Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Melitaea athalia (also known as Mellicta athalia; the heath fritillary; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae). The genome sequence is 610 megabases in span. In total, 99.98% of the assembly is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the W and Z sex chromosome assembled. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl has identified 12,824 protein coding genes.
Keywords: Melitaea athalia, Mellicta athalia, heath fritillary, genome sequence, chromosomal
Species taxonomy
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Lepidoptera; Glossata; Ditrysia; Papilionoidea; Nymphalidae; Nymphalinae; Melitaea athalia (also known as Mellicta athalia) (Rottemburg, 1775) (NCBI:txid113330).
Introduction
The heath fritillary, Melitaea athalia (also known as Mellicta athalia), is a medium-small sized butterfly found throughout the Palaearctic from western Europe to Japan. Historically, the species has been linked with the traditional practice of woodland coppicing, earning it the nickname of ‘Woodman’s Follower’. M. athalia is one of the UK’s rarest butterflies and was on the brink of extinction during the 1970s, but conservation efforts have since helped to save the species ( Warren, 1987). In the UK M. athalia is restricted to grasslands in Cornwall and Devon, heathland in Exmoor, and coppiced woodland in Kent and Essex ( Tomlinson & Still, 2002) and is a species of principal importance under the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006. However, it is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (Europe) ( van Swaay et al., 2010). Up to eight forms and subspecies are recognized in Europe ( Tolman & Lewington, 1997). The taxon celadussa Fruhstorfer, 1910, originally described as a subspecies of athalia from southwestern Europe, is now recognized by many authors as a distinct parapatric species, with a contact zone extending from France to Austria where hybrids are found ( Wiemers et al., 2018). Univoltine Fennoscandian and southern European alpine subspecies fly in single broods (June-July), whilst subalpine subspecies are bivoltine and fly during May-June and late July-August ( Tolman & Lewington, 1997). Females of M. athalia lay eggs in batches on the underside of leaves of a wide range of herbaceus food plants, with caterpillars feeding, aestivating, and hibernating together in silk nests ( Wahlberg, 2000). The standard haploid karyotype of M. athalia consists of 30 autosomes and one sex chromsome ( Bátori et al., 2012), and the female is heterogametic (WZ).
Genome sequence report
The genome was sequenced from a single female M. athalia collected from Lupşa, Transylvania, Romania (latitude 46.416, longitude 23.192) ( Figure 1). A total of 30-fold coverage in Pacific Biosciences single-molecule long reads (N50 16 kb) and 64-fold coverage in 10X Genomics read clouds were generated. Primary assembly contigs were scaffolded with chromosome conformation Hi-C data. Manual assembly curation corrected 82 missing/misjoins and removed 19 haplotypic duplications, reducing the assembly size by 1.94% and scaffold number by 45.12%, and increasing the scaffold N50 by 7.20%.
The final assembly has a total length of 610 Mb in 46 sequence scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 20 Mb ( Table 1). Of the assembly sequence, 99.98% was assigned to 32 chromosomal-level scaffolds, representing 30 autosomes (numbered by sequence length), and the W and Z sex chromosome ( Figure 2– Figure 5; Table 2). The assembly has a BUSCO ( Simão et al., 2015) completeness of 98.6% (single 97.9%, duplicated 0.7%, fragmented 0.4%, missing 1.0%) using the lepidoptera_odb10 reference set. While not fully phased, the assembly deposited is of one haplotype. Contigs corresponding to the second haplotype have also been deposited.
Figure 1. Fore and hind wings of Melitaea athalia specimen from which the genome was sequenced.
( A) Dorsal surface view of wings from specimen RO_MA_953 (ilMelAtha1.1) from Lupşa, Transylvania, Romania, used to generate Pacific Biosciences and 10X genomics data. ( B) Ventral surface view of wings from specimen RO_MA_953 (ilMelAtha1.1) from Lupşa, Transylvania, Romania, used to generate Pacific Biosciences and 10X genomics data.
Figure 2. Genome assembly of Mellitaea athalia, ilMelAtha1.1: metrics.
The BlobToolKit Snailplot shows N50 metrics and BUSCO gene completeness. The main plot is divided into 1,000 size-ordered bins around the circumference with each bin representing 0.1% of the 609,564,789 bp assembly. The distribution of scaffold lengths is shown in dark grey with the plot radius scaled to the longest chromosome present in the assembly (26,233,870 bp, shown in red). Orange and pale-orange arcs show the N50 and N90 scaffold lengths (20,295,254 and 13,271,753 bp), respectively. The pale grey spiral shows the cumulative scaffold count on a log scale with white scale lines showing successive orders of magnitude. The blue and pale-blue area around the outside of the plot shows the distribution of GC, AT and N percentages in the same bins as the inner plot. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated and missing BUSCO genes in the lepidoptera_odb10 set is shown in the top right. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/ilMelAtha1.1/dataset/CAJNAG01/snail.
Figure 3. Genome assembly of Mellitaea athalia , ilMelAtha1.1: GC coverage.
BlobToolKit GC-coverage plot. Scaffolds are coloured by phylum. Circles are sized in proportion to scaffold length. Histograms show the distribution of scaffold length sum along each axis. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/ilMelAtha1.1/dataset/CAJNAG01/blob.
Figure 4. Genome assembly of Mellitaea athalia, ilMelAtha1.1: cumulative sequence.
BlobToolKit cumulative sequence plot. The grey line shows cumulative length for all scaffolds. Coloured lines show cumulative lengths of scaffolds assigned to each phylum using the buscogenes taxrule. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/ilMelAtha1.1/dataset/CAJNAG01/cumulative.
Figure 5. Genome assembly of Mellitaea athalia, ilMelAtha1.1: Hi-C contact map.
Hi-C contact map of the ilMelAtha1.1 assembly, visualised in HiGlass. Chromosomes are arranged in size order from left to right and top to bottom.
Table 1. Genome data for Melitaea athalia, ilMelAtha1.1.
| Project accession data | |
|---|---|
| Assembly identifier | ilMelAtha1.1 |
| Species | Melitaea athalia (also known as Mellicta athalia) |
| Specimen | ilMelAtha1, RO_MA_953 |
| NCBI taxonomy ID | NCBI:txid113330 |
| BioProject | PRJEB42954 |
| BioSample ID | SAMEA7523312 |
| Isolate information | Female, whole organism |
| Raw data accessions | |
| PacificBiosciences SEQUEL II | ERR6576319 |
| 10X Genomics Illumina | ERR6054423-ERR6054426 |
| Hi-C Illumina | ERR6054427 |
| Genome assembly | |
| Assembly accession | GCA_905163435.1 |
| Accession of alternate haplotype | GCA_905163405.1 |
| Span (Mb) | 576 |
| Number of contigs | 70 |
| Contig N50 length (Mb) | 18 |
| Number of scaffolds | 43 |
| Scaffold N50 length (Mb) | 19 |
| Longest scaffold (Mb) | 23 |
| BUSCO * genome score | C:98.6%[S:97.9%,D:0.7%],F:0.4%,M:1.0%,n:5286 |
| Gene annotation | |
| Number of protein coding genes | 12,824 |
| Average coding sequence length (bp) | 1,492 |
| Average number of exons per transcript | 8 |
| Average exon size (bp) | 264 |
| Average intron size (bp) | 2,892 |
*BUSCO scores based on the lepidoptera_odb10 BUSCO set using v5.1.2. C= complete [S= single copy, D=duplicated], F=fragmented, M=missing, n=number of orthologues in comparison. A full set of BUSCO scores is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/ilMelAtha1.1/dataset/CAJNAG01/busco.
Table 2. Chromosomal pseudomolecules in the genome assembly of Melitaea athalia, ilMelAtha1.1.
| INSDC accession | Chromosome | Size (Mb) | GC% |
|---|---|---|---|
| HG992177.1 | 1 | 25.13 | 34.6 |
| HG992178.1 | 2 | 24.88 | 34.4 |
| HG992179.1 | 3 | 23.65 | 34.6 |
| HG992180.1 | 4 | 22.93 | 34.2 |
| HG992181.1 | 5 | 22.90 | 34.1 |
| HG992182.1 | 6 | 22.79 | 34.5 |
| HG992183.1 | 7 | 21.87 | 34.4 |
| HG992184.1 | 8 | 21.42 | 34.3 |
| HG992185.1 | 9 | 21.39 | 34.2 |
| HG992186.1 | 10 | 21.38 | 34.1 |
| HG992187.1 | 11 | 21.23 | 34.4 |
| HG992188.1 | 12 | 20.51 | 34.3 |
| HG992189.1 | 13 | 20.30 | 34.8 |
| HG992190.1 | 14 | 20.21 | 34.2 |
| HG992191.1 | 15 | 19.99 | 34.3 |
| HG992192.1 | 16 | 19.82 | 34.6 |
| HG992193.1 | 17 | 19.64 | 34.5 |
| HG992194.1 | 18 | 19.55 | 34.7 |
| HG992195.1 | 19 | 18.44 | 34.9 |
| HG992196.1 | 20 | 18.37 | 35 |
| HG992197.1 | 21 | 17.06 | 34.4 |
| HG992198.1 | 22 | 16.62 | 34.6 |
| HG992199.1 | 23 | 15.22 | 34.7 |
| HG992200.1 | 24 | 15.15 | 36.8 |
| HG992201.1 | 25 | 14.97 | 35 |
| HG992202.1 | 26 | 14.40 | 36.2 |
| HG992203.1 | 27 | 13.27 | 34.7 |
| HG992204.1 | 28 | 12.76 | 34.9 |
| HG992205.1 | 29 | 11.97 | 35.8 |
| HG992206.1 | 30 | 10.90 | 36.1 |
| HG992207.1 | W | 5.27 | 37.4 |
| HG992176.1 | Z | 26.23 | 34 |
| HG992208.1 | MT | 0.02 | 19.7 |
| - | Unplaced | 9.34 | 37.2 |
Gene annotation
The Ensembl gene annotation system ( Aken et al., 2016) was used to generate annotation for the Melitaea athalia assembly (GCA_905220545.1, see https://rapid.ensembl.org/Mellicta_athalia_GCA_905220545.1/; Table 1). The annotation was created primarily through alignment of transcriptomic data to the genome, with gap filling via protein-to-genome alignments of a select set of proteins from UniProt ( UniProt Consortium, 2019)) and OrthoDB ( Kriventseva et al., 2008). Prediction tools, CPC2 ( Kang et al., 2017) and RNAsamba ( Camargo et al., 2020), were used to aid determination of protein coding genes.
Methods
Sample acquisition, nucleic acid extraction and sequencing
A single female M. athalia was collected from Lupşa, Transylvania, Romania (latitude 46.416, longitude 23.192) by Alex Hayward (University of Exeter), Roger Vila (Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Dominik Laetsch and Konrad Lohse (both University of Edinburgh), using a net. The specimen was identified by Roger Vila and was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen.
DNA was extracted from the whole organism of ilMelAtha1 using the Qiagen MagAttract HMW DNA kit, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Pacific Biosciences HiFi circular consensus and 10X Genomics read cloud sequencing libraries were then constructed according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Sequencing was performed by the Scientific Operations core at the Wellcome Sanger Institute on Pacific Biosciences SEQUEL II and Illumina HiSeq X instruments. Hi-C data were generated using the Arima v1.0 kit and sequenced on HiSeq X.
Genome assembly
Assembly was carried out with HiCanu ( Nurk et al., 2020). Haplotypic duplication was identified and removed with purge_dups ( Guan et al., 2020). One round of polishing was performed by aligning 10X Genomics read data to the assembly with longranger align, calling variants with freebayes ( Garrison & Marth, 2012). The assembly was then scaffolded with Hi-C data ( Rao et al., 2014) using SALSA2 ( Ghurye et al., 2019). The assembly was checked for contamination and corrected using the gEVAL system ( Chow et al., 2016) as described previously ( Howe et al., 2021). Manual curation was performed using gEVAL, HiGlass ( Kerpedjiev et al., 2018) and Pretext. The mitochondrial genome was assembled using MitoHiFi ( Uliano-Silva et al., 2021). The genome was analysed and BUSCO scores generated within the BlobToolKit environment ( Challis et al., 2020). Table 3 contains a list of all software tool versions used, where appropriate.
Table 3. Software tools used.
| Software tool | Version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| HiCanu | 2.1 | Nurk et al., 2020 |
| purge_dups | 1.2.3 | Guan et al., 2020 |
| SALSA2 | 2.2 | Ghurye et al., 2019 |
| longranger align | 2.2.2 | https://support.10xgenomics.com/genome-exome/software/pipelines/latest/advanced/other-pipelines |
| freebayes | 1.3.1-17-gaa2ace8 | Garrison & Marth, 2012 |
| MitoHiFi | 1 | https://github.com/marcelauliano/MitoHiFi |
| gEVAL | 2016 | Chow et al., 2016 |
| HiGlass | 1.11.6 | Kerpedjiev et al., 2018 |
| PretextView | 0.1.x | https://github.com/wtsi-hpag/PretextView |
| BlobToolKit | 2.6.2 | Challis et al., 2020 |
Ethical/compliance issues
The materials that have contributed to this genome note were supplied by a Tree of Life collaborator. The Wellcome Sanger Institute employs a process whereby due diligence is carried out proportionate to the nature of the materials themselves, and the circumstances under which they have been/are to be collected and provided for use. The purpose of this is to address and mitigate any potential legal and/or ethical implications of receipt and use of the materials as part of the research project, and to ensure that in doing so we align with best practice wherever possible.
The overarching areas of consideration are:
Ethical review of provenance and sourcing of the material;
Legality of collection, transfer and use (national and international).
Each transfer of samples is undertaken according to a Research Collaboration Agreement or Material Transfer Agreement entered into by the Tree of Life collaborator, Genome Research Limited (operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute) and in some circumstances other Tree of Life collaborators.
Data availability
European Nucleotide Archive: Mellicta athalia (heath fritillary). Accession number PRJEB42954; https://identifiers.org/ena.embl/PRJEB42954.
The genome sequence is released openly for reuse. The M. athalia genome sequencing initiative is part of the Darwin Tree of Life (DToL) project. All raw sequence data and the assembly have been deposited in INSDC databases. Raw data and assembly accession identifiers are reported in Table 1.
Acknowledgements
Members of the Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4893704.
Members of the Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life programme collective are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5377053.
Members of Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: DNA Pipelines collective are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4790456.
Members of the Tree of Life Core Informatics collective are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5013542.
Members of the Darwin Tree of Life Consortium are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4783559.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by Wellcome through core funding to the Wellcome Sanger Institute (206194) and the Darwin Tree of Life Discretionary Award (218328). KL is supported by a NERC fellowship (NE/L011522/1) and an ERC grant (ModelGenom Land 757648) which also supported fieldwork in Romania. AH is supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) David Phillips Fellowship (BB/N020146/1). TB is supported by a studentship from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council-funded South West Biosciences Doctoral Training Partnership (BB/M009122/1).
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
[version 1; peer review: 2 approved]
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