Figure 11.

Schematic illustration of immobilization methods of nisin: (a) covalent immobilization onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes with PEG₁₀₀₀ as a linker and hexamethylene diisocyanate as a crosslinking agent (Adopted with permission from [176], RSC, 2011); (b) co-culture fermentation of nisin-producing (Lactococcus lactis N8) and bacterial cellulose-producing (Enterobacter sp. FY-07) bacteria (Adopted with permission from [153], Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021); (c) covalent immobilization onto plasma-treated, EDC/NHS ester functionalized polystyrene sheets (Adopted with permission from [138], RSC, 2017); (d) covalent immobilization onto plasma-treated polystyrene sheets (Adopted with permission from [138], RSC, 2017); (e) nisin loaded chitosan-poly-γ-glutamic acid nanoparticles (encapsulation) (Reproduced with permission from [179], RSC, Cambridge, UK, 2016); (f) adsorption of nisin on blank and HGFI-coated polystyrene surface together with antimicrobial activity of both surfaces (Adopted with permission from [9], Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021).