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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 11.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2022 Jan 11;55(1):31–55. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.013

Figure 4. Immunomodulatory targets for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.

Figure 4

Targeting the IL-1 pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes was shown to have beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and secretion as well as atherosclerosis, heart failure and retinopathy. Future clinical studies building on preclinical work blocking TNF-α, the IL-1 system or other pro-inflammatory mediators may uncover novel routes to counteract type 2 diabetes and its complications.