First trimester heterotopic pregnancy with shock treated laparoscopically, followed by uneventful term pregnancy and normal birth

Abstract

Heterotopic pregnancy (HP), a coexistence of intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies, is extremely rare. Although there have been many reports of maternal outcomes in pregnant women with HP, they have not described fetal neurodevelopmental outcomes and survival. A 30-year-old Japanese woman in early gestation who had undergone two previous cesarean deliveries was transferred to our hospital with vital signs of shock. HP was confirmed by ultrasonography and laparoscopic surgery, and right salpingectomy was performed. At term, a 2,875 g neonate was delivered via cesarean section without any complications.

Introduction

Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) is defined as a combination of an intrauterine pregnancy and a concurrent ectopic pregnancy. It is a life-threatening condition that is difficult to diagnose¹⁾. Spontaneous HP has been estimated to occur in 1/30,000 pregnancies²⁾. However, the actual incidence could be higher in women with predisposing risk factors, such as a history of: ectopic pregnancy, tubal surgery, pelvic inflammatory disease, or intrauterine device use; in vitro fertilization associated with pregnancy; and smoking^3,4). Since HP might lead to life-threatening hemorrhage, which can increase maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, early diagnosis and proper management are essential^5,6).

Laparoscopy has been widely recognized as an indispensable tool in gynecologic care. Laparoscopic surgery has many advantages over conventional procedures, including smaller abdominal incisions, shorter duration of hospitalization, reduced postoperative pain and infection, and decreased risk of intraoperative bleeding^7-9). Although numerous cases with HP have been reported^10-13), neonatal development after HP treated with laparoscopic surgery is inadequately documented.

Herein, we present a patient with HP accompanied by severe hemorrhage and shock during early pregnancy. The patient was successfully treated with laparoscopic surgery and carried her intrauterine pregnancy to term with no subsequent fetal abnormalities.

Case presentation

A 30-year-old multiparous Japanese woman (with one previous cesarean section due to dystocia) presented at seven weeks gestation to our emergency department with severe hyperemesis gravidarum and abnormal vital signs, including systolic blood pressure <60 mmHg, heart rate 140/min, respiratory rate 22/min, and temperature 35.5℃. She had used a follicle-stimulating agent to aid conception; reasons why were not conveyed to us. Emergency blood transfusion was performed. Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU) revealed an intrauterine fetus with a heartbeat and large echo-free space in the pouch of Douglas (Figure 1A). Ovarian bleeding or torsion were considered in the context of conception after ovarian (hyper)stimulation. HP was suspected and it was unclear whether another fetus was present due to the large echo-free space in the pouch of Douglas. Therefore, we performed emergency diagnostic laparoscopy. Under general anesthesia, with the patient in lithotomy position, trocars were placed in the standard sites to avoid any injury to the uterus. In addition, manipulations were minimized to preserve intrauterine pregnancy.

Fig. 1.

A. Transvaginal sonogram shows a viable intrauterine fetus and free fluid in the pouch of Douglas.

B. Trophoblastic tissue due to ruptured ectopic pregnancy of the right proximal fallopian tube (arrow) with hemoperitoneum.

Exploratory laparoscopy revealed severe hemoperitoneum, an opening in the proximal portion of the right fallopian tube, and trophoblastic tissue due to ruptured tubal pregnancy (Figure 1B). Immediate right salpingectomy was performed with transfusion of ten units each of red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma. (Blood component “units” in Japan are based on what can be derived from 200 mL of whole blood.) Total blood loss was 3,400 mL. Immediately after surgery, we confirmed a fetal heartbeat using TVU. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy. On day five after admission, a viable intrauterine fetus with a heartbeat was present, and the patient was discharged.

The patient received routine antepartum obstetric care, and the fetus showed no signs of heart rate abnormalities, such as decreased variability or absence of acceleration, on antenatal cardiotocography (CTG) at 32 weeks’ gestation. Due to the maternal history of two previous cesarean deliveries, a cesarean section was performed at 38 weeks’ gestation with no maternal complications. The neonate weighed 2,875 g at birth, which was appropriate for his gestational age (0.07 standard deviations) as per Japanese reference values¹⁴⁾, and had an Apgar score of 8 at both 1 and 5 minutes. The placenta weighed 460 g, which was normal (−0.73 standard deviations) as per Japanese standard curves of placental weight ¹⁵⁾. Umbilical artery pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, partial pressure of oxygen, and base excess were: 7.3, 57.0 mmHg, 13.9 mmHg, and −0.2 mmol/L, respectively. The neonate exhibited no anomalies. The mother and neonate had an uneventful hospital course, and both of them were discharged 5 days after delivery.

Discussion

HP is a life-threatening condition that is difficult to diagnose. As suggested by our case, the use of ovulation induction agents might increase the risk of HP¹⁶⁾. However, establishing a diagnosis of HP is challenging. The main symptoms of HP are lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. However, HP is sometimes asymptomatic¹⁷⁾, resulting in misdiagnosis, late diagnosis, and life-threatening intra-abdominal hemorrhage¹⁸⁾. Wang et al. reported factors in three categories that most commonly cause delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: (i) clinician-related factors include misunderstanding of patients' medical history, insufficient training in ultrasonography, and poor awareness of patient’s condition; (ii) patient-related factors include noncompliance with medical advice and lack of communication with clinicians and (iii) disease-related factors include complications of HP, atypical symptoms, delayed serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin level elevation, early rupture of cornual HP, asymptomatic ectopic pregnancy, and pregnancy of unknown location¹⁸⁾. To rule out ectopic pregnancy, it is important to carefully evaluate the adnexa using ultrasonography despite confirmation of an intrauterine gestational sac and apparent lack of any risk factor.

Although our patient presented with severe shock, we performed laparoscopic surgery, which allows detailed examination of pelvic and abdominal conditions, to identify the cause of the shock. Consequently, we could confirm that the abdominal bleeding was due to tubal rupture and repeated laparotomy, which might have increased maternal abdominal adhesions from two previous cesarean sections.

Our patient also experienced life-threatening intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Although several studies have reported cases of HP, because of its rarity, they have mainly focused on diagnostic accuracy and maternal outcomes¹⁷⁾. Little is known about neonatal outcomes. Maternal hypotension might cause fetal hypotension and hypoxemia, resulting in fetal cerebral hypoperfusion¹⁹⁾. Fetal response to mild hypoxia is initially protective. In addition, fetal response to moderate hypoxia involves substantial compensations via the autonomic (parasympathetic [vagus] and sympathetic [beta-adrenergic]) nervous system^20-23). However, these compensatory mechanisms break down in the presence of severe asphyxia, and fetal brain damage can occur because central blood flow is not sufficiently maintained²⁴⁾. Since fetal heart rate variability and fetal heart rate acceleration indicate parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, respectively, brain damage may affect the CTG pattern^16,17). Here, fetal heart rate variability and acceleration were consistently observed, suggesting that maintaining normal fetal oxygenation could improve prognosis²⁵⁾. Severe fetal hypoxemia also causes local brain damage. Mallard et al. reported that severe umbilical occlusion for 10 min led to neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus in near-term fetal sheep²⁶⁾, potentially affecting fetal development. Our patient’s neonate showed no abnormalities in either antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring or fetal and placental growth, thus indicating a favorable neurological prognosis.

In conclusion, because HP is rare, little is known about its associated neonatal outcomes. This report highlights the successful laparoscopic management of severe hemorrhage in HP, followed by uneventful term gestation and a healthy singleton birth.

Conflict of interest disclosure

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Contributors

All authors were involved in the clinical care of the patient and contributed to the conception, drafting, review, and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript and take full responsibility for the work.

Funding

This work did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies.

Patient consent

Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this work.

Provenance and peer review

This case report was peer reviewed.