Abstract
青少年发病的成人型糖尿病(MODY)是一类以常染色体显性模式遗传的单基因疾病,临床表现以无症状、轻度空腹血糖升高为特征,很少出现糖尿病并发症。本文报道一例中国人群中葡萄糖激酶( GCK)基因新发W257R突变所致的MODY。在先证者及父亲、弟弟中均发现GCK基因(Chr744187343)第7号外显子的杂合突变c.769T>C(p.W257R)。该家系中W257R突变在中国人群中为首发。
Abstract
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a monogenic autosomal dominant inherited disease. Its clinical manifestations are asymptomatic with slightly elevated fasting blood glucose and few complications. This paper reports a novel mutation W257R in glucokinase ( GCK) gene from a Chinese patient with MODY. Heterozygous mutation c.769T>C (p.W257R) in exon 7 of GCK gene (Chr744187343) was found in the proband, her father and brother. This W257R mutation was first reported in Chinese population.
Keywords: Genes, dominant; Chromosomes, human; Mutation; Glucokinase/genetics; Diabetes mellitus, type 2/genetics; Pedigree; China; Case reports
青少年发病的成年型糖尿病(maturity onset diabetes of the young,MODY)与其他类型糖尿病在临床特征上存在重叠,确诊率低。在英国,80%MODY患者被误诊为1型或2型糖尿病,MODY的诊断仅占所有糖尿病的1%~2% [ 1- 2] 。根据基因及临床特征,MODY有很多亚型,至今已发现14种MODY致病基因 [ 3- 4] ,其中以葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase, GCK)基因突变导致的MODY2和肝细胞核因子1α(HNF1α)基因突变的MODY3最为常见 [ 5] 。 GCK基因失活突变所致的MODY2由Froguel等 [ 6] 于1992年首次报道,目前被正式命名为GCK-MODY。我们近期收治了一例 GCK基因新发杂合突变所致MODY的一个家系,本文就此家系作一报道,结合文献分析其临床和遗传学特点。
1 病例资料
1.1 临床表现
先证者,女性,22岁,因“发现血糖升高15年”于2018年9月10日到浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院内分泌科门诊就诊。患者15年前发现空腹血糖升高(6~7 mmol/L),未重视、未就诊。患者4年前入学体检时空腹血糖7.7 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖8.2 mmol/L,糖化血糖蛋白(HbA1c)6.6%,未治疗。2018年6月查HbA1c 7%,馒头餐试验提示空腹血糖7.13 mmol/L,空腹胰岛素26.3(21.53~121.98)pmol/L,空腹C肽1.20(0.81~3.85)ng/mL,餐后2 h血糖11.02 mmol/L,餐后2 h胰岛素102.80 pmol/L,餐后2 h C肽5.18 ng/mL。发病至今无口干、多饮、多尿、体质量下降等症状。体检:身高166 cm,体质量50 kg,体质指数18.1 kg/m 2,血压127/76 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),体型匀称,未见库欣体貌,心、肺、腹检查均正常,双下肢未见水肿。
患者家族中爷爷奶奶近亲结婚,爷爷、奶奶、父亲和弟弟均有糖尿病史( 图 1)。患者的爷爷和父亲发病年龄分别在50岁和35岁左右,空腹血糖均为6.5~7.0 mmol/L。患者的奶奶发病年龄在50岁左右,血糖较高,平时格列美脲1片/d口服降糖治疗,空腹血糖控制在8 mmol/L以上,5年前诊断“胰腺癌”半年后去世。患者的弟弟足月生,出生体质量为3.35 kg,在出生2个月后发现空腹血糖升高(5.78~6.12 mmol/L),目前17岁,体质指数为16.4 kg/m 2,空腹血糖为6.28~6.67 mmol/L,无智力及发育迟缓。除患者的奶奶外,其余患者均通过生活干预血糖保持稳定状态,均未出现糖尿病并发症,无肥胖体征。患者的母亲及外公、外婆均无糖尿病史。
图1.
一例葡萄糖激酶( GCK)基因杂合突变(c.769T>C;p.W257R)患者的家系图
黑色箭头所指为先证者,正方形代表男性,圆形代表女性,实心图代表糖尿病个体,空心图代表血糖正常个体,斜线代表已去世,NN代表没有检测到突变,NM代表检测到杂合突变.

1.2 基因检测结果
经患者及患者家属知情同意,提取先证者及其父母和弟弟的血液进行外周血全基因组DNA提取,并进行外周血全基因组外显子高通量测序及蛋白功能预测软件功能预测,对获选的变异位点利用Sanger法测序验证(北京迈基诺医学检验所检测)。结果显示,先证者存在 GCK基因(Chr744187343)第7号外显子杂合突变c.769T>C(p.W257R),导致其编码的第257位氨基酸从色氨酸变为精氨酸( 图 2),为错义突变。HGMD数据库已有该位点致糖尿病的报道。此位点变异在正常人群数据库中的频率为低频变异。根据生物信息学蛋白功能预测软件SIFT、PolyPhen-2、REVEL预测均有害。先证者父亲及弟弟均检测到该位点杂合变异,先证者母亲该位点无变异。
图2.
该家系葡萄糖激酶( GCK)基因第7号外显子杂合突变(c.769T>C;p.W257R)的测序图
A、B、C分别为先证者及其父亲、弟弟的杂合突变序列图,该箭头所指处为杂合突变位点;D为先证者母亲的序列图,该箭头所指处未见变异.

2 讨论
MODY是一类以常染色体显性模式遗传的单基因疾病,在不同种族人群中的患病率各不相同。目前研究表明, GCK基因突变所致MODY在中国人群中的患病率为0.21%,在中国糖尿病人群中的患病率为1.3% [ 7] 。综合我们的研究结果及国外文献 [ 4, 8- 9] ,具有以下临床特征的患者需考虑 GCK基因突变所致MODY:①持续空腹高血糖(5.5~8.5 mmol/L),血糖不随着年龄增长而升高;②HbA1c略高于正常,一般不超过7.5%;③75 g葡萄糖耐量试验2 h血糖增值3 mmol/L以下;④父母或其中一方有轻度糖尿病史或者空腹高血糖症(5.5~8.5 mmol/L);⑤糖尿病自身抗体阴性;⑥体型偏瘦,没有明显的临床症状,没有明显的糖尿病并发症。
迄今,在1441个家族中已发现了620种 GCK基因突变位点 [ 10] ,W257R突变少见。本文所述家系中的W257R突变在中国人群中为首次发现。研究提示该编码区为蛋白质序列高度保守的区域,突变可导致蛋白质结构改变及影响蛋白质的稳定性,从而影响功能变化 [ 11] 。GCK是糖代谢中的限速酶,是促进胰岛素释放的“葡萄糖传感器” [ 12] ,GCK酶活性减弱可出现低胰岛素血症和高血糖 [ 13] 。 GCK基因突变所致MODY因 GCK基因杂合突变导致GCK酶活性受损,使胰岛β细胞对葡萄糖的反应能力下降,提高了胰岛素分泌阈值,葡萄糖/胰岛素分泌量-反应曲线向右移动,空腹血糖升高刺激胰岛素分泌防止高血糖的恶化 [ 14] 。
在英国799例 GCK基因杂合突变患者的横断面及纵向研究中,GCK基因突变患者经过药物治疗后血糖及HbA1c无明显改变 [ 15] 。MODY患者在停用所有降糖药物后的1~2年随访时间内并未出现HbA1c恶化 [ 16] 。本文先证者及其弟弟和父亲高血糖病程均在10年以上,未用降糖药物,血糖未继续升高,未出现并发症。因此我们认为,MODY患者确诊后一般不需要药物治疗,仅予生活方式干预即可(孕期除外)。虽然MODY的高血糖状态持续时间较长,但糖尿病大血管病变、微血管病变的发生率却很低,肥胖、高血脂、高血压等风险亦很小 [ 17- 19] 。一项英国的横断面研究中,MODY患者的大血管病变、微血管病变、神经病变发生率与对照组比较均无明显差异,但比2型糖尿病要低很多 [ 17] 。
总之,对于临床高度怀疑MODY的患者,应通过基因检测明确诊断。正确的诊断有助于患者选择合理的治疗方案,避免过度治疗。
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