Percutaneous ultrasound-guided versus bronchoscopy-guided dilatational tracheostomy after median sternotomy: A case-control study

Abstract

Background

In this study, we aimed to compare ultrasoundguided versus bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy outcomes in critically ill adult patients undergoing a median sternotomy.

Methods

Between January 2015 and December 2020, a total of 54 patients (17 males, 37 females; mean age: 54.9±13.1 years; range, 39 to 77 years) who underwent elective ultrasound- or bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy after a median sternotomy were included. We compared the ultrasound-guided group (n=25) with the bronchoscopy-guided group (n=29) regarding all-cause mortality and complications. Safety assessments included major and minor bleeding, procedural hypoxic or hypotensive event, cardiac dysrhythmias, tracheal injury, damage to adjacent structures, and requirement of conversion to open surgical tracheostomy.

Results

No tracheostomy procedure-related death was observed in either group. The median time for tracheostomy was 13 (range, 8 to 17) min in the ultrasound-guided group and 10 (range, 7 to 15) min in the bronchoscopy-guided group (p=0.387). There was no need for conversion between the two methods or conversion to surgical tracheostomy for any patient. The overall complication rates did not significantly differ between the groups (p=0.15).

Conclusion

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy can be safely performed in patients undergoing sternotomy. Complication rates of the procedure are similar to those guided with bronchoscopy.

Introduction

Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) has been widely used to increase patient comfort and avoid complications in those who need long-term intubation with a safety profile, compared to surgical tracheostomy.[1] Currently, various PDT modalities have evolved to reduce the incidence of complications.[2] Early complications of PDT include bleeding, airway loss, tracheal wall injury, tracheal ring fracture, damage to adjacent structures, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, false placement, hypoxia, bronchospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias, aspiration, and requirement of conversion to open surgical tracheostomy or even death.[3] The patient's current medication, coagulation status, and mechanical circulatory support requirement may complicate the procedure, when PDT is required after cardiac surgery, particularly after a median sternotomy.

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be performed during the procedure to avoid complications such as posterior tracheal wall injuries or high placement of the tracheostomy tube and for optimum endotracheal placement.[4] However, the fact that bronchoscopy is not available in every intensive care unit (ICU) and due to its associated complications such as bleeding or thyroid punctures have led to the use of ultrasound (US) guidance in this area.

The most commonly used anatomical imaging is US. Using the US guidance, which is available in almost every ICU, cervical vascular anatomy, tracheal rings, and thyroid glands can be easily visualized. The beneficial effects of US for PDT regarding the procedure safety have been shown in several studies.[5] Nevertheless, the use of real-time US for PDT can be complicated in inexperienced hands. Pre-procedural US evaluation and measurements can increase the success of the procedure and reduce the complication rates.

Currently, the US is frequently used in the intensive care practice during PDT in critically ill patients. However, US-guided PDT use in patients undergoing a median sternotomy has not been reported to date. In the present study, we, therefore, aimed to compare US-guided PDT versus bronchoscopy-guided PDT in critically ill adult patients undergoing open heart surgery through a median sternotomy in terms of safety, efficacy, and procedural complications.

Patients and Methods

This single-center, retrospective, case-control study was conducted at Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery between January 1st, 2015 and December 30th, 2020. A total of 54 patients (17 males, 37 females; mean age: 54.9±13.1 years; range, 39 to 77 years) who underwent elective US- or bronchoscopy-guided PDT after a median sternotomy were included. The study population was a consecutive unselected series of patients and bronchoscopy-guided PDT patients were recruited as the controls. During the study period, a total of 2,159 sternotomies were performed at our institution. The overall incidence of tracheostomy requirement after sternotomy in our unit was 2.5%. We included all consecutive adult patients who required tracheostomy following a median or upper-J sternotomy who were ≥18 years old. Exclusion criteria were as follows: having minimally invasive or robotic surgery using mini-thoracotomy incisions; the presence of coagulopathy (international normalized ratio [INR] >2) or a platelet count of <50x109/L; and history of previous tracheostomy or cervical spinal injury. A written informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study protocol was approved by the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Human Research Ethics Committee (I10-659-20). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Data including age, sex, body mass index, operation types, date of ICU admission, date of the procedure, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS-II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, anatomical difficulties, and procedure-related complications were recorded.

Tracheostomy procedure

After the decision to perform PDT, antithrombotic drugs were discontinued and warfarin was replaced with low-molecular-weight heparin for the periods specified in the guidelines. Adequate sedation and neuromuscular blockade were applied to the patients who were connected to a mechanical ventilator. A total of 100% oxygen was given before the procedure to prevent hypoxia. A shoulder roll was employed in all patients.

US-guided PDT

In the US-guided technique, following patient positioning, pre-procedural US examination of the anterior neck was performed by an anesthesiologist who participated in US courses hold by the National Society of Anesthesiology and Reanimation as an instructor after attending to two international courses on airway US. A GE Vivid T8 portable US machine (GE Healthcare, Fairfield, CT, USA) with a 3 to 8 MHz linear array probe at an average depth of 4 cm was used.

Considering the tracheal space that can be punctured according to the landmark technique, appropriate tracheal space for PDT was determined in the sagittal plane view and it was recorded whether the puncture site was changed. The skin to trachea distance and the trachea's transverse diameter was measured on the transverse view of that tracheal space (Figure 1). These measurements were marked on the needle to be used. Thus, the first point to enter the lumen and the second to stop was identified (Figure 2). Besides, US evaluation helps to locate the cricothyroid membrane and tracheal rings, and the presence of any vascular structure or a mass anterior to the trachea. After local infiltration of lidocaine %2, the needle of the tracheostomy kit (Portex Ltd., Hythe, Kent, UK) was advanced up to the first mark on it, and the air was aspirated. It was, then, continued until the second mark and the cannula was advanced into the lumen. A J-tipped Seldinger wire was placed through the cannula. The cannula was pulled out and the soft tissue was dilated with the dilator sent through the wire. In the next step, the trachea was dilated with the help of guidewire dilator forceps according to the Griggs technique. Finally, the tracheostomy tube was advanced into the trachea.[6]

Figure 1. Transverse view trachea. 1. Skin to trachea distance; 2. Transverse diameter of the trachea.

Figure 2. Marked needle for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. Needle tip - A: Measurement of skin-trachea distance; A-B: Measurement of radius of trachea; B: The point where the needle to be advanced maximally.

Bronchoscopy-guided PDT

In the bronchoscopy-guided technique, following patient positioning, the appropriate tracheal space was determined by physical examination. After local infiltration of lidocaine %2, the tracheostomy kit needle was advanced, until the air was aspirated. The position of the needle and guidewire was checked by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Then, the process was continued according to the Griggs technique.

Outcome measures

The primary outcome of this case-control study was to compare US-guided PDT versus bronchoscopyguided PDT in terms of procedure-related mortality and complications following PDT. In this context, the procedure-related complications were examined under two headings as major and minor. Major complications were defined as procedure-related death, cardiac arrest, tracheal wall injury, loss of airway, false passage cannulation, pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum, damage to adjacent structures (esophageal injury, tracheoesophageal fistula) conversion to surgical tracheostomy, hypotension requiring any intervention (fluids or vasopressors), acute hypoxemia (peripheral oxygen saturation below 90% for more than 5 min), major bleeding requiring transfusion and/or surgical repair, tracheostomy related sepsis. A post-PDT chest radiograph was evaluated to exclude pneumothorax. Minor complications included transient hypotension (not requiring any intervention), desaturation less than 5 min, localized minor bleeding (self-limiting or treated with a local compression), localized subcutaneous emphysema, and local stomal infections not causing sepsis.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 15.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive data were presented in mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (min-max) for quantitative variables and in number and frequency for qualitative variables. Parametric test assumptions were compared using the independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for quantitative variables, and using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test for qualitative variables. Ap value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Of a total of 54 patients, 29 were included in the bronchoscopy-guided PDT group and 25 were included in the US-guided PDT group. All tracheostomies were performed in the ICU. There were no significant differences in terms of baseline characteristics, types of previous surgeries, and suboptimal neck anatomy criteria (short neck and limited neck extension) between the patients who underwent two different PDT strategies (Table 1).

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients and types of previous surgeries.

Baseline characteristics	Bronchoscopy-guided PDT (n=29)				US-guided PDT (n=25)			Total PDT (n=54)		p
	n	%	Mean±SD	n	%	Mean±SD	n	%	Mean±SD
Age (year)			55.6±13.3			53.8±12.7			54.9±13.1	0.532
Sex
Male	9	31		8	32		17	31.5		0.330
BMI (kg/m2)			25.1±6.9			26.2±6.3			25.6±6.7	0.715
BMI (>30)	4	13.7		4	16		8	14.8
EuroSCORE II (%)			9.3±7.9			10.1±6.7			9.8±8.4	0.451
SAPS II			46±12.8			48±13.1			47±12.9	0.426
SOFA-ICU score			10±2.4			11±2.6			10±2. 5	0.642
Days on mechanical ventilation before PDT			13±2.7			15±1.6			14±2.1	0.172
Types of previous surgeries										0.347
CABG	3	10.3		3	12		6	11.1
Aortic valve replacement	3	10.3		2	8		5	9.2
Mitral valve replacement	2	6.8		1	4		3	5.5
Multiple valve replacement	7	24.1		6	24		13	24
CABG + valve replacement	8	27.5		6	24		14	25.9
Aortic dissection	5	17.2		5	20		10	18.5
LVAD and/or ECMO/RVAD	1	3.4		2	8		3	5.5
Suboptimal neck anatomy										0.456
None	25	86.2		21	84		46	85.1
Short neck	3	10.3		3	12		6	11.1
Limited neck extension	1	3.5		1	4		2	3.7
PDT: Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy; US: Ultrasound; SD: Standard deviation; BMI: Body mass index; EuroSCORE: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score-II; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ICU: Intensive care unit; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; LVAD: Left ventricular assist device; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; RVAD: Right ventricular assist device.

The mean skin-trachea distance was 9.2±1.9 mm and the mean tracheal diameter was 21.3±2.4 mm in the US-guided group. The puncture site was changed in five patients (%20) due to vessels or thyroid beneath the puncture site. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the size of the tracheostomy cannula used and the duration of the procedure (p=0.664 and p=387, respectively). In addition, no significant difference in the number of tracheal punctures between the groups (p=0.678) (Table 2).

Table 2. Measurements of trachea by US and procedural data.

Variables			Bronchoscopy-guided PDT (n=29)			US-guided PDT (n=25)							Total PDT (n=54)
	n	%	Mean+SD	Median	25th-75th percentiles	n	%	Mean+SD	Median	25th-75th percentiles	n	%	Mean+SD	Median	25th-75th percentiles	p
Number of tracheal punctures				2	1-2				1	1-2				1	1-2	0.678
Skin-trachea distance (mm)			N/A					9.2+1.9					N/A
Tracheal diameter (mm)			N/A					21.3+2.4					N/A
Change in the puncture site after US			N/A			5	20						N/A
Size of tracheostomy tube (mm)				7.5	7-8				7.5	7-8				7.5	7-8	0.664
Duration of procedure (mm)				10	7-15				13	8-17				11	7-17	0.387
US: Ultrasound; PDT: Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy; N/A: Not applicable; SD: Standard deviation.

The median ICU length of stay was 18 days in both groups (p=0.361). The median hospital length of stay was 32 (range, 19 to 58) days in the bronchoscopyguided group and 33 (range, 21 to 63) days in the US-guided group (p=0.452). The patients in both groups were similar in terms of ICU mortality and hospital mortality (20.6% vs. 2 4%, respectively; p =0.522 a nd 57% vs. 44%, respectively; p=0.280). There was no conversion between the PDT methods or conversion to surgical tracheostomy for any patient.

Overall procedural complication rate was 44.8% in the bronchoscopy-guided group and 24% in the US-guided group (p=0.155). Minor bleeding was seen in 10.3% in the bronchoscopy-guided group and 8% in the US-guided group (p=0.156). Major bleeding was observed in 6.8% of the bronchoscopy-guided group, while no major bleeding was observed in the US-guided group (p=0.236). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of transient hypotension (10.3% vs. 8 %, r espectively; p =0.583) and transient hypoxemia (3.4% vs. 0 %, r espectively; p=0.642). After the procedure, stomal infection was observed with a rate of 13.7% in the bronchoscopyguided group, while this rate was 8% in the US-guided group (p=0.267) (Table 3). No cardiac dysrhythmias or cardiac arrest, airway loss, tracheal wall injury or tracheal ring fracture, damage to adjacent structures, pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, bronchospasm, aspiration, false placement of the cannula or tracheostomy procedure-related death was identified.

Table 3. Clinical outcomes and early complications of PDT.

Outcomes	Bronchoscopy-guided PDT (n=29)				US-guided PDT (n=25)				p
	n	%	Median	25th-75thpercentiles	n	%	Median	25th-75thpercentiles
ICU length of stay (day)			18	14-26			18	13-27	0.361
Hospital length of stay (day)			32	24-46			33	26-47	0.452
ICU mortality	6	20.6			6	24			0.522
Hospital mortality	15	57			11	44			0.280
PDT complications
Major bleeding	2	6.8			0	0			0.236
Minor bleeding	3	10.3			2	8			0.156
Transient hypotension	3	10.3			2	8			0.583
Transient hypoxemia	1	3.4			0	0			0.642
Stomal infection	4	13.7			2	8			0.267
Overall complications	13	44.8			6	24			0.155
PDT: Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy; US: Ultrasound; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Discussion

Ultrasound guidance is as practical as bronchoscopy guidance in patients undergoing PDT after sternotomy in terms of safety, efficacy, and procedural complications. It has comparable complication rates to a gold-standard technique such as bronchoscopy, without prolonging the procedure time. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the complication rates, the absence of major bleeding with US-guided PDT keeps this technique one step ahead. It may have caused this by changing the puncture site in 20% of the patients.

Most patients undergoing cardiac surgery are extubated within the first three days.[7] However, elective tracheostomy has been used safely for many years in those who need prolonged intubation to avoid chronic endotracheal intubation complications.[8] Although surgical tracheostomy is preferred in a small proportion of patients, bedside PDT has become the gold standard in terms of safety and cost.[9] Bacchetta et al.[9] reported that PDT offered significant cost savings without a clinical difference between the two techniques in the cardiothoracic surgical practice. Since there is no need to transfer the patients to the operating room, PDT also ensures more effective use of the limited staff and cost savings. In particular, in patients with extracorporeal supportive therapy, this becomes an even more important advantage.

In addition to conventional and bronchoscopyguided techniques, US has been used frequently for PDT in recent years. Although the traditional approach has been compared to both methods, imaging methods such as bronchoscopy or US have come to the fore to reduce the complication rates. Gobatto et al.[10] first demonstrated in a retrospective cohort study that US-guided PDT was safe with similar complication rates to the bronchoscopy-guided group. Later, they showed that US-guided PDT was non-inferior to the bronchoscopy-guided group in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients with a randomized non-inferiority controlled trial.[11] Our study is the first to evaluate these two techniques in PDT after a median sternotomy. The findings suggest that the US-guided PDT is at least as safe as the bronchoscopy-guided PDT.

Furthermore, PDT has many complications, and the most fatal is bleeding.[12] In addition to venous bleeding, arterial bleeding can be also seen. Moreover, aortic arch injury has been reported as an infrequent complication.[13] In this context, anticoagulation and continuation of heparinization are both debated in cardiac surgery patients, particularly in patients who require extracorporeal life support. Bektas et al.[14] reported that PDT could be applied safely in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and/or left ventricular assist device, and no significant complications were encountered in the bedside PDT procedure in the patients with a mean INR value of 2 to 3. Although they reported no major bleeding, it was seen in two patients in the bronchoscopy group in our study, suggesting that caution should be exercised. These two patients who were operated on for ascending aortic dissection may indicate that more attention should be paid to this patient group. Since anticoagulant therapy can be applied after cardiac surgery, the importance of US emerges. Although there was no statistically significant difference in complication rates, the absence of major bleeding with US-guided PDT indicates that this is a protective factor. It may have caused this by changing the puncture site in 20% of the patients. Even-Tov et al.[15] also published that pre-procedural US can influence the decision of surgical or bedside PDT and this choice could lead to increase the safety of procedure. The ability to select the most appropriate tracheal interspace with prepuncture evaluation can be considered an advantage of US over bronchoscopy.

One of the most important complications of PDT is posterior wall perforation with esophageal injury.[16] Although rare in experienced hands, bronchoscopy guidance is the gold standard to avoid this complication. Balaban et al.[17] reported in their case series that they successfully completed the PDT procedure under US guidance and accompanied by bronchoscopy in three patients, one of whom was operated for aortic dissection, one patient with trauma and one with hypoxic encephalopathy. As US may be ineffective in visualizing the posterior part of trachea due to reverberation and acoustic shadow artifacts, complications can be avoided with the radius measurement technique we described. Assuming that the trachea has a circular structure, inserting the needle as much as the radius length can prevent posterior wall injury. The absence of posterior wall injury in both groups proves that US is at least as effective as bronchoscopy.

Another complication that should be considered for tracheostomy performed after sternotomy is sternal wound and stomal infections. Pilarczyk et al.[18] reported in a retrospective study that PDT within the first 10 postoperative days after cardiac surgery with a median sternotomy could be performed safely without an increased risk of deep sternal wound infection. Besides, Byhahn et al.[19] found that there was no relationship between colonization detected in the airway and sternal infection, suggesting that tracheostomy should not be delayed in patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation after sternotomy. In a comprehensive meta-analysis, Toeg et al.[20] reported that sternal wound infection could be seen after tracheostomy in patients undergoing sternotomy, although they found no significant difference between the surgical or percutaneous technique. While no sternal wound infection was observed in our study, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of stomal infection. However, further prospective, randomized studies are needed to reach accurate data and to reveal the relationship between timing or technique of tracheostomy and sternal infection.

This study has several limitations. First, in this case-control study, participants were recruited from the hospital database based on the PDT procedure after a sternotomy performed at cardiac ICU; however, casecontrol studies may also be prone to selection bias and recall bias. Second, PDT complications are rarely seen, and a small sample size may not allow a statistically significant difference in complication rates between the groups. Third, although US-guided PDTs are performed by a single anesthesiologist, bronchoscopyguided procedures were performed by different anesthesiologists or surgeons with experiences, which may cause bias in evaluation. Finally, since the patients were not followed after discharge, no assessment could be made for chronic complications of PDT.

In conclusion, ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy can be safely performed in patients undergoing sternotomy. Complication rates of the procedure are similar to those guided with bronchoscopy. In contrast with the limited access of bronchoscopes and their inability to determine the structures anterior to the trachea, ultrasound is readily available in most of the intensive care units, is noninvasive, and is able to visualize all structures adjacent to the trachea.