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. 2022 Jan 5;12(1):40. doi: 10.3390/metabo12010040

Figure 1.

Figure 1

B-Cell Development Pathways: B-cells development originates from the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow (BM). The early stages of B-cell development are antigen-independent and require the formation of multiple intermediary precursor cells, including Pro-B cells, Pre-B cells, which grow into immature B cells, from B lymphocyte progenitor cells. B cells undergo immunoglobulin gene rearrangement throughout these phases of development, culminating in the creation of a mature B cell receptor (BCR) capable of binding to an antigen. This is followed by a selection procedure using BCR editing or clonal deletion, which are intended to exclude autoreactive immature B cells. The majority of immature B cells that survive negative selection leave the BM and move to a secondary lymphoid organ, such as the spleen, where they enter GC reactions after antigen-dependent activation. In the DZ of the GC, they undergo SHM and CSR to increase their affinity for specific antibodies; they then develop into memory B cells or long-lived, antibody-secreting plasma cells (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 21 December 2021).