Abstract
Purpose
The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a widely accessible measure, has been a surrogate indicator of peripheral insulin resistance, and its clinical importance continues to grow in East Asia. We hypothesized that the TyG index is relevant to subclinical white matter hypersensitivities (WMHs) of presumed vascular origin among community-dwelling Koreans.
Methods
We investigated the relationship between the TyG index and WMHs on brain magnetic resonance imaging scans in 2417 Koreans over 45 years of age without a history of cancer, stroke, or ischemic heart disease. The study population was divided into four groups according to the TyG index quartiles. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we assessed the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for WMHs across the TyG index quartiles.
Results
The prevalence of WMHs was significantly higher in the fourth TyG index quartile, with an overall rate of 9.3%. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the ORs of WMHs for the TyG index quartiles were 1.00, 1.47 (95% CI, 0.91–2.40), 1.76 (95% CI, 1.05–2.97), and 6.79 (95% CI, 3.85–1.54), respectively.
Conclusion
We found that higher TyG index values were associated with the brain’s WMHs of presumed vascular origin. Our findings suggest that the serum TyG index could be an additional valuable biomarker for assessing the risk of cerebral small vessel disease in the preclinical stage.
Keywords: triglyceride-glucose index, white matter hypersensitivities, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, cerebral small vessel disease
Background
The brain’s white matter hypersensitivities (WMHs) are sometimes found in individuals without cerebral symptoms, especially in apparently healthy older people.1–3 Despite the considerable prevalence, they have received less attention for their clinical importance in brain health. Meanwhile, evidence suggests that WMHs seem asymptomatic but are not physiologic phenomena related to the aging process. They may have increased the risk of declining brain function, such as balance problems, emotional disturbance, pain susceptibility, and cognitive impairment.4–10 The plausible mechanism for WMHs is not fully understood until now, but cerebral minor vessel damage has been regarded as a crucial underlying cause.11
The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, a simple and widely accessible measure, has emerged as a novel biomarker for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.12–16 Higher TyG index indicates more hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic state, which could lead to the cerebro-cardiovascular atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that a high TyG index has a predictive value for arterial stiffness, coronary arterial calcification, functional kidney dysfunction, and ischemic cardiovascular events, and its clinical importance continues to grow in East Asia.12,13,17–19 Additionally, the TyG index may precede and predict metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes from the beginning.14,20,21
In this regard, an elevated TyG index could be a risk factor for cerebrovascular microangiopathy development, but data on this association are insufficient. Thus, we examined the relationship between the TyG index and the brain’s WMHs of presumed vascular origin.
Methods and Materials
Participants
Our study is part of the Health Risk Assessment Study (HERAS) cohort to evaluate risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in Koreans, as described in previous studies.22,23 The present research included 2859 individuals over 45 years of age who underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scans for brain health screening. The exclusion criteria for appropriate analysis were as follows: a 12-h fasting unmet for the accurate evaluation of fasting plasma glucose and fasting triglyceride: those who had been diagnosed with a malignancy, had a history of stroke or ischemic heart disease in the past (n=442). Consequently, 2417 participants were included in the final analysis. Each participant provided informed consent. This study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
Study Design
We assessed lifestyle and medical history using structured questionnaires for all participants. Body mass index (BMI) was evaluated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. The average value was obtained for blood pressure (BP) estimation after measuring twice at heart height at 5-min intervals from the right upper arm.
Blood collection was performed after overnight fasting for 12 h, and the inter-and intra-coefficients of variation (CVs) were 2.8 and 3.9% for fasting plasma glucose and fasting triglyceride, respectively. The TyG index was calculated using the following formula: ln [fasting triglyceride level (mg/dl) × fasting glucose level (mg/dl)/2]. We divided the study population according to the TyG index quartiles as follows: Q1 ≤8.12 (≤25th percentile]; Q2: 8.13–8.50 (26 to 50th percentile]; Q3: 8.51–8.89 (51 to 75th percentile]; and Q4 ≥8.90 (≥76th percentile]).
We defined hypertension as systolic BP of 140 mmHg or higher, diastolic BP of 90 mmHg or higher, or current BP-lowering medication use;23 defined type 2 diabetes as a fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dL or taking diabetes drugs;24 defined metabolic syndrome as at least three of the following metabolic conditions: BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, systolic BP of 130 mmHg or more, diastolic BP of 85 mmHg or more, or use of BP-lowering drugs; fasting plasma glucose levels ≥ 100 mg/dL or anti-diabetic agents use; triglyceride levels ≥ 150 mg/dL; and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women.25 To evaluate endothelial dysfunction, we measured brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) (automatic waveform analyzer model BP‐203RPE; Colin Co., Japan).
Brain MR Imaging Scans
All MR scans were performed after administration of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid contrast agent, using a standard head coil with a 3.0-T MR scanner (GE Signa VH/I, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Two radiologists evaluated the brain MR features and were blinded to the clinical and laboratory data. The presence of WMHs was assessed using well-described radiological criteria: increased brightness on T2-weighted images in the white matter near the subcortical areas or the lateral ventricles.26
Statistical Analysis
The baseline characteristics were compared according to the TyG index quartiles using the chi-square test, a one-way analysis of variance, or the Kruskal–Wallis test. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we assessed the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for WMHs across the TyG index quartiles after adjusting for potential confounding variables across the SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All statistical tests were two-sided, and statistical significance was set at P-value < 0.05.
Results
Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants
In Table 1, we compared the lifestyle variables and laboratory features of the study participants among the quartiles of the TyG index. The prevalence of WMHs was significantly higher in the fourth TyG index quartile, with an overall rate of 9.3%. For health behaviors, current smokers and alcohol drinkers were more prevalent with increasing TyG index quartiles. For laboratory characteristics, total cholesterol levels, leukocyte counts, and baPWV were highest in the fourth TyG index quartile group. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased according to serum TyG index quartiles. The highest proportions of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome were the members of the highest TyG index quartile.
Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population According to TyG Index Quartiles
| TyG Index Quartiles | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (≤8.12) | Q2 (8.13–8.50) | Q3 (8.51–8.89) | Q4 (≥8.90) | P-value * | Post Hoc ** | |
| n | 605 | 606 | 606 | 600 | ||
| Age (years) | 55.6 (8.2) | 56.4 (8.4) | 57.2 (8.2) | 56.4 (7.9) | 0.015 | b |
| Females (%) | 59.3 | 45.5 | 33.6 | 23.7 | <0.001 | - |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.5 (2.7) | 23.7 (2.8) | 24.4 (2.7) | 25.2 (2.7) | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 121.6 (16.5) | 123.7 (17.5) | 128.8 (18.`) | 129.0 (15.9) | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.1 (9.9) | 78.2 (9.9) | 80.5 (10.0) | 81.5 (9.7) | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e |
| Mean arterial BP (mmHg) | 89.9 (11.4) | 93.2 (11.8) | 95.4 (11.7) | 96.3 (12.4) | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 88.6 (11.2) | 96.0 (12.2) | 101.2 (17.7) | 114.2 (32.0) | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.9 (35.4) | 193.1 (35.7) | 194.0 (36.7) | 199.4 (37.7) | <0.001 | a,b,c,e,f |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 59 (58–60) | 87 (86–88) | 120 (119–122) | 209 (203–215) | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59.7 (13.7) | 52.7 (12.3) | 47.6 (10.3) | 43.9 (10.3) | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 115.3 (32.0) | 125.5 (32.0) | 126.4 (33.4) | 128.5 (34.0) | <0.001 | a,b,c |
| Pulse wave velocity (cm/s) | 1371 (230) | 1428 (255) | 1456 (256) | 1480 (257) | <0.001 | a,b,c,e, |
| Leukocyte count (cells/μL) | 4637 (2130) | 5144 (2303) | 5499 (2387) | 5797 (2682) | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| Current smokers (%) | 23.3 | 33.1 | 35.3 | 36.5 | <0.001 | – |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 24.8 | 28.4 | 32.1 | 40.6 | <0.001 | – |
| Regular exercise (%) | 44.7 | 43.5 | 44.7 | 38.9 | 0.153 | – |
| Hypertension (%) | 26.1 | 38.2 | 47.6 | 49.7 | <0.001 | – |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 3.8 | 7.1 | 11.2 | 25.3 | <0.001 | – |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 3.0 | 7.1 | 15.7 | 53.4 | <0.001 | – |
| White matter hypersensitivities (%) | 7.6 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 12.1 | 0.029 | – |
Notes: Data are expressed as the mean (SD) or percentage. * P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis or Pearson’s chi-square tests. ** Post hoc analysis with the Bonferroni method: a, Q1 versus Q2; b, Q1 versus Q3; c, Q1 versus Q4; d, Q2 versus Q3; e, Q2 versus Q4, and f, Q3 versus Q4.
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
Odds Ratios for WMHs on Brain MR Imaging Scans
Table 2 shows the multivariate ORs for WMHs with increasing TyG index quartiles. Compared with the referent quartile, the OR (95% CI) of the Q3 and Q4 TyG index quartiles for WMHs were 1.76 (95% CI 1.05–2.97) and 6.79 (95% CI 3.85–11.54) after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, mean arterial pressure, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.
Table 2.
Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence for White Matter Hypersensitivities According to TyG Index Quartiles
| TyG Index Quartiles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (≤8.12) | Q2 (8.13–8.50) | Q3 (8.51–8.89) | Q4 (≥8.90) | P for Trend | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.47 (0.91–2.39) | 1.74 (1.04–2.93) | 6.38 (3.71–11.13) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.44 (0.89–2.35) | 1.70 (1.02–2.86) | 6.20 (3.61–10.84) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.47 (0.91–2.40) | 1.76 (1.05–2.97) | 6.79 (3.85–11.54) | < 0.001 |
Notes: Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, mean arterial pressure, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, mean arterial pressure, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension. Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, mean arterial pressure, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.
Discussion
We found that higher TyG index values have higher likelihoods of having WMHs in middle-aged and older Koreans without cerebral symptoms after controlling for potential confounding factors, including health behaviors and metabolic conditions. Our findings are in agreement with previous results that higher TyG index is linked to increased risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications, including coronary arterial diseases, ischemic cerebrovascular events, and kidney functional damage.12,13,17–19,27
The exact mechanism by which a higher TyG index confers the brain’s WMHs is not well elucidated, but we can find putative mechanisms by some possible explanations for this association. First, endothelial dysfunction, a crucial step in the progression of small vessel disease, may play an important role in the pathophysiology of WMHs. Previous studies have reported evidence of endothelial dysfunction in individuals with ischemic cerebral microangiopathy and WMHs.11,18,28 The fluid leakage from the cerebral bloodstream followed by endothelial damage leads to structural changes in the perivascular spaces, resulting in white matter lesions.29 Consistent with previous results,17,30,31 endothelial dysfunction assessed by baPWV gradually increased across the TyG index quartiles in the present study.
Next, low-grade inflammation may be another contributor to the relationship between the TyG index and WMHs. A significant number of studies suggest that reactive oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation play significant roles in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction. Previous studies have suggested that proinflammatory cytokines are closely linked to cerebral hypoperfusion and WMHs.32 A linear increase in white blood cell counts according to the TyG index quartiles in our study supports the close link between TyG index and systemic inflammation.
Third, insulin resistance could be an important underlying mechanism to explain this associations.33 Insulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of WMHs increased in patients with insulin resistance-related diseases.34–36 Insulin resistance could affect cerebral perfusion independent of inflammation, leading to segmental arteriolar wall disorganization called lipohyalinosis in the brain.37 The small vessel disease associated with insulin resistance reduced the luminal diameter of arterioles, another pathophysiology of WMHs.38 Moreover, the TyG index is closely correlated with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and a useful biomarker for the prediction of type 2 diabetes.20,21 Recent retrospective cohort study in Koreans demonstrated that individuals with baseline TyG indexes ≥ 8.8 had a 2.5 times higher risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes regardless of BMI stratification.21 Following previous findings, we observed increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome with increasing TyG index quartiles in the present study.
A major strength of this study was that WMH diagnoses were made in the process of general population screening rather than through identification by doctors in charge of cerebral symptoms. Therefore, we minimized the misclassification of asymptomatic patients with WMHs as normal subjects, leading to a decrease in cohort bias. Potential cerebral-related confounding factors were assessed using blood tests and baPWV, together with traditional risk factors.
There were several limitations to our study and interpretation. First, we used a cross-sectional design, suggesting that caution should be exercised in causal interpretations. Thus, further large-scale prospective studies with extended follow-up periods are warranted to elucidate the cause-and-effect link of the TyG index to WMHs. Second, this study was an exploratory study designed retrospectively and did not evaluate the scale of WMHs and cerebral grey matter conditions. WMH severity, voxel-based morphometry, or cortical thickness analysis were not fully considered in the present study. Lastly, we did not assess education, cognitive scales, or hypoglycemic episodes, which may be associated with the WMHs in the brain. In-depth prospective studies considering these factors are necessary for practical clinical application.
Conclusion
Individuals with the highest TyG index quartile have significantly increased their probability of having WMHs in middle-aged and older Koreans without cerebral symptoms. Our findings suggest that the serum TyG index could be an additional valuable measure for assessing and managing cerebral small vessel disease risk in the preclinical stage.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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