Table 4.
Kale consumption and its health effects in the study participants.
| All | Male | Female | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1200 | 476 | 724 | |
| Have You Ever Heard about Kale? | ||||
| Yes | 585 (48.8) | 201 (42.2) | 384 (53) | <0.001 |
| No | 615 (51.3) | 275 (57.8) | 340 (47) | |
| Have You Consumed Kale Before? | ||||
| Yes | 276 (23) | 87 (18.3) | 189 (26.1) | 0.002 |
| No | 924 (77) | 389 (81.7) | 535 (73.9) | |
| How Many Times a Week Were You Consuming Kale? | ||||
| Once | 199 (72.1) | 48 (55.2) | 151 (79.9) | <0.001 |
| 2–3 times | 61 (22.1) | 33 (37.9) | 28 (14.8) | |
| >3 times | 16 (5.8) | 6 (6.9) | 10 (5.3) | |
| Have You Noticed Any Positive Effects on Health? | ||||
| Yes | 178 (64.5) | 62 (71.3) | 115 (60.8) | 0.11 |
| No | 98 (35.5) | 25 (28.7) | 74 (39.2) | |
| If Yes, Mention the Positive Effects? | ||||
| Weight Loss | 91 (51.1) | 28 (45.2) | 63 (54.8) | 0.14 |
| Decrease in appetite | 36 (20.2) | 18 (29) | 18 (15.7) | |
| Improved bowel movement | 30 (16.9) | 11 (17.7) | 19 (16.5) | |
| Energy boost | 21 (11.8) | 5 (8.1) | 15 (13) | |
| Any Side Effects? | ||||
| Yes | 49 (17.8) | 17 (19.5) | 32 (16.9) | 0.74 |
| No | 227 (82.2) | 70 (80.5) | 157 (83.1) | |
| If Yes, Mention the Side Effects? | ||||
| Constipation | 25 (51) | 10 (58.8) | 15 (46.9) | 0.69 |
| Bloating | 12 (24.5) | 4 (23.5) | 8 (25) | |
| Bowel irritability | 10 (20.4) | 2 (11.8) | 8 (25) | |
| Others | 2 (4.1) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (3.1) | |
| Mode of Consumption? | ||||
| Fresh | 158 (57.2) | 46 (52.9) | 112 (59.3) | 0.69 |
| Cooked | 53 (19.2) | 17 (19.5) | 36 (19) | |
| Supplement | 47 (17) | 18 (20.7) | 29 (15.3) | |
| Powder | 18 (6.5) | 6 (6.9) | 12 (6.3) | |
Note: The data are presented as frequency (%) of participants in each sub-group. The difference between males and females was calculated by chi-squared test.