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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 11.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2022 Jan 11;55(1):31–55. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.013

Figure 3. Islet inflammation.

Figure 3

In a normal state, pro-inflammatory cytokines released from macrophages and the anti-inflammatory IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) released from immune- and β-cells keep the IL-1 system balanced. In pre-diabetes, islet function is increased, the number of immune cells increases and the overall inflammatory balance is tilted towards pro-inflammation. A self-amplified prolonged pro-inflammatory milieu and amyloid polypeptide promotes deterioration of β-cell mass and function, eventually leading to type 2 diabetes.