the few cases previously described.3,6,8,12,13 An equal distribution between supratentorial and infratentorial locations was observed in our cohort, but a slight predominance of an infratentorial location has been reported in the literature.3-9,11-13 CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD are located mainly in the cerebral or cerebellar hemispheres. In accordance with Ferris et al,12 who reported that most tumors abutted the overlying dura without definite invasion, we also observed contact with the dura mater in 9 of 10 patients. This finding was not clearly described in the few previously published cases; however, this pattern was retrospectively visible in the published images.3-5,8,13 Despite the peripheral location, no dural tail sign or thickening of the dura mater, suggesting leptomeningeal dissemination, was observed at the time of diagnosis, as previously described.7,8,12 One patient had focal leptomeningeal metastases identified on histopathologic examination, which were not visible on imaging probably because of the low sensitivity of the CT scan (no MR image was available). These imaging findings, consistent with the histopathologic findings, suggest an intraparenchymal origin of these tumors and not a mesenchymal origin as is the case of BCOR ITD tumors occurring in the kidney and soft tissue.

The solid portions of the tumor were hypointense on T1-weighted images and slightly hyperintense on T2-weighted images, and they showed a marked restriction on DWI related to their high cellular density. Ferris et al12 described a more heterogeneous T2 signal, which varied from isointense to hyperintense compared with the adjacent brain. To our knowledge, the CT density of CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD has never been reported.

Our histopathologic results showed a high microvascular density but no microvascular proliferation for all tumors. In agreement with earlier imaging reports,5,6,12 we also observed weak contrast enhancement of these tumors. Indeed, it has been previously reported that contrast enhancement is not a criterion for high-grade neoplasms in children.20,21 Perfusion imaging was available in only 2 patients but demonstrated relatively low-to-intermediate CBF values compared with the adjacent normal parenchyma. This finding has not yet been reported in the radiologic literature, surprising because CBF was reported to be correlated with tumor microvascular density and histologic grade in children.21 However, low CBF values were also reported for other high-grade tumors such as embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes.20 The relative CBV value for 1 patient was elevated; hence, the low CBF could be related to a long MTT in capillary vessels. These findings should be confirmed in a larger patient sample. We suggest that the relationship between perfusion and tumor neovascularization is probably multifactorial and not solely determined by vessel density and vessel wall structure.

We did not observe vasogenic edema within the surrounding white matter. This relatively uncommon finding for high-grade CNS tumors was also noted by Ferris et al12 and Bremer et al13 and was retrospectively visible on the available images from other published cases.3,5,6,8 Almost all studies described areas of necrosis and blood products.6,8,12,13 We observed calcifications located at the border of the central necrotic area and the solid peripheral portion of the tumor, a finding that had not been previously described. A possible explanation is that calcifications are more easily seen on CT and the available imaging in preceding studies was mainly MR images. Large central veins located within the mass were a feature observed in almost all our patients and have not been described to date. This finding was not correlated with pathology, probably because of tumor sampling bias.

Knowledge of these imaging features might help in the consideration of this type of tumor when facing the initial diagnosis of a brain tumor in a young child. A possible differential diagnosis is an embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, a rare malignant embryonal tumor occurring in the same age group that shares some features with CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD. Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes are also large tumors with frequent calcifications, little-to-no edema, absent or weak contrast enhancement, intratumoral veins, restricted diffusion, and low CBF values in arterial spin-labeling.20 However, in contrast to CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes do not exhibit frequent central necrosis.

Primary atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors are another type of rare, highly malignant embryonal tumor occurring in young children. Imaging features that may distinguish them from CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD are the presence of peripheral cystic components, some mild-to-moderate edema, a marked enhancement of the solid portions of the tumor, and tumor dissemination within the CNS at the time of diagnosis.22-26

Medulloblastomas typically occur in mid-childhood (5–7 years). Most medulloblastomas occurring in early childhood belong to the sonic hedgehog group, group 3 or 4. Group 3 and 4 medulloblastomas arise from the midline (vermis and fourth ventricle) and frequently show early metastasis.27,28 Sonic hedgehog medulloblastomas in infants with desmoplastic and nodular histologic features are located in the cerebellar hemispheres and arise from the cerebellar cortex. Sonic hedgehog medulloblastomas with extensive nodularity display a more diffuse nodular grape-like pattern on MR images than CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD. Moreover, sonic hedgehog medulloblastomas commonly display very strong postcontrast enhancement, which is thought to be due to leptomeningeal desmoplasia.29

Most ependymomas have an infratentorial intraventricular location with an extension of the tumor through the foramen of the fourth ventricle. Supratentorial ependymomas have an intraparenchymal location. They tend to be more T2-hyperintense than CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD, with the presence of large cysts, avid heterogeneous enhancement, and intermediate diffusion restriction.30 Low-grade gliomas have highly variable imaging features. They generally show an increased diffusivity on ADC maps. High-grade gliomas have more irregular and infiltrative margins and exhibit peritumoral edema and more contrast uptake than CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD.27

CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD are aggressive tumors that require close clinical and radiologic monitoring. Despite intensive treatment, CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD are associated with early local recurrence and a poor outcome. Different treatments have been attempted, such as total surgical excision, focal or craniospinal radiation therapy, chemotherapy (including carboplatin, cisplatin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, and temozolomide), bevacizumab, intrathecal chemotherapy (methotrexate and topotecan), and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support. New treatment strategies are being investigated.4,7,10

Due to the rarity of this disease, the relatively small number of CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD is a limitation of our study. Because the images were evaluated retrospectively and imaging was performed at different centers, our data also show a certain degree of heterogeneity, and notably, CT and functional imaging were not available for all patients, especially perfusion imaging.

CONCLUSIONS

We described the imaging features of 10 confirmed CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD, and we correlated these features with the clinical and histopathologic findings. CNS tumors with a BCOR ITD present as large peripheral intra-axial masses with well-defined borders, no edema, restricted diffusion, weak contrast enhancement, frequent central necrosis, hemorrhage and calcifications, intratumoral veins, and no leptomeningeal dissemination at the time of diagnosis. Knowledge of these characteristics may aid in the histologic, genomic, and molecular profiling of brain tumors in young children.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr Marie Simbozel for assistance with data collection.

ABBREVIATION:

ITD

internal tandem duplication

Footnotes

Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text and PDF of this article at www.ajnr.org.

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