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Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2020 Oct 25;49(5):597–602. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.10.08

先天性心脏病在肛门直肠畸形患儿中的发生情况及其对治疗的影响

Morbidity of congenital heart disease in children with anorectal malformations and related treatment

Yun LIU 1, Kaikai LI 1, Juan WU 1, Hezhou LI 1,*, Xiaoduan GENG 1, Yachuan GU 2
PMCID: PMC8800670  PMID: 33210486

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the morbidity of congenital heart defects(CHDs) in children with anorectal malformation, and to summarize appropriate treatment.

Methods

The clinical data and echocardiographic findings of 155 children with congenital anorectal malformations from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University during January 2016 and October 2019 were reviewed. According to the surgical findings of anorectal malformations, the patients were categorized as the high/intermediate group and the low group; the CHDs were classified as minor CHDs and major CHDs. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation of wingspread classification, and extracardiac malformations with the severity of CHDs.

Results

Out of 155 children with anorectal malformations, 47 (30.3%) had different types of cardiac structural malformations, including 18 cases of minor CHDs (11.6%) and 29 cases of major CHDs (18.7%). Sixty children (38.7%) had extracardiac malformations, of which 38 cases (24.5%) had a single extracardiac malformation, 15 cases (9.7%) had multiple extracardiac malformations, 6 had trisomy 21 syndrome, and 1 had VATER syndrome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that wingspread classification of anorectal malformation and extracardiac disorders were independent risk factors for major CHDs. The probability of major CHDs in children with high/intermediate anorectal malformation was 4.709 times higher than that with low anorectal malformation ( OR=4.709, 95% CI: 1.651-13.432, P < 0.01). The probability of major CHDs was 3.85 times higher for increasing each additional grade of extracardiac malformations(without, with single, or multiple malformations) ( OR=3.850, 95% CI: 2.065-7.175, P < 0.01). According to the presence and severity of CHDs, children with anorectal malformations were classified into three categories: without CHDs, with minor CHDs and with major CHDs, for differential treatment and management. Anorectal malformations would be treated and managed in children without CHDs and with minor CHDs following the original plan; however, children with minor CHDs may require cardiac follow-up after surgery. In children with major CHDs, the personalization tactics were developed based on the principle of emergency first. There were increased perioperative infection rate ( P < 0.05), longer hospital days ( P < 0.01), reduced cure rate ( P < 0.05) and increased mortality ( P < 0.05) in children with major, compared with those without CHDs and minor CHDs.

Conclusions

The morbidity of major CHDs is higher in severe cases with high/intermediate anorectal malformation and acute cases without fistula or with obstructed fistula and cases with multiple congenital disorders. Echocardiography can define the type and severity of CHDs, which are useful to develop the optimal diagnosis and treatment plan for children with anorectal malformation.

Keywords: Urogenital abnormalities, Congenital ano-rectal malformation, Congenital heart disease, Wingspread classification, Extracardiac malformations, Therapy, Retrospective analysis


先天性肛门直肠畸形的发生率为1/5000~1/4000 [ 1] ,可以单独存在,也可合并多种结构畸形,其中最重要的结构畸形是先天性心脏病。肛门直肠畸形患儿是否合并先天性心脏病及先天性心脏病的类型均可能影响治疗方案的选择、麻醉风险和远期预后。目前,国内肛门直肠畸形合并先天性心脏病相关研究报道较少,且国外报道的观点不一 [ 2- 3] 。本研究拟通过回顾性分析郑州大学第三附属医院2016年1月至2019年10月收治的肛门直肠畸形患儿临床资料,探讨其合并先天性心脏病的规律性,及合并先天性心脏病是否对肛门直肠畸形的诊疗产生影响,以期为肛门直肠畸形患儿的临床管理提供依据。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

2016年1月至2019年10月,郑州大学第三附属医院共收治肛门直肠畸形患儿173例,其中155例患儿的临床资料完整,纳入本研究。155例患儿中,男性105例,女性50例,年龄为1 h~17个月,其中1 h~3 d 125例(80.6%),>3 d~17个月30例(19.4%)。所有患儿均接受全面体格检查,会阴部检查,超声心动图检查,肝、胆、胰、脾、双肾、输尿管、膀胱超声检查,会阴部超声检查,其中131例患儿行X线倒立位片和(或)其他影像学检查。

按照wingspread分类法 [ 4] ,155例患儿中,直肠盲端在肛提肌中间或以上(中高位)72例(46.5%),直肠盲端在肛提肌以下(低位)83例(53.5%)。无瘘管肛门闭锁66例(低位26例),直肠会阴瘘33例,直肠舟状窝22例,直肠尿道瘘17例,肛门狭窄7例,直肠皮肤瘘6例,直肠阴道瘘3例,一穴肛1例,87例(56.1%)为无瘘管或瘘管复杂的急症患儿。

1.2 超声心动图检查及诊断

超声心动图检查应用荷兰Philips的EPIQ7C、iE33超声诊断仪,S8-3探头、S5-1探头(频率分别为3.0~8.0 MHz、1.0~5.0 MHz)。按照小儿超声心动图检查指南要求 [ 5] ,详细评估患儿的心脏结构和血流动力学,由两名小儿超声心动图检查经验5年及以上的医生出具超声心动图诊断报告。

根据记录的心脏结构畸形程度(未统计卵圆孔未闭、3个月内关闭的动脉导管和小于5 mm的房间隔缺损 [ 6] ),将先天性心脏病分为微小先天性心脏病和严重先天性心脏病 [ 7- 8] 。微小先天性心脏病为不改变肛门直肠畸形外科治疗进程或不要求心血管干预治疗,主要包括小的中央型房间隔缺损、分流受限的室间隔缺损、分流受限的动脉导管未闭或永存左上腔静脉等;严重先天性心脏病为需要心血管外科干预或改变肛门直肠畸形外科治疗进程,或者需用前列腺素治疗。如有多种心内结构异常,记录主要诊断。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 24.0软件进行数据分析。计数资料用频数和率描述,组间比较采用 χ 2检验或Fisher精确概率法;计量资料用均数±标准差( x ± s)描述,组间比较采用方差分析。采用多元Logistic回归分析患儿先天性心脏病的严重程度与wingspread分型、合并心外畸形的相关性。所有检验均为双侧,检验水准 a=0.05。

2 结果

2.1 肛门直肠畸形患儿合并先天性心脏病及心外畸形情况

155例肛门直肠畸形患儿中,合并心脏结构畸形47例(30.3%),其中微小先天性心脏病18例,严重先天性心脏病29例。严重先天性心脏病患儿中,复杂性先天性心脏病14例,包括法洛四联症2例、肺动脉闭锁2例(室间隔缺损型1例,室间隔完整型1例)、完全型房室间隔缺损(A型)2例、主动脉缩窄2例、右心室双出口1例、全肺静脉异位引流(心上型)1例、右肺动脉缺如1例、大动脉转位1例、三尖瓣病变1例、肺动脉狭窄1例。

155例肛门直肠畸形患儿中,合并心外畸形60例(38.7%),其中合并1种心外畸形38例, 两种及以上心外畸形15例,唐氏综合征6例,VATER联合征1例。

肛门直肠畸形合并不同程度先天性心脏病患儿wingspread分型、合并心外畸形情况见 表 1。多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,wingspread分型及合并心外畸形是肛门直肠畸形合并严重先天性心脏病的独立影响因素。肛门直肠畸形中高位患儿严重先天性心脏病的患病率是低位患儿的4.709倍( OR=4.709, 95% CI:1.651~13.432, P<0.01);肛门直肠畸形合并心外畸形患儿中,合并严重先天性心脏病的患病率也高,心外畸形每增加一个等级(无、1种、2种及以上),严重先天性心脏病患病率增高至3.850倍( OR=3.850,95% CI:2.065~7.175, P<0.01)。

表1 肛门直肠畸形患儿合并先天性心脏病的严重程度与wingspread分型、合并心外畸形的相关性

Table 1 Correlation between the severity of CHDs, wingspread classification and extracardiac malformations in children with anorectal malformations   (%)

合并先天性心脏病

wingspread分型

合并心外畸形

低位

中高位

1种

2种及以上

80.7

56.9

80.9

66.7

27.3

微小

12.0

11.1

10.6

12.8

13.6

严重

7.2

31.9

8.5

20.5

59.1

χ 2

15.746

31.700

P

<0.01

<0.01

2.2 肛门直肠畸形患儿的治疗及转归

108例无合并先天性心脏病患儿均遵循原计划进行肛门直肠畸形的治疗及管理。其中,33例患儿行“造瘘术+二期根治术”,出现围手术期感染2例,术后出现肛门再狭窄1例;75例患儿行“一期根治术”,出现围手术期感染1例。

18例合并微小先天性心脏病的患儿均遵循原计划进行肛门直肠畸形的治疗及管理。其中,13例患儿行“一期根治术”;5例患儿行“造瘘术+二期成形术”,出现围手术期感染1例。18例患儿中3例后续再行先天性心脏病的手术治疗。

29例合并严重先天性心脏病的患儿依据急症优先救治原则,分为肛门直肠畸形需要紧急救治者16例、肛门直肠畸形和先天性心脏病均需要紧急救治者8例和两种疾病均不需紧急救治者5例,制订个性化治疗方案( 图 1)。29例患儿均在术前由小儿心脏科专家共同参与手术风险综合评估,除5例室间隔缺损、3例动脉导管未闭和2例房间隔缺损只进行普通麻醉监护外,其余19例患儿在小儿心脏麻醉医生的监护下对肛门直肠畸形进行分期手术或一期成形术。2例肺动脉闭锁患儿在“造瘘术”后转入小儿心脏重症监护病房,在肺动脉闭锁手术救治之前死于心功能衰竭;2例患儿“造瘘术”后出现肠梗阻,3例患儿“造瘘术”后出现围手术期感染;1例患儿“一期根治术”后出现围手术期感染。与无先天性心脏病及合并微小先天性心脏病患儿比较,合并严重先天性心脏病患儿围手术期感染率增加( P<0.05),住院时间延长( P<0.01),治愈率降低( P<0.05),且病死率增加( P<0.05), 见 表 2

图1.

29例肛门直肠畸形合并严重先天性心脏病患儿的个性化治疗方案示意图

ToF:法洛四联症;TR:三尖瓣病变;TGA:大动脉转位;DORV:右心室双出口;CoA:主动脉缩窄;ASD:房间隔缺损;PDA:动脉导管未闭;VSD:室间隔缺损;CAVC:完全型房室间隔缺损;PA:肺动脉闭锁;TAPVC:全肺静脉异位引流;ARPA:右肺动脉缺如;PS:肺动脉狭窄.

图1

表2 155例肛门直肠畸形患儿的治疗后转归

Table 2 Treatment outcome of 155 children with anorectal malformations   [ x ± sn(%)]

心脏病结构畸形程度

n

住院天数(d)

治愈

围手术期感染

围手术期死亡

108

12.6±1.2

107(99.1)

3(2.8)

0(0.0)

微小

18

13.9±1.2

18(100.0)

1(5.6)

0(0.0)

严重

29

27.7±2.1

27(93.1)

4(13.8)

2(6.9)

χ 2/ F

1326

5.725

5.195

5.916

P

<0.01

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

“—”:无相关数据.

3 讨论

肛门直肠畸形为新生儿严重的先天性畸形,尤其是无瘘肛门闭锁或瘘管复杂狭长梗阻,系新生儿急症。本文资料155例肛门直肠畸形患儿中,46.5%为中高位患儿,56.1%为急症患儿,一旦明确诊断均需要手术治疗。肛门直肠畸形术前要求快速精确了解患儿生长发育及出生缺陷,尤其是心脏结构和功能状况,综合评估患儿麻醉风险,选择首次手术方式及最优救治方案。婴幼儿较小,先天性心脏结构畸形缺乏典型临床表现,生长发育、活动能力等评估方法受限,超声心动图检查方便快捷、可重复性强,应及时行超声心动图检查。

本文资料显示,肛门直肠畸形患儿合并先天性心脏病具有以下特点:①先天性心脏病的检出率高,约为30.3%,与文献报道的结果相近 [ 9- 10] ,提示肛门直肠畸形患儿术前应重视心脏结构和功能的检查。②以严重先天性心脏病为主,复杂先天性心脏病的发病率较高(9.0%,14/155)。根据心脏缺陷对临床的影响将先天性心脏病分为微小先天性心脏病和严重先天性心脏病,以区分可能影响手术时机的疾病,判断是否影响手术的方式 [ 11] 。本文资料中,未合并先天性心脏病患儿及合并微小先天性心脏病患儿均遵循原计划进行肛门直肠畸形的治疗与管理。③中高位肛门直肠畸形患儿严重先天性心脏病患病率高。其他因素不变时,中高位肛门直肠畸形患儿合并严重先天性心脏病的概率是低位肛门直肠畸形患儿的4.709倍。④合并心外畸形者发生严重先天性心脏病的概率更高。当发现患儿有多系统发育异常时,更应该注重超声心动图检查,以及时发现严重先天性心脏病。

婴幼儿心肺储备比成人差 [ 12] ,相对不耐受手术应激,合并严重先天性心脏病会进一步威胁围手术期患儿的健康,尤其是复杂性先天性心脏病,可能对麻醉管理有重要影响,且影响患儿术后的患病率和病死率,有必要在术前进行识别。本文资料显示,术前通过详细的超声心动图检查和评估,可将肛门直肠畸形患儿分为三个不同类别进行分层治疗及管理。①无先天性心脏病患儿:可根据肛门直肠畸形的不同类型进行术前和术中的麻醉管理、手术治疗和术后随访。②合并微小先天性心脏病患儿:这一类型的心脏异常不改变心血管的血流动力学,依然按照肛门直肠畸形的不同类型进行手术麻醉管理及手术治疗,但术后需要对患儿心脏情况进行随访和观察。③合并严重先天性心脏病患儿:需要依据急症优先救治的原则,综合考虑肛门直肠畸形的类型和先天性心脏病的类型与血流动力学变化,制订个性化治疗方案。存在肛门直肠畸形急症时,需要先行造瘘或根治术;只有心脏畸形急症而肛门直肠畸形无需紧急救治时,需要先进行先天性心脏病的救治(本文病例中无此类情况),再进行肛门直肠畸形的治疗。如果肛门直肠畸形和先天性心脏病同时需要紧急救治,需要多学科联合治疗及管理,手术风险增加;当肛门直肠畸形和先天性心脏病均不需要紧急治疗时,可以根据实际情况优先进行先天性心脏病的救治。本文资料中,11例严重先天性心脏病患儿明确心脏缺陷类型后,调整原有肛门直肠畸形的救治计划。29例严重先天性心脏病患儿术前均由小儿心脏科专家综合评估不同类型心脏缺陷的手术风险,其中19例(65.5%)患儿术中由小儿心脏麻醉医生监护以确保手术顺利进行。早期全面评估是否存在先天性心脏病及其类型,多学科协作,可以保证患儿得到最优诊疗方案,降低病死率,提高救治的成功率。

严重先天性心脏病会导致患儿血流动力学改变,降低患儿对手术应激的适应能力,导致围手术期感染增加,住院时间延长、治愈率降低,影响肛门直肠畸形患儿的手术结果和预后。本文资料中,2例肺动脉闭锁患儿在结肠造瘘术后入住心脏重症监护病房,最终仍死于心功能衰竭。合并复杂性紫绀型先天性心脏病时,须综合判断治疗时机和治疗方案,并对可能影响手术最终结果的预后因素进行更精确和合理的评估。

综上所述,由于“潜在的”心脏缺陷对围手术期存在潜在影响,肛门直肠畸形患儿在手术干预前有必要对先天性心脏病进行识别。尤其是中高位肛门直肠畸形的重症患儿、不合并瘘管及瘘管不畅的急症患儿或合并多系统异常的患儿,严重先天性心脏病的患病率较高,超声心动图检查有助于为肛门直肠畸形患儿制订最优诊疗方案。

Funding Statement

河南省重点研发与推广专项(182102311200);河南省医学科技攻关计划(201702098)

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