Abstract
This cross-sectional study assesses the mortality among adolescents and young people in the US from 2015 to 2019 in years of life lost from unintentional drug overdose.
Unintentional drug overdose has become a grave and sustained public health burden in the US.1 The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines unintentional drug overdose as occurring “…when no harm is intended.”2(p1) and inclusive of “…overdoses resulting from drug misuse, drug abuse, and taking too much of a drug for medical reasons.”2(p1) Adult decedents have been the focus of most overdose mortality reports, despite the fact that adolescents (aged 10-19 years) and young people (aged 10-24 years) are increasingly dying of unintentional drug overdose.3 This troubling trend requires further study, given that adolescents and young people are deprived of many more years of work, community life, and family life than are older individuals dying of unintentional drug overdose.
To our knowledge, no prior study has assessed unintentional drug overdose mortality among adolescents and young people in years of life lost (YLL). YLL is an epidemiologic descriptor that gives weight to deaths among the young.4 YLL analysis has the potential to provide important context to the overdose crisis by better representing what is meant to society by the loss of adolescents and young people to unintentional drug overdose. The present work aimed to fill this important gap in the literature by calculating unintentional drug overdose YLL in this vulnerable population.
Methods
This cross-sectional retrospective study involved summary-level death records from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019, obtained from the CDC’s Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) mortality file.5 YLL were calculated as standard life expectancy minus age at death. Male and female life expectancy at each individual age was determined from the 2017 Social Security Administration Period Life Table. Information on race and ethnicity was not gathered to protect the privacy of the individuals in the database. Decedents were identified by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes X40-X44. The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center institutional review board approved this study and granted a waiver of patient consent owing to the use of deidentified patient data. This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guidelines.
Results
A total of 3296 adolescents (aged 10-19 years) died of unintentional drug overdose in the US between 2015 and 2019 (Figure). The mean (SD) age at death for adolescent unintentional drug overdose decedents was 15.1 (2.7) years. Male adolescents outnumbered female adolescents in incident deaths (2267 [68.8%] vs 1029 [31.2%]) and YLL (133 023.64 vs 65 548.28). Annual total YLL due to unintentional drug overdose was stably elevated with a mean (SD) 39 714.38 (2689.63) annual YLL (Table). Adolescents experienced a total of 187 077.92 YLL during the study period.
Figure. Years of Life Lost to Unintentional Drug Overdose Among Adolescents and Young People From 2015 to 2019.
Table. Annual Mortality Due to Unintentional Drug Overdose Among Adolescents and Young People, 2015-2019.
| Year | Boys/men | Girls/women | Overall | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths, No. | YLL | Deaths, No. | YLL | Deaths, No. | YLL | |
| Adolescents | ||||||
| 2015 | 436 | 25 578.86 | 202 | 12 885.74 | 638 | 38 464.60 |
| 2016 | 514 | 30 159.22 | 220 | 14 028.38 | 734 | 44 187.60 |
| 2017 | 455 | 26 662.98 | 201 | 12 815.28 | 656 | 39 478.26 |
| 2018 | 407 | 23 910.59 | 207 | 13 117.02 | 614 | 37 027.61 |
| 2019 | 455 | 26 711.99 | 199 | 12 701.86 | 654 | 27 919.85 |
| Total | 2267 | 133 023.64 | 1029 | 65 548.28 | 3296 | 187 077.92 |
| Young people | ||||||
| 2015 | 2694 | 148 984.31 | 1050 | 63 219.62 | 3744 | 212 203.93 |
| 2016 | 3574 | 197 270.24 | 1239 | 74 608.05 | 4813 | 271 878.29 |
| 2017 | 3465 | 190 957.17 | 1398 | 83 744.29 | 4863 | 274 701.46 |
| 2018 | 2871 | 158 439.46 | 1227 | 73 727.14 | 4098 | 232 166.60 |
| 2019 | 3000 | 165 925.24 | 1171 | 70 348.06 | 4171 | 236 273.30 |
| Total | 15 604 | 861 576.42 | 6085 | 365 647.16 | 21 689 | 1 227 223.58 |
Abbreviation: YLL, years of life lost.
A total of 21 689 young people (aged 10-24 years) died of unintentional drug overdose (Figure). The mean (SD) age at death for young people who died of unintentional drug overdose was 17.6 (4.1) years. Male young people outnumbered female young people in incident deaths (15 604 [71.9%] vs 6085 [28.1%]) and YLL (861 576.42 vs 365 647.16) (Table). Young people experienced a total of 1 227 223.58 YLL during the 5-year period of study.
Discussion
Over the 5-year period of this cross-sectional study, adolescents experienced nearly 200 000 YLL, and young people amassed greater than 1.25 million YLL. Male adolescents and young people accounted for substantially greater unintentional drug overdose mortality (YLL and incident deaths) than female adolescents and young people. Although limited by death records potentially undercounting overdoses and a cross-sectional design insensitive to temporal relations between risk factors and deaths, our findings represent an unacceptable preventable mortality burden for adolescents and young people in the US. Prior research has identified polysubstance use, psychiatric comorbidity, and unstable housing as relevant risk factors for unintentional drug overdose in this age cohort.6 Our findings suggest that further resources are needed to mitigate these factors. The present study should inform future mortality reviews among adolescents and young people, as well as ecologic interventions involving family, school, and community, in unintentional drug overdose prevention and substance use treatment.
References
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