Abstract
Introduction
Anxiety is a feeling of tension, apprehension, nervousness, fear, discomfort, and high autonomic activity with varying degrees of intensity resulting from anticipation of danger. Post-operative pain is associated with the emotional status, behavioural response, and high anxiety index of patients.
This study aimed to assess the effect of preoperative anxiety on Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery.
Methods
An institutional-based prospective cohort study was conducted on patients scheduled for elective surgeries from November 1, 2019, to October 30, 2020, in Dilla University Referral Hospital. Data was collected by pretested questionnaires and analysed by SPSS version 20. Categorical data were analysed by chi-square while Continuous data were analysed by student t-test and Mann Whitney U for parametric and nonparametric data respectively with a P-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Result
As our finding revealed patients with high preoperative anxiety experienced significantly increased postoperative pain at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 12 h with the P-value of 0.012, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.002 respectively and total tramadol consumption in a patient with high preoperative anxiety level is 156.5 ± 23.4 while in low anxiety 147.1 ± 39. with a p-value of 0.036.
Conclusion
High preoperative anxiety increased the immediate postoperative pain score and 24 h tramadol consumption. It would be better to decrease preoperative anxiety levels to reduce postoperative pain and 24 h analgesic consumption.
Keywords: Preoperative anxiety, Postoperative pain, Analgesics consumption
Abbreviations: APA, American Psychological Association; ASA, American society of anaesthesiologist; NRS, numerical rating scale; SD, standard deviation; S-STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale
Highlights
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Preoperative anxiety increased risk of postoperative pain.
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High level of preoperative anxiety increased postoperative pain score.
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Total post-operative analgesia consumption was higher in patient with high level of preoperative anxiety.
1. Introduction
According to American Psychological Association (APA) Anxiety is defined as feelings of tension, apprehension, nervousness, fear, discomfort, and high autonomic activity with varying degrees of intensity resulting from anticipation of danger or a threatening event or something unknown [1], which may affect patients' physiological responses, hemodynamic and cognitive or its decision to undergo the intended surgical operation or avoid such procedures [2]. Clinical manifestation of anxiety is irritability, isolation, nervousness, insecurity, uncontrollable feelings of worry, concentration difficulties, sleep difficulties, headache, sweating, tingling, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypertension. Cognitive impairment such as impaired thinking, decision making, perception, and concentration is also the consequences of anxiety [3]. The overall prevalence of preoperative anxiety as reported in some studies is in the range of 12.6–76.7% in the western population [4,5] while it is in the ranges of 39.8–70.3% in Ethiopia [[6], [7], [8]].
The main cause of this emotional trigger was explained by activation of the autonomic nervous system that results in different neuro-endocrine (e.g. catecholamine release) changes in the body. This process ultimately causes increased heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial workload. These exaggerated hemodynamic responses are more pronounced and associated with electrocardiographic changes in patients with pre-existing chronic hypertension [9].
Pain is a complex subjective experience with sensory discriminative, emotional-affective, and cognitive evaluative components. The severity of Post-operative pain is often associated with intensive stimulation of the nociceptive produced from traumatized tissue, inadequate analgesia, and the emotional status of the patient associated with the behavioural response and high anxiety index [10].
Some studies showed that psychological factors like anxiety and fear can influence the individual response to surgical intervention and postoperative pain management [11,12]. Patient with high postoperative pain has high morbidity and mortality, poor recover, impaired wound healing, poor satisfaction, and longer hospital stays. Knowing the association between preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain can help to decrease their synergic effect [13].
The study was aimed to assess the effect of preoperative anxiety on postoperative pain in patients scheduled for elective surgery.
2. Method and material
An institutional-based prospective cohort study was employed from November 1, 2019 to October 30, 2020, in XXX Hospital. Ethical clearance was obtained from the IRB of Dilla University College of Health Science and Medicine before the start of the study. Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant. The report is written inline with STROCSS guideline [14]. The study was also registered in research registry with unique identification number of researchregistry7015 www.researchregistry.com. All patients scheduled for elective surgery with the age of above 18 years were included in the study. Patients who are unable to give informed consent, Unable to communicate, patients with drug addiction, previously diagnosed Cognitive impairment, Patients with the previous diagnosis of depression and anxiety disorder with psychiatric treatment were excluded from the study. Data were collected from selected study participants using a pretested questionnaire to maintain the quality and consistency of data. A validated and standardized preoperative anxiety measuring tool which was adapted from other studies (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale (S-STAI) Version (Y-1)) [15] was used. The data was collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire during preoperative assessment and on arrival to the operation room for the assessment of preoperative anxiety. Patient with STAI >44 was categorized under high anxiety group and those with STAI <44 was followed as low anxiety group with 1:1 allocation ratio.
Pain severity was assessed using a numerical rating scale (NRS) at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. Analgesia consumption was recorded with type and amount of drug taken up within 24 h postoperative according to the hospital guideline for both groups. Data were collected by trained two BSc anesthetists and supervised by one MSc anesthetist after giving two days of training. We investigators have no role in the perioperative management of the patients. For this study, the following definitions were used:
Postoperative pain: the presence of pain in the postoperative period is defined as a patient complaining of pain after the immediate arrival of PACU and any pain score other than zero within 24 h of surgery.
Level of anxiety: - expressed by a score of S- STAI as high-level anxiety and low-level anxiety.
High-level anxiety: - Patient who scores S- STAI >44.
Low-level anxiety: - Patient who scores S- STAI ≤44.
Pre-existing pain: - patient with NSR pain score greater than 3 on preoperative assessments.
2.1. Sample size and sampling technique
The sample size was calculated after a pilot study done on 30 patients scheduled for surgery. The 4th-hour NRS score was used for our sample size calculation since it gives the maximum sample size needed. The mean NRS score at the 4th hour was 4.8 with an SD of 1.475 for those with high anxiety and 4.2 with an SD of 1.475 for those low anxiety groups. By considering the power of 80% and confidence interval of 95% we got 95 participants in each group. By adding a 10% non-response rate total of 208 participants was selected using a systematic random sampling technique.
2.2. Data processing and analysis
Data were checked manually for completeness and then coded and entered into EPI info version 7 then transferred to SPSS version 20 computer program for analysis. The data were tested for normality using histogram and Shapiro–Wilk normality test and homogeneity of variance by Levene's test. Analysis was done by independent sample t-test for normally distributed continuous variables. Categorical data were analysed using the χ2 test. Ordinal and non-normally distributed variables were analysed by using the Mann–Whitney U test. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Result
3.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
A total of 208 study participant was included for final analysis based on their level of anxiety (Fig. 1). There was no statistically significant difference between the group concerning age, sex, religion, residency, educational status ASA status, and previous surgery history as shown in [Table 1].
Fig. 1.
Patient enrolment flow diagram.
Table 1.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Elective surgery at Dilla University Referral Hospital.
| Variables | Anxiety |
Total | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | High | ||||
| Age in years | 36.32 ± 14.71 | 39.85 ± 16.66 | 0.11 | ||
| Sex | Male | 29 (13.9%) | 25(12%) | 54(25.9%) | 0.53 |
| Female | 75(36.1%) | 79(38.0%) | 154(74.1%) | ||
| Religion | Protestant | 52(25%) | 54(26%) | 106(51%) | 0.19 |
| Orthodox | 34(16.3%) | 39(18.8%) | 73(35.1%) | ||
| Muslim | 14(6.7%) | 11(5.3%) | 25(12%) | ||
| Others | 4(1.9%) | 0 | 4(1.9%) | ||
| Residency | Rural | 43(20.1%) | 48(23.1%) | 91(43.8%) | 0.48 |
| Urban | 61(29.3%) | 58(26.9%) | 117(56.2%) | ||
| Educational status | Illiterate | 28(13.5%) | 32(15.3%) | 60(28.8%) | 0.08 |
| Primary | 25(12%) | 33(15.9%) | 58(27.9%) | ||
| Secondary | 34(16.3%) | 18(8.7%) | 52(25%) | ||
| College and above | 17(8.2%) | 21(10.1%) | 38(18.3%) | ||
| Previous surgery | Yes | 41(19.7%) | 33(15.9%) | 74(35.6%) | 0.25 |
| No | 63(30.3%) | 71(34.1%) | 134(64.4%) | ||
| ASA status | ASA 1 | 43(20.7%) | 39(18.8%) | 82(39.4%) | 0.33 |
| ASA 2 | 61(29.3%) | 63(30.3%) | 124(59.6%) | ||
| ASA 3 | 0 | 2(1%) | 2(1%) | ||
Hint: -Value is presented as Mean ± standard deviation: student T-test, Number (%): chi-square test and p < 0.05 is statistically significant.
3.2. Intraoperative data
3.2.1. Comparisons of procedure done between groups
There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning the procedure done with the p-value >0.05 as shown in [Table 2].
Table 2.
Comparisons of procedure done between groups Of Patients Undergoing Elective surgery at Dilla University Referral Hospital.
| Variables | Anxiety |
Total | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| low |
High |
||||
| No (%) | No (%) | ||||
| Procedure | C/S | 35(16.8) | 34(16.3) | 67(33.2) | 0.93 |
| Hysterectomy | 15(7.2) | 18(8.7) | 33(15.9) | ||
| TVP | 13(6.3) | 12(5.8) | 24(12.1) | ||
| Thyroidectomy | 7(3.4) | 7(3.4) | 14(6.8) | ||
| Herniorrhaphy | 5(2.4) | 6(2.9) | 11(4.3) | ||
| Cholecystectomy | 4(1.9) | 3(1.4) | 7(3.4) | ||
| Laparotomy | 2(1) | 4(1.9) | 6(2.9) | ||
| Myomectomy | 10(4.8) | 8(3.8) | 18(8.6) | ||
| Mastectomy | 2(1) | 1(0.5) | 3(1.5) | ||
| Excision | 4(1.9) | 5(2.4) | 11(4.3) | ||
| Drainage | 3(1.4) | 1(0.5) | 4(1.9) | ||
| Reduction | 1(0.5) | 4(1.9) | 5(2.4) | ||
| Vagotomy | 3(1.4) | 1(0.5) | 4(1.9) | ||
| Total | 104 | 104 | 208 | ||
C/S: cesarean section, TVP: transvesical prostatectomy, No (%): number(percent).
3.3. Intraoperative data
There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning types of anesthesia, duration of surgery, and intraoperative analgesia consumption with the p-value >0.05 as shown in [Table 3].
Table 3.
Comparisons of intraoperative data between groups Of Patients Undergoing Elective surgery at Dilla Universtiy Referral Hospital.
| ANXIETY |
P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIGH | LOW | |||
| Type of anesthesia | GA | 37 | 42 | 0.48 |
| SA | 67 | 62 | ||
| Intra-operative opioids intake (mg) | 62.82 ± 22.12 | 61.9 ± 21.55 | 0.85 | |
| Duration of surgery (minutes) | 65.34 ± 40.43 | 64.62 ± 39.26 | 0.89 | |
GA = general anesthesia, SA= Spinal anesthesia, ±: mean plus or minus standard deviation.
3.3.1. Comparison of NRS score at the different time intervals between groups
Mann-Whitney U test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in NRS score at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 12 h with the P- the value of 0.012, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.002 respectively. But there was no statistically significant difference in NRS score at 24 h with a p-value of 0.56 (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Comparison of NRS scores between groups Of Patients Undergoing Elective surgery at Dilla University Referral Hospital 2020.
3.3.2. Comparison of 24 h total analgesic consumption between groups
As a result of the independent sample, the T-test showed there was a statistically significant difference in mean Tramadol consumption within 24 h between groups with the P-value of 0.036. [Table 4].
Table 4.
24 h Total analgesia consumption Of Patients Undergoing Elective surgery at Dilla University Referral Hospital 2020.
| Variables | Anxiety | Mean | Standard deviation | P-value | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total tramadol consumption in mg | High | 156.49 | 23.368 | 0.036 | 0.144 |
| Low | 147.12 | 38.996 |
4. Discussion
Hospitalized patients who undergo operation experience the physical trauma of surgery, as well as the fear and anxiety of possible outcomes [16]. Anxiety is a normal, emotional, reasonable, and expected response to real or potential danger(1) which may affect patients' physiological responses, hemodynamic and cognitive or its decision to undergo the intended surgical operation or avoid such procedures(2). A higher preoperative anxiety level in Ethiopia is expected around 61% [17].
Results of our study indicated that patient with high anxiety has high postoperative pain at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 12 h with the P- the value of 0.012, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.002 respectively when compared with low anxiety groups which were statistically significant. In line with our finding study done by Anchet et al. revealed that pain severity was significantly higher at 2, 4, 8, and 12 h in groups with higher preoperative anxiety [18].
Similarly, a study conducted by Bandeira R et al. is comparable to our finding with showed that postoperative pain is significantly increased at 6 h, 18 h, and 24 h in patients who had a higher level of anxiety. In contrary to our results a peak of postoperative pain was at the time 18 h postoperatively in the high anxiety group but in our study, the peak postoperative pain score is at the 4 h postoperatively the possible explanation for this difference might be the type of anesthesia they used for all patients is spinal anesthesia and the research was done on geriatrics patients. But in our study general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia were used plus we included different age group in our study [19].
Regarding 24 h total analgesia consumption patients with high preoperative anxiety had significantly increased total 24 h tramadol consumption compared to the low preoperative anxiety group which was 156.49 ± 23.368 and 147.12 ± 38.996 respectively with the P-value <0.05. Our study is in line with the study done by Achmet Ali et al. they found that the mean tramadol consumption was 264.5 ± 29.9 220.8 ± 29.7 in the higher anxiety and lower anxiety group respectively [18]. Study done by Bandeira R et al. also showed that mean 24 h morphine consumption was higher in a patient with high preoperative anxiety [19].
5. Conclusion
High preoperative anxiety level increased postoperative pain scores at 2, 4, 8 and 12 h total tramadol consumption within 24 h was significantly increased in patients with high preoperative anxiety. It would be better to decrease preoperative anxiety levels to reduce postoperative pain and 24 h analgesic consumption.
Recommendation Other study has to be done with Randomized controlled and with large sample size.
Limitation Since this study was cohort study it was difficult to control environment factors which affect patients emotion and enough literatures are not found to discuss.
The strength It was the first study in our area that showed the relation of level of preoperative anxiety with postoperative pain.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance and approval were obtained from the ethical review board of the College of Health Science and Medicine. Written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all patients.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Author's contribution
All authors have made substantial contributions to conception, design, analysis, and interpretation of data, acquisition of data, preparing the manuscript of this study, the critical review, and editing of the manuscript drafts for scientific merit and depth. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Provenance and peer review
Not commissioned, externally peer-reviewed.
Funding
Dilla University funded the study but the university have no role in collection, analysis and interpretation of data.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval was secured from Dilla University Institutional review board.
Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all study participants before data were collected. Participant's privacy was kept confidential.
Guarantor
Timsel Girma.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Dilla University for technical support and encouragement in carrying out the project.
Footnotes
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103190.
Contributor Information
Muhiddin Tadesse, Email: muhiddinhassen@gmail.com.
Siraj Ahmed, Email: srjmyn@gmail.com.
Teshome Regassa, Email: teshregasa32@gmail.com.
Timsel Girma, Email: timsikebron15@gmail.com.
Seyoum Hailu, Email: seyoumhailu44@gmail.com.
Ayub Mohammed, Email: Ayubmuh63@gmail.com.
Salih Mohammed, Email: yasinferuz@yahoo.com.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
The following is the Supplementary data to this article:
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.