Table 1.

Factors influencing red cell deformability and eryptosis.

	Increases RBC Deformability	Decreases RBC Deformability	Increases Eryptosis (After [24] and [20])	Decreases Eryptosis (After [24] and [20])
Biologically active molecules and metabolites	ATP NO H2S Carbon monoxide Zn++ Lactate (in trained athletes)	Ketone bodies Cholesterol Glucose > 200 dg/mL Lactate (in sedentary subjects)	Aluminium Arsenic Cadmium Carbon monoxide Ceramide (acylsphingosine) Chromium Copper Fe2+, Energy depletion Glucose (via glycation) Osmotic shock Zn++	NO Erythropoietin Catecholamines β and α
Hormones and chemical messengers	Acetylcholine Epinephrine Endothelin 1 Apelin Leptin Progesterone Erythropoietin Somatostatin Prostaglandin E1 DHEA	Glucagon Melatonin ADP PGE2 Norepinephrine (?) Leukotriene B4 Thyroxin IGF-I Estradiol	Anandamide Estradiol Leukotriene C(4) Lithium Lysophosphatidic acid Mercury PAF Phosphate Progesterone Prostaglandin E2 Silver ions Sphingosine	Adenosine Chloride Erythropoietin Nitroprusside (NO-donor) Urea
Nutritional factors	Tea catechins Vitamin E α-tocopherol, α tocoterol	Carbohydrate intake	Curcurmin Gossypol Oxysterol Phytic acid Retinoic acid Retinoic acid Selenium (sodium selenite) Tannic acid Vitamin K	Caffeine Glutathione Monohydroxyethylrutoside N-acetylcysteine Naringin Vitamin E