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. 2022 Jan 10;11:e74589. doi: 10.7554/eLife.74589

Structural and functional properties of a magnesium transporter of the SLC11/NRAMP family

Karthik Ramanadane 1, Monique S Straub 1, Raimund Dutzler 1,, Cristina Manatschal 1,
Editors: Randy B Stockbridge2, Kenton J Swartz3
PMCID: PMC8806188  PMID: 35001872

Abstract

Members of the ubiquitous SLC11/NRAMP family catalyze the uptake of divalent transition metal ions into cells. They have evolved to efficiently select these trace elements from a large pool of Ca2+ and Mg2+, which are both orders of magnitude more abundant, and to concentrate them in the cytoplasm aided by the cotransport of H+ serving as energy source. In the present study, we have characterized a member of a distant clade of the family found in prokaryotes, termed NRMTs, that were proposed to function as transporters of Mg2+. The protein transports Mg2+ and Mn2+ but not Ca2+ by a mechanism that is not coupled to H+. Structures determined by cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography revealed a generally similar protein architecture compared to classical NRAMPs, with a restructured ion binding site whose increased volume provides suitable interactions with ions that likely have retained much of their hydration shell.

Research organism: Other

Introduction

Divalent cations constitute important factors in numerous biological processes and they are thus essential nutrients that need to be imported into cells in the required amounts. From a chemical perspective, we distinguish the alkaline earth metals Ca2+ and Mg2+ from transition metal ions such as Fe2+ and Mn2+, which show distinct properties owing to their size and electronic structure. As major constituent of bone, Ca2+ has to be taken up by vertebrates in high amount. Although its largest part is immobilized within the body, free Ca2+ is present in the extracellular medium in low millimolar concentrations. In contrast, cytoplasmic Ca2+ serves as second messenger and its distribution in the cell thus requires tight control (Carafoli and Krebs, 2016). Mg2+ on the other hand is a ubiquitous ligand of nucleotides and nucleic acids (de Baaij et al., 2015; Maguire and Cowan, 2002). Despite the similar extracellular concentration, its abundance in the cytoplasm is several orders of magnitude higher compared to Ca2+. In their interaction with other molecules, these alkaline earth metal ions are coordinated by electronegative hard ligands, preferentially oxygens, which compensate their positive charges by either full or partial countercharges (Carafoli and Krebs, 2016; Payandeh et al., 2013). In contrast to Ca2+ and Mg2+, which both constitute minor elements in the human body, transition metals are trace elements that are found at much lower concentration, as they are required for specialized processes. Transition metals are distinguished by their incompletely filled d-orbitals. This property permits coordinative interactions with soft ligands containing free electron pairs and allows them to change their oxidation state, which makes them important cofactors in redox reactions. The transition metal ion Fe2+ plays a central role in oxygen transport and, together with Mn2+, it is a cofactor of enzymes catalyzing redox reactions. Due to their low abundance in the extracellular environment, the uptake of transition metals has thus to proceed with high selectivity to prevent competition with several orders of magnitude more abundant alkaline earth metals, which would prohibit their efficient accumulation. This challenge is overcome by specific transmembrane transport proteins, which catalyze the accumulation of transition metal ions inside cells. Among these proteins, members of the SLC11/NRAMP family play an important role. They are expressed in all kingdoms of life where they facilitate the transmembrane transport of different transition metal ions by a secondary active process that involves the cotransport of H+ as energy source (Courville et al., 2006; Nevo and Nelson, 2006). In animals, these proteins are used for the transport of Fe2+ (Montalbetti et al., 2013), whereas in prokaryotes the primary substrate is Mn2+ (Makui et al., 2000). Besides the transport of both transition metals, plant NRAMPs are also involved in detoxification processes by transporting noxious metal ions such as Cd2+ (Huang et al., 2020a).

The transport properties of SLC11/NRAMP proteins have been investigated in numerous functional studies (Gunshin et al., 1997; Mackenzie et al., 2006; Makui et al., 2000), supported by the structures of prokaryotic transporters determined in different conformations (Bozzi et al., 2016b; Bozzi et al., 2019b; Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014; Ehrnstorfer et al., 2017). With respect to its fold, the family is distantly related to other secondary active transporters that include the amino-acid transporter LeuT (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014; Yamashita et al., 2005), although there is little relationship on a sequence level, SLC11/NRAMP structures provide detailed insight into substrate preference and transport mechanisms. Characterized family members show an exquisite selectivity for transition metals over alkaline earth metal ions, but they poorly discriminate between transition metals (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014; Gunshin et al., 1997). This is accomplished by a conserved ion binding site that is located in the center of the protein (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014). Several residues coordinate the largely dehydrated metal ion with hard, oxygen-containing ligands, which would equally well interact with other divalent cations. Additionally, the site allows interaction with the free electron pair of the thioether group of a conserved methionine residue, which serves as soft ligand that permits coordinative interactions with transition metal- but not alkaline earth metal ions (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014). The mutation of this methionine to alanine in one of the bacterial homologues had a comparably small effect on transition metal ion transport but instead converted Ca2+ into a transported substrate, which emphasizes the role of the residue in conferring ion selectivity (Bozzi et al., 2016a).

Although, throughout kingdoms of life, the majority of SLC11/NRMP transporters share similar functional properties, there are few family members that were described to transport with distinct substrate preference. Among these family members are prokaryotic proteins, termed NRAMP-related magnesium transporters (NRMTs), that were identified as uptake systems for Mg2+. In the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, the prototypic NRMT (CabNRMT) has permitted growth at limiting Mg2+ concentrations, even in absence of any alternative transport pathways (Shin et al., 2014). The altered substrate preference is remarkable since, owing to its small ionic radius and the consequent high charge density, the interaction of Mg2+ with its surrounding solvent is unusually strong, which makes the dehydration of the ion energetically costly and therefore requires unique features for its transport (Chaudhari et al., 2020; Maguire and Cowan, 2002). The uptake of Mg2+ into cells is thus accomplished by few selective transport systems (Payandeh et al., 2013) that include the bacterial proteins CorA (Lunin et al., 2006), CorC (Huang et al., 2021), MgtE (Hattori et al., 2007) and their eukaryotic homologues (Schäffers et al., 2018; Schweigel-Röntgen and Kolisek, 2014), the TRP channel TRPM7 (Huang et al., 2020b) and Mg2+-selective P-type pumps (Maguire, 1992). In the present study, we became interested in the mechanism of Mg2+ transport by SLC11 proteins and we thus set out to investigate the functional and structural basis of this process by combining transport experiments with structural studies. We identified a biochemically well-behaved NRMT, which allowed us to characterize its transport behavior using in vitro transport experiments. Structure determination by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography revealed an expanded substrate binding site that binds the divalent cation as complex with most of its hydration shell, which permits selection against the larger Ca2+, which is not a transported substrate.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis of NRAMP transporters

In light of the proposed altered substrate preference of certain prokaryotic SLC11 proteins, we became interested in the phylogeny of the family. For that purpose, we have identified numerous SLC11 homologues in BLAST searches of pro- and eukaryotic sequence databases using human DMT1, the prokaryotic Mn2+ transporters EcoDMT and ScaDMT, the putative NRAMP-related aluminium transporter (NRAT) from Orzya sativa and the proposed Mg2+ transporter CabNRMT as queries. In this way, sequences of 1100 eukaryotic and 447 prokaryotic NRAMP proteins and 745 prokaryotic NRMTs were aligned and subjected to phylogenetic characterization. The resulting phylogenetic tree displayed in Figure 1 shows a distributed organization with different family members clustering into separated clades. Branches of this phylogenetic tree group proteins from the animal kingdom including human DMT1 and NRAMP1, which both function as H+ coupled Fe2+ transporters (Forbes and Gros, 2003; Gunshin et al., 1997), prokaryotic homologues including proteins of known structure such as ScaDMT (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014), EcoDMT (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2017) and DraNRAMP (Bozzi et al., 2019b), whose primary function is H+ coupled Mn2+ transport and plant proteins ascribed to be involved in the transport of various transition metal ions such as the toxic metal Cd2+ (Huang et al., 2020a). Within the plant kingdom, a small but separated branch encompasses putative Al3+ transporters classified as NRATs (Chauhan et al., 2021; Xia et al., 2010). Finally, a large and distant clade of the family containing homologues of the prototypic CabNRMT defines a group of transporters which, although clearly being part of the family, appear to have evolved to serve a different purpose (Figure 1B; Shin et al., 2014). The proposed functional distinction between different clades is manifested in the sequence of the substrate binding site that was identified in structural studies of prokaryotic SLC11 family members to coordinate divalent transition metals (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014; Figure 1A, Figure 1—figure supplement 1). This site is defined by a signature containing a DxxN motif in the unwound center of α-helix 1 and an A/CxxM motif in the unwound center of α-helix 6. The signature is fully conserved in animal Fe2+ transporters, bacterial Mn2+ transporters and most transporters of plant origin, which all exhibit a strong selectivity against alkaline earth metal ions but poor discrimination between transition metal ions. Conversely, the motif is replaced by a DxxN-AxxT motif in NRATs and a DxxG-TxxA/T motif in NRMTs thus indicating that latter clades would exhibit a different substrate preference (Figure 1—figure supplement 1).

Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of the SLC11/NRAMP family.

(A) Model of the consensus ion binding site of NRAMP transporters as obtained from the X-ray structure of ScaDMT (PDBID 5M95) in complex with Mn2+. Regions of α1 and α6 are shown as Cα-trace, selected residues coordinating the ion as sticks. (B) Phylogenetic tree of SLC11 residues with different clades of the family highlighted. Selected family members are indicated. The consensus sequence of the respective ion binding site of each clade is shown.

Figure 1.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Sequence alignment of selected protein regions of SLC11 family members.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1.

Residues constituting the ion binding site are highlighted in green. Secondary structure elements are indicated on the top. Prokaryotic NRAMPSs (prNRAMP): 1 D. radiodurans (Uniprot: Q9RTP8), 2 S. capitis (Uniprot: A0A4U9TNH6), 3 E. coelocola (Uniprot: E4KPW4), 4 E. coli (UniProt: sp|P0A769|MNTH_ECOLI), 5 M. tuberculosis (UniProt: sp|P9WIZ5|MNTH_MYCTU), 6 B. subtilis (UniProt: sp|P96593|MNTH_BACSU), 7 S. typhimurium (Uniprot: sp|Q9RPF4|MNTH_SALTY), 8 P. aeruginosa (Uniprot: sp|Q9RPF3|MNTH1_PSEAE). Animal NRAMPs (anNRAMP): 1 H. sapiens NRAMP2 (NCBI: NP_001366375.1), 2 P. paniscus NRAMP2 (NCBI: XP_008949491.1), 3 C. sabaeus NRAMP2 (NCBI: XP_037853046.1), 4 R. roxellana NRAMP2 (NCBI: XP_010383634.1), 5 M. mulatta NRAMP2 (NCBI: EHH20731.1), 6 E. caballus NRAMP2 (NCBI: XP_023499318.1), 7 C. canadensis NRAMP2 (NCBI: XP_020035491.1), 8 H. hyaena NRAMP2 (NCBI: XP_039097283.1), 9 C. ferus NRAMP2 (NCBI: XP_032348726.1), 10 B. indicus NRAMP2 (NCBI: XP_019816126.1). Plant NRAMPs (plNRAMP): 1 P. vulgaris (NCBI: XP_007155869.1), 2T. subterraneum (NCBI: GAU12542.1), 3 G. max (NCBI: NP_001344702.1), 4 C. arietinum (NCBI: XP_004511877.1), 5 D. chrysotoxum (NCBI: KAH0462125), 6T. cacao (NCBI: XP_007047433.1), 7 V. unguiculata (NCBI: XP_027914252.1), 8 G. soja (NCBI: KAG4933418.1), 9 M. truncatula (NCBI: XP_003611648.1), 10 A. annua (NCBI: PWA53748.1). Plant NRATs (plNRAT): 1 O. sativa (NCBI: XP_015625418.1), 2 D. oligosanthes (NCBI: OEL35611.1), 3 S. italica (NCBI: XP_004952002.1), 4 S. bicolor (NCBI: XP_002451480.2), 5 P. miliaceum (NCBI: RLM80353.1), 6 P. virgatum (NCBI: XP_039819678.1), 7 Z. mays (NCBI: PWZ19830.1). Prokaryotic NRMTs (prNRMT): 1 P. propionicus (NCBI: WP_011735082.1), 2 M. australiensis (NCBI: WP_013780282.1), 3 C. saccharolyticus (NCBI: WP_011916762.1), 4 A. bacterium (NCBI: PYS45348.1), 5 G. bemidjiensis (NCBI: WP_012531668.1), 6T. narugense (NCBI: PMP85905.1), 7 C. acetobutylicum (NCBI: WP_034583260.1), 8 M. paludicola (NCBI: BAI61876.1), 9 S. aciditrophicus (NCBI: WP_011418107.1), 10 S. usitatus (NCBI: WP_011688372.1), 11 E. laentae (NCBI: WP_009305646.1).

Functional characterization of EcoDMT mutants

To gain further insight into the presumed substrate preference, we investigated how mutations of ion binding site residues would alter the selectivity of a classical NRAMP protein by characterizing the functional properties of the bacterial Mn2+ transporter EcoDMT. To do so, we employed previously established proteoliposome-based transport assays with appropriate fluorophores to detect the uptake of specific ions into vesicles (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2017, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). All transport experiments were carried out in in presence of a 100-fold outwardly directed K+ gradient, which after addition of the ionophore valinomycin establishes a membrane potential of –118 mV, to enhance the sensitivity of the applied assays.

Classical NRAMP proteins efficiently transport divalent transition metal ions with low micromolar affinity, while discriminating against alkaline earth metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2017; Mackenzie et al., 2006). These functional properties are reflected in transport studies of EcoDMT, which employ the fluorophore calcein as efficient reporter to monitor micromolar concentrations of Mn2+ whereas it is not responsive to either Ca2+ or Mg2+ even at much higher concentrations. In our experiments, we find a concentration-dependent quenching of the fluorescence due to Mn2+ influx into vesicles containing the trapped fluorophore (Figure 2A and B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1A), which is neither inhibited by the addition of Ca2+ nor Mg2+ to the outside solution (Figure 2C and D). Latter would be expected if these ions would compete for the binding of Mn2+. As suggested from previous studies (Bozzi et al., 2016a; Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014), we expected a key role of the methionine (Met 235) in the binding site of the protein as major determinant of this pronounced selectivity. We thus initially investigated whether it was possible to alter the substrate preference of EcoDMT by shortening the methionine side chain in the mutant EcoDMT M235A. This construct was still capable of transporting Mn2+ with a threefold increase of its Km (Figure 2A, B, E and G), whereas now also Ca2+ became a permeable substrate as illustrated by the competition of the ion with Mn2+ transport (Figure 2F and G) and the direct detection of Ca2+ transport using the fluorophore Fura2 (Figure 2H, Figure 2—figure supplement 1B). A similar result was previously obtained for the equivalent mutation of the homologue DraNRAMP (Bozzi et al., 2016a). In contrast to Ca2+, we were not able to detect any interaction with Mg2+ (Figure 2I), indicating that the energetic requirements to transport this smaller divalent cation are higher than for Ca2+.

Figure 2. Functional characterization of EcoDMT mutants.

(A) EcoDMT-mediated Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes. Data display mean of three experiments from three independent reconstitutions. (B) Mn2+ concentration dependence of transport. Initial velocities were derived from individual traces of experiments displayed in (A), the solid line shows the fit to a Michaelis–Menten equation with an apparent Km of 13.5  μM. (C) Mn2+ transport in presence of Ca2+. Data display mean of seven experiments from two independent reconstitutions, except for the measurement without divalent ions (0/0, green, mean of two experiments). (D) Mn2+ transport into EcoDMT proteoliposomes in presence of Mg2+. Data display mean of 3 (0/0, green), 4 (50/0, blue) and nine experiments (50/500, orange and 50/2000, red) from three independent reconstitutions. (E) Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes containing the EcoDMT mutant M235A. Data display mean of eight experiments from three independent reconstitutions. (F) Inhibition of Mn2+ transport in the mutant M235A by Ca2+ (3 experiments from three independent reconstitutions). (G) Mn2+ concentration dependence of transport into M235A proteoliposomes. For Mn2+, initial velocities were derived from individual traces of experiments displayed in (E), for Mn2+ in presence of 2 mM Ca2+, data show mean of three experiments from three independent reconstitutions. The solid lines are fits to a Michaelis–Menten equation with apparent Km of 41  μM (Mn2+) and 107 uM (Mn2+ in presence of 2 mM Ca2+). (H) Ca2+-transport into M235A proteoliposomes assayed with the fluorophore Fura-2. Data display mean of tree experiments from three independent reconstitutions. (I) Mn2+ transport in presence of Mg2+. Data display mean of 6 experiments from three independent reconstitutions. (J) Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes containing the EcoDMT triple mutant M235A/N54G/A232T. Data display mean of three experiments from three independent reconstitutions. (K) Inhibition of Mn2+ transport in the mutant M235A/N54G/A232T by Mg2+ (six experiments from three independent reconstitutions). (L) Mn2+ concentration dependence of transport into M235A/N54G/A232T proteoliposomes. For Mn2+, initial velocities were derived from individual traces of experiments displayed in (J), for Mn2+ in presence of 2 mM Mg2+, data show mean of three (without Mg2+, red) and six experiments (with Mg2+, blue) from three independent reconstitutions. The solid lines are fits to a Michaelis–Menten equation with apparent Km of 31  μM (Mn2+) and 38 µM (Mn2+ in presence of 2 mM Mg2+). (A, C, D, E, F, I, J, K) Uptake of Mn2+ was assayed by the quenching of the fluorophore calcein trapped inside the vesicles. (A, C, D, E, F, H, I, J, K) Averaged traces are presented in unique colors. Fluorescence is normalized to the value after addition of substrate (t = 0). Applied ion concentrations are indicated. (A–L), Data show mean of the indicated number of experiments, errors are s.e.m.

Figure 2.

Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Assay controls.

Figure 2—figure supplement 1.

Non-specific leak into protein-free liposomes in assay conditions used for the detection of different divalent cations. The respective fluorophores are trapped inside the liposomes. (A) Mn2+ transport assayed by the quenching of the fluorophore calcein. (B) Ca2+ transport assayed by the fluorescence increase of the fluorophore Fura-2. (C) Mg2+ transport assayed by the fluorescence increase of the fluorophore Magnesium Green. Traces show experiments at the highest concentration of divalent cations used in the study. The signal of protein-free liposomes (no protein) is shown in gray, the specific transport mediated by the indicated protein constructs is shown for comparison (pink for Mn2+ and Ca2+ red for Mg2+). Dots show mean values of independent replicates (A, no protein n = 12, EcoDMT n = 3; B, no protein n = 13, EcoDMT M235A n = 3; C, no protein n = 13, EleNRMT n = 3) errors are s.e.m.

Finally, we attempted to confer Mg2+ transport properties to EcoDMT by creating the triple mutant M235A/N54G/A232T, which converts its entire binding site to the residues found in prokaryotic NRMTs. As for the mutant M235A, this construct folded into a stable protein that retained its capability of Mn2+ transport while remaining unable to interact with Mg2+ (Figure 2J–L). In summary, the mutation of the binding site residues of EcoDMT towards an NRMT was well tolerated with the resulting constructs retaining their capability for Mn2+ transport. This suggests that the structural and energetic requirements for interactions with this transition metal are lower than for alkaline earth metals. We also confirmed the role of the binding site methionine as an important determinant for the counterselection of Ca2+, which due to its much higher concentration would outcompete Mn2+ transport in a physiological environment. However, neither the replacement of the methionine nor the conversion of the binding site to residues observed in NRMTs was sufficient to facilitate Mg2+ transport, demonstrating that structural features beyond the immediate binding site residues are required to transport this small divalent cation. Consequently, we decided to turn our attention towards the characterization of prokaryotic NRMTs to gain further insight into Mg2+ transport by SLC11 homologues.

Functional characterization of EleNRMT

Initially, our attempts toward the characterization of NRMTs were focused on the identification of a suitable candidate for structural and functional studies. Towards this end, we cloned and investigated the expression properties of 82 representative homologues selected from the pool of 745 sequences of putative NRMTs identified in BLAST searches (Figure 1B). Within this subset, we were able to single out a candidate from the bacterium Eggerthella lenta termed EleNRMT with promising biochemical properties (Figure 3—figure supplement 1). After expression and purification in the detergent n-dodecyl-beta-D-Maltoside (DDM), we found this protein to elute as monodisperse peak from a size exclusion chromatography column. (Figure 3—figure supplement 2A). Although much better behaved than the other investigated homologues, EleNRMT was still comparably instable in detergent solution and difficult to reconstitute into liposomes. We thus attempted to improve its stability by consensus mutagenesis (Cirri et al., 2018) by converting 11 positions identified in sequence alignments to their most abundant residues in NRMTs to create the construct EleNRMTts (Figure 3—figure supplement 1A). This approach improved the thermal stability of the monomeric protein and the efficiency of reconstitution without affecting its functional properties (Figure 3, Figure 3—figure supplement 2B-D). Due to the sensitivity of the assay and the fact that binding site mutants of EcoDMT retained their ability to transport Mn2+, we initially investigated transport properties of EleNRMT for this divalent transition metal ion and found robust concentration-dependent activity that saturates with a Km of around 120 µM for either WT or the thermostabilized mutant (Figure 3A, B, D and E). For both constructs, we found Mg2+ to inhibit Mn2+ transport in a concentration-dependent manner, thus indicating that Mg2+ would compete with Mn2+ for its binding site (Figure 3C and F). We subsequently quantified binding of either ion to detergent solubilized protein by isothermal titration calorimetry and found a Kd of around 100 µM for Mn2+, which corresponds well with the measured Km of transport of the same ion and a somewhat lower affinity of around 400 µM for Mg2+ (Figure 3G and H, Figure 3—figure supplement 2E, F). Together, transport and binding experiments demonstrate the capability of EleNRMT to interact with Mg2+ thus providing evidence that it might indeed catalyze Mg2+ uptake into bacteria.

Figure 3. Transport properties of EleNRMT.

(A) EleNRMT mediated Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes. Data display mean of three experiments from two independent reconstitutions. (B) Mn2+ concentration dependence of transport. Initial velocities were derived from individual traces of experiments displayed in (A), the solid line shows the fit to a Michaelis–Menten equation with an apparent Km of 119  μM. (C) Mn2+ transport in presence of Mg2+. Data display mean of 3 (0/0, green), 6 (50/0, blue), 5 (50/500, orange), and 9 (50/2000, red) experiments from two independent reconstitutions. (D) Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes mediated by the thermostabilized mutant EleNRMTts. Data display mean of four experiments from two independent reconstitutions, except for the measurement with 25 μM Mn2+ (mean of three experiments). (E) Mn2+ concentration dependence of transport. Initial velocities were derived from individual traces of experiments displayed in (D), the solid line shows the fit to a Michaelis–Menten equation with an apparent Km of 124  μM. (F) Mn2+ transport in presence of Mg2+. Data display mean of 4 (0/0, green), 9 (50/0, blue), 11 (50/500, orange), and 8 (50/2000, red) experiments from two independent reconstitutions. A, C, D, F. Uptake of Mn2+ was assayed by the quenching of the fluorophore calcein trapped inside the vesicles. Averaged traces are presented in unique colors. Fluorescence is normalized to the value after addition of substrate (t = 0). Applied ion concentrations are indicated. (A–F), Data show mean of the indicated number of experiments, errors are s.e.m. (G–H), Binding isotherms obtained from isothermal titrations of Mn2+ (G) and Mg2+ (H) to EleNRMTts. The data shown for two biological replicates per condition was fitted to a model assuming a single binding site with the binding isotherm depicted as solid line. Errors represent fitting errors.

Figure 3.

Figure 3—figure supplement 1. EleNRMT sequence and topology.

Figure 3—figure supplement 1.

(A) Sequence of EleNRMT (NCBI: WP_009305646.1) with secondary structure elements indicated below. Residues mutated in the thermostabilized EleNRMTts are highlighted with replacements shown on top. (B) Comparison of functionally relevant regions of EleNRMT and the Mn2+ transporter ScaDMT (Uniprot: A0A4U9TNH6) with secondary structure elements shown below. Dots indicate ion binding site (red), a residue interacting with the ion in an occluded state (orange) and positions relevant for H+ transport in NRAMPs on α6 (blue) and α3, 9 (green).
Figure 3—figure supplement 2. Stabilization and biochemical characterization of EleNRMT.

Figure 3—figure supplement 2.

Gel filtration profiles on a Superdex 200 column of WT EleNRMT (A) and the thermostabilized construct of ElenRMTts (B). Insets show SDS-PAGE gel of peak fractions with molecular weight marker indicated (kDa). (C) Thermal stability of EleNRMT and EleNRMTts as determined by fluorescence-based size-exclusion chromatography (Hattori et al., 2012). Data show averages of four technical replicates, errors are s.e.m. (D) SEC/MALS experiment of purified EleNRMTts with obtained molecular weight corresponding to a monomeric transporter (measured molecular weight of 45.6 kDa versus theoretical molecular weight of 46.9 kDa). Thermograms of Mn2+ (E) and Mg2+ (F) binding to EleNRMTts obtained from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments shown in Figure 3G and H. (E, F) Panels show titration against buffer (left) and traces of two biological replicates (center, right).

To further characterize Mg2+ transport by EleNRMT, we have quantified Mn2+ uptake into proteoliposomes in presence of Mg2+ and found a strong interference (Figure 4A and B). By directly assaying Mg2+ with the selective fluorophore Magnesium Green, we observed a concentration-dependent increase of the transport rate (Figure 4C, Figure 2—figure supplement 1C), with the lack of saturation at high substrate concentrations, reflecting the poor affinity of the dye for the ion. Since our experiments have confirmed Mg2+ as substrate of EleNRMT, we wondered whether the protein would also transport Ca2+ and thus investigated the inhibition of Mn2+ uptake by Ca2+ and the import of Ca2+ into proteoliposomes monitored with the fluorophore Fura-2 (Figure 4D and E). However, in contrast to Mg2+, we did in no case find strong evidence for the recognition of this larger alkaline earth metal ion, which has become a transported substrate for EcoDMT mutants lacking a conserved methionine in the binding site (Figure 2F–H). Latter finding is remarkable since the presumed metal ion binding site only consists of hard ligands that would also coordinate Ca2+ and it thus emphasizes the presence of distinct structural features of the pocket facilitating Mg2+ interactions (Figure 3—figure supplement 1B).

Figure 4. Ion selectivity and substrate coupling.

(A–E) Metal ion transport by EleNRMTts. (A) EleNRMTts mediated Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes in presence of 2 mM Mg2+. Data display mean of eight experiments from three independent reconstitutions, except for the measurement with 200 μM Mn2+ (mean of seven experiments). (B) Mn2+ concentration dependence of transport into EleNRMTts proteoliposomes. For Mn2+, data are as displayed in Figure 3E, for Mn2+ in presence of 2 mM Mg2+, initial velocities were derived from individual traces of experiments displayed in (A). The solid lines are fits to a Michaelis–Menten equation. (C) Mg2+-transport into EleNRMTts proteoliposomes assayed with the fluorophore Magnesium Green. Data display mean of 5 (0 μM Mg2+), 8 (800 μM and 1250 μM Mg2+), 4 (2500 μM Mg2+), and 3 (5000 μM Mg2+) experiments from two independent reconstitutions. (D) Mn2+ transport in presence of Ca2+. Data display mean of 4–11 experiments from three independent reconstitutions. (A, D) Uptake of Mn2+ was assayed by the quenching of the fluorophore calcein trapped inside the vesicles. (E) Ca2+-transport into EleNRMTts proteoliposomes assayed with the fluorophore Fura-2. Data display mean of 3 (0 μM Ca2+), 12 (200 μM Ca2+) and 9 (2000 μM Ca2+) experiments from 2 independent reconstitutions. The small increase of the fluorescence at high Ca2+ concentrations likely results from non-specific leak into proteoliposomes. (F–H) Assay of H+ transport with the fluorophore ACMA. Experiments probing metal ion coupled H+ transport into proteoliposomes containing EleNRMTts upon addition of Mn2+ (eight experiments from two independent reconstitutions) (F) and Mg2+ (eight experiments from two independent reconstitutions) (H) do not show any indication of H + transport. Mn2+ coupled H+ transport into EcoDMT proteoliposomes (three experiments from three independent reconstitutions and for the negative control [no protein, 400 μM Mn2+], 4 measurements) is shown for comparison (I). A, C-H Averaged traces are presented in unique colors. Fluorescence is normalized to the value after addition of substrate (t = 0). Applied ion concentrations are indicated. (A–H), Data show mean of the indicated number of experiments, errors are s.e.m.

Figure 4.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1. Nanobody selection.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1.

(A) Sequence alignment of the three EleNRMT binders Nb1-Nb3. Secondary structure is shown above. The location of complementary determining regions (CDRs) are indicated, residues in Nb1 and Nb2 making contacts with EleNRMTts are highlighted in green. SEC profiles of purified (B) Nb1, (C) Nb2, and (D) the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complex assembled with a stoichiometric excess of both nanobodies. Inset shows SDS-PAGE gel with molecular weights (kDa) indicated.

After confirming the capability of EleNRMT to specifically transport Mn2+ and Mg2+, we were interested whether the uptake of metal ions would be coupled to H+ as observed for previously characterized transition metal ion transporters of the family. To this end we employed the fluorophore ACMA to monitor pH changes that are induced by metal ion symport (Figure 4F–H). Whereas such concentration-dependent changes are readily observed for EcoDMT (Figure 4H), there was no acidification of proteoliposomes containing EleNRMT as a consequence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+ uptake (Figure 4F and G), thus suggesting that metal ion transport by EleNRMT is not coupled to H+. Collectively our functional experiments confirm the role of EleNRMT to function as uncoupled Mg2+ transporter. Due to the high-sequence conservation in this subclade of the SLC11 family, it is safe to assume that this property would likely also be shared by other NRMTs.

Structural characterization of EleNRMT

Following the characterization of the transport properties of EleNRMT, we became interested in the molecular determinants underlying its distinct selectivity and thus engaged in structural studies by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM. Since the monomeric protein, with a molecular weight of only 47 kDa and lacking pronounced domains extending from the membrane, is itself not a suitable target for cryo-EM, we initially attempted structural studies by X-ray crystallography but were unable to obtain crystals, despite extensive screening. To enlarge the size of the protein and facilitate crystallization, we generated specific nanobodies by immunization of alpacas with purified EleNRMTts followed by the assembly of a nanobody library from blood samples and selection by phage display. These experiments allowed us to identify three distinct binders recognizing the protein termed Nb1-3EleNRMT (short Nb1-3) (Figure 4—figure supplement 1A). Despite the increase of the hydrophilic surface, which was frequently found to facilitate crystallization, all attempts to obtain crystals of EleNRMTts in complex with a single nanobody were unsuccessful. Similarly, efforts toward the structure determination of the same complexes by cryo-EM did not permit a reconstruction at high resolution. We thus attempted to further increase the size of the complex and found that Nb1 and either one of the two closely related nanobodies Nb2 or Nb3 were able to bind concomitantly to the protein to assemble into a ternary complex (Figure 4—figure supplement 1B-D). This complex showed improved crystallization properties and was of sufficient size to allow structure determination by single particle averaging. The structure of the tripartite EleNRMTts nanobody complex was determined by cryo-EM in absence of additional Mg2+ (EleNRMTts-Nb1,2) and in buffer containing 10 mM Mg2+ (EleNRMTtsMg2+-Nb1,2). Datasets collected from respective samples allowed the 3D-reconstruction of a map at 3.5 Å for EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 and at 4.1 Å for EleNRMTtsMg2+-Nb1,2 (Figure 5—figure supplements 1 and 2, Table 1). Both maps display equivalent conformations of the complex and permitted its unambiguous interpretation by an atomic model defining the features of an NRMT (Figure 5A and B, Figure 5—figure supplement 3). The structures show a protein complex consisting of the transporter EleNRMTts and two nanobodies binding to non-overlapping epitopes on the extracellular side (Figure 5A and B, Figure 5—figure supplement 4). This complex structure was subsequently used as search model for molecular replacement for a dataset collected from a crystal of the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complex grown in presence of 50 mM Mg2+ and extending to 4.1 Å (Figure 5—figure supplement 5A, Table 2). In the X-ray structure, both copies of the complex in the asymmetric unit closely resembled the cryo-EM model, thus providing an ideal system to determine the location of bound ions by anomalous scattering experiments (Figure 5—figure supplement 5A-C). Toward this end, we have soaked our crystals in solutions where Mg2+ was replaced by Mn2+ in the expectation that latter would occupy the binding site as suggested from functional experiments (Figure 3) and collected data at the anomalous absorption edge of the transition metal ion. This data allowed the unambiguous localization of Mn2+ in the anomalous difference density, which showed a single strong peak per complex located in the equivalent position as previously identified for the binding site of ScaDMT (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2014, Figure 5C, Figure 5—figure supplement 5B, C,). In similar location, we find residual density in our cryo-EM datasets thus suggesting that Mg2+ and Mn2+ would both occupy the same site of the transporter (Figure 5—figure supplement 5D, E).

Table 1. Cryo-EM data collection, refinement and validation statistics.

Dataset 1EleNRMT-NB(EMDB-13985)(PDB 7QIA) Dataset 2EleNRMT-NB Mg2+ complex(EMDB-13987)(PDB 7QIC)
Data collection and processing
Microscope FEI Titan Krios FEI Titan Krios
Camera Gatan K3 GIF Gatan K3 GIF
Magnification 130’000 130’000
Voltage (kV) 300 300
Electron exposure (e2) 69.725 / 61 / 69.381 69.554
Defocus range (μm) –1.0 to –2.4 –1.0 to –2.4
Pixel size* (Å) 0.651 (0.3255) 0.651 (0.3255)
Initial number of micrographs (no.) 22,117 12,427
Initial particle images (no.) 4 139 894 2 582 066
Final particle images (no.) 453 950 100 176
Symmetry imposed C1 C1
Map resolution (Å)FSC threshold 3.50.143 4.10.143
Map resolution range (Å) 2.9–7.0 3.3–8.3
Refinement
Model resolution (Å)FSC threshold 3.50.5 4.10.5
Map sharpening b-factor (Å2) –184.4 –159.2
Model vs Map CC (mask) 0.80 0.79
Model compositionNon-hydrogen atomsProtein residuesLigandWater 4,84363903 4,8416391 (Mg)0
B factors (Å2)ProteinLigandWater 20.0509.12 46.5236.240
R.m.s. deviationsBond lengths (Å)Bond angles (°) 0.0030.600 0.0030.650
 Validation MolProbity score Clashscore Poor rotamers (%) 2.0611.630 2.1012.860.2
 Ramachandran plot Favored (%) Allowed (%) Disallowed (%) 92.107.900 92.267.740
*

Values in parentheses indicate the pixel size in super-resolution.

Figure 5. Structural characterization of EleNRMTts by Cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography.

(A) Cryo-EM density (contoured at 5 σ) of EleNRMTts in complex with Nb1 and Nb2 at 3.5 Å viewed from within the membrane with the extracellular side on top and (B), ribbon representation of the complex in the same view. Proteins are shown in unique colors. (C) Anomalous difference density of Mn2+ obtained from the crystal structure of the EleNRMTts-Nb1-Nb2 complex (calculated at 5 Å and displayed as black mesh contoured at 4.5 σ). Model of EleNRMTts encompassing the unwound center of helices α1 and α6 is shown as ribbon.

Figure 5.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Cryo-EM reconstruction of the EleNRMTts-nanobody complex.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1.

(A) Representative micrograph (out of a total of 22 117 images) of the complex acquired with a Titan Krios G3i microscope equipped with a K3 camera. (B) 2D class averages of the EleNRMTts-Nb1-Nb2 dataset. (C) Data processing workflow. After extraction and one round of 2D classification, a single ab initio reconstruction with four classes was performed. The particle distribution is indicated in %. The two most promising classes, together with a decoy class were subjected to nine rounds of heterogeneous refinement. Non-uniform (NU) refinement, local CTF-refinement and a second round of NU-refinement with C1 symmetry yielded a map at a resolution of 3.5 Å. (D) Angular distribution of particle orientations. The heatmap displays the number of particles for a given viewing angle. (E) Directional and global FSC plots. The global FSC is shown in black. Dashed line indicates 0.143 cut-off and the resolution at which the FSC curve drops below 0.143 is indicated. The directional FSC curves providing an estimation of anisotropy of the dataset are shown for directions x, y, and z. (F) Final 3D reconstruction of the EleNRMTts-Nb1-Nb2 complex in indicated orientations, colored according to the local resolution, estimated in cryoSPARC v.3.2.0.
Figure 5—figure supplement 2. Cryo-EM reconstruction of EleNRMTts-nanobody in presence of Mg2+.

Figure 5—figure supplement 2.

(A) Cryo-EM reconstruction of the EleNRMTts-nanobody complex in presence of Mg2+. (A) Representative micrograph (out of a total of 12,427 images) of the complex acquired with a Titan Krios G3i microscope equipped with a K3 camera. (B) 2D class averages of the EleNRMTts-Nb1-Nb2 dataset. (C) Data processing workflow. After extraction and one round of 2D classification, a single ab initio reconstruction with four classes was performed. The particle distribution is indicated in %. The particles from the two most promising classes, together with a decoy class were subjected to 22 rounds of heterogeneous refinement. Non-uniform (NU) refinement, local CTF-refinement and a second round of NU-refinement with C1 symmetry yielded a map at a resolution of 4.1 Å. (D) Angular distribution of particle orientations. The heatmap displays the number of particles for a given viewing angle. (E) Directional and global FSC plots. The global FSC is shown in black. Dashed line indicates 0.143 cut-off and the resolution at which the FSC curve drops below 0.143 is indicated. The directional FSC curves providing an estimation of anisotropy of the dataset are shown for directions x, y, and z. (F) Final 3D reconstruction of the EleNRMTts-Nb1-Nb2 complex in indicated orientations, colored according to the local resolution, estimated in cryoSPARC v.3.2.0.
Figure 5—figure supplement 3. Cryo-EM densities of EleNRMT-nanobody complexes.

Figure 5—figure supplement 3.

(A) EleNRMTts-nanobody complex in absence of Mg2+ at 3.5 Å. Electron density (contoured at 6σ, gray mesh) is shown superimposed on indicated protein regions. (B) EleNRMTts-nanobody complex in presence of Mg2+ at 4.1 Å. Electron density (contoured at 6σ, gray mesh) is shown superimposed on indicated protein regions.
Figure 5—figure supplement 4. Nanobody binding interfaces.

Figure 5—figure supplement 4.

(A) Contact region of EleNRMTts and nanobodies Nb1 and Nb2. (B) Binding interface of Nb2. (C) Binding interface of Nb1. (B, C), Side chains of residues mediating binding interactions between the transporter and the nanobodies are displayed as sticks. (A–C) Proteins are shown as ribbons with respective regions labeled.
Figure 5—figure supplement 5. X-ray structures of EleNRMT-nanobody complexes in presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+ and comparison to cryo-EM structures.

Figure 5—figure supplement 5.

(A) Structure of the EleNRMTts-Nb1-Nb2 complex in Mg2+ at 4.1 Å (B) Structure of the EleNRMTts-Nb1-Nb2 complex soaked in Mn2+ at 4.6 Å. A, B 2Fo-Fc density (contoured at 1 σ) is shown as green mesh superimposed on the model. (B, C), Anomalous difference electron density (calculated at 6 Å and contoured at 4 σ) from the dataset displayed in B is depicted as black mesh. (A-C), shown is one of two complexes in the asymmetric unit as Cα trace with protein chains displayed in unique colors. Phases for 2Fo-Fc and anomalous difference density maps were obtained from molecular replacement using the cryo-EM model improved by constrained minimal refinement. Residual density in the cryo-EM maps of the EleNRMTts-Nb1-Nb2 complex in vicinity to the Mn2+ binding position (indicated by black sphere) in absence (D) and presence of Mg2+ (E). Protein is represented as sticks, water (red) or Mg2+ (green) as spheres. Maps are as displayed in Figure 5—figure supplement 3.

Table 2. X-ray data collection and refinement statistics.

EleNRMT-Nb complex(PDB 7QJI) EleNRMT-Nb complex Mn2+-soak(PDB 7QJJ)
Data collection
Space group P21 P21
Cell dimensions
a, b, c (Å) 93.3, 122.2, 149.1 92.9, 115.9, 149.1
α,β,γ (°) 90, 107.8, 90 90, 107.6, 90
Wavelength (Å) 1.000 1.896
Resolution (Å) 50–4.1 (4.2–4.1) 50–4.6 (4.7–4.6)
R merge 12.5 (166.8) 15.4 (147.6)
I / σI 11.6 (2.4) 10.8 (1.8)
Completeness (%) 99.1 (98.9) 99.8 (99.6)
Redundancy 25.1 (27.1) 14.0 (14.1)
Refinement
Resolution (Å) 12–4.1 12–4.6
No. reflections 23,749 15,764
Rwork / Rfree 26.7 / 31.5 28.4 / 32.8
No. atoms
 Protein 9,632 9,632
 ligands 0 2
B-factors
 Protein 287.3 270.8
 ligands - 192.0
R.m.s deviations
 Bond lengths (Å) 0.003 0.003
 Bond angles (°) 0.60 0.60

Values in parentheses are for highest-resolution shell.

EleNRMT structure and ion coordination

The structure of EleNRMTts shows a transporter that displays the general organization of the SLC11 family. It encompasses 11 membrane-spanning segments, with the first 10 segments organized as two structurally related repeats of five α-helices that are inserted in the membrane with opposite orientations (Figure 6A, Figure 3—figure supplement 1). The protein adopts an inward-facing conformation that is illustrated in the comparison with the equivalent conformations of the transporters ScaDMT and DraNRAMP, which both superimpose with RMSDs of 2.2 and 2.0 Å, respectively (Figure 6B). This structure contains a large and continuous water-filled cavity that extends from the cytoplasm and leads to a pocket located in the center of the protein at the unwound parts of α-helices 1 and 6, which together form the ion binding site (Figures 5C and 6C). The location of the bound ion is defined in the anomalous difference density of Mn2+ and its position presumably also corresponds to the binding position of Mg2+ (Figure 5C, Figure 5—figure supplement 5B-E). Although the bound ion is found at an equivalent position as in the transporter ScaDMT, the binding pocket of EleNRMT is expanded as a consequence of the about 1.5 Å shift in the location of backbone atoms and differences in the volume of interacting side chains (Figure 7A–C). In both, Mg2+ and Mn2+ transporters, an aspartate on α-helix 1 and a main chain interaction at the site of the unwound part of α-helix 6 remain a common feature of their binding sites, whereas the replacement of an alanine (Ala 223) in ScaDMT by a threonine (Thr 224) in EleNRMT introduces a side chain containing a hydroxyl group whose oxygen atom serves as additional ligand for ion interactions (Figure 7B). Further changes of other residues of the binding site alter its shape and volume. In ScaDMT, the bound ion is to a large extent excluded from the aqueous environment and instead tightly surrounded by residues of the binding site, whereas in EleNRMT the replacement of the asparagine side chain on α1 with a glycine and the methionine residue on α6 to alanine in conjunction with differences in the main chain positions widen the cavity to leave sufficient space for interacting water molecules (Figure 7A–C), suggesting that Mg2+ binds to the transporter in a partly solvated state retaining much of its first hydration shell. Thus, the EleNRMT structure implies that it is a combination of both, changes in the local environment conferred by the chemical nature of side chains and more delocalized changes causing an expansion of the binding site, which together are responsible for the altered selectivity.

Figure 6. EleNRMT structure.

Figure 6.

(A) Ribbon representation of EleNRMT viewed from within the membrane with α1-α5 colored in beige, α6- α10 in blue and α11 in magenta. The position of a bound ion is indicated by a black sphere. (B) Superposition of EleNRMT and ScaDMT (based on PDBID:5M94 with modeled α1a), both showing equivalent inward-open conformations. Ribbon representation of ScaDMT is shown in gray, the representation of EleNRMT is as in A. (C) Ribbon representation of EleNRMT with surface of the aqueous cavity leading to the ion binding site displayed as mesh. Left, view from the cytoplasm and, right, from within the membrane. A bound ion is represented by a black sphere whose position is indicated with a red asterisk. A-C Selected helices are labeled. Membrane boundaries (A, C) and relationship between views (A–C) are indicated.

Figure 7. Comparison of regions of functional relevance between EleNRMT and ScaDMT.

Figure 7.

(A) Superposition of the metal ion binding regions of EleNRMT and ScaDMT (PDBID:5M95). The coloring is as in Figure 6B. The relationship between views is indicated. (B) Metal ion binding sites of EleNRMT (B) and ScaDMT (C). (B, C), inset (right) shows molecular surface surrounding the bound ion with indicated relationship. Whereas the ion in EleNRMT is located inside the aqueous cavity, its location in ScaDMT is outside of the cavity, tightly surrounded by coordinating residues. (D) Region of EleNRMT on α3 and α9 implicated in proton transport in NRAMPs and corresponding region in ScaDMT (E). (D, E) The bound ion with the conserved binding site aspartate on α1 and a residue corresponding to the first α6b histidine in NRAMPs, which was identified as potential H+ acceptor, are shown for reference. (A-E) The proteins are depicted as Cα-trace, selected residues as sticks. The position of bound metal ions is represented as a black sphere. (B-E) Selected secondary structure elements and residues are indicated.

Similar to the altered substrate preference, also the second functional hallmark of EleNRMT concerning the absent coupling of metal ion transport to protons, is manifested in its structure (Figure 7D and E). Proton transport in classical NRAMP transporters was proposed to be linked to structural features extending from the ion binding site (Bozzi et al., 2019a; Bozzi et al., 2020; Bozzi et al., 2019b; Ehrnstorfer et al., 2017; Mackenzie et al., 2006; Pujol-Giménez et al., 2017). These include the conserved aspartate involved in the coordination of metal ions, two conserved histidines on α-helix 6b downstream of the binding site methionine and a continuous path of acidic and basic residues on α-helices 3 and 9 surrounding a narrow aqueous cavity, which together appear to constitute an intracellular H+ release pathway. Apart from the binding site aspartate (Asp 55) and glutamate on α-helix 3 (Glu 133) close to the metal ion binding site, all other positions in EleNRMT are altered to residues that cannot accept protons. The two histidines on α-helix 6b are substituted by a tryptophane and an asparagine, respectively, and the polar pathway residues on α-helix 3 and 9 are replaced by hydrophobic residues and a threonine (Figure 7B and D. Figure 3—figure supplement 1B).

Functional properties of EleNRMT binding site mutants

After identifying the structural determinants of ion interactions in NRMTs, we were interested in the consequence of mutations of residues of the binding site on selectivity and thus investigated the transport properties of mutants. Consistent with experiments on other family members, the mutation of the aspartate in the binding site (Asp55), which is a universally conserved position in all SLC11 proteins, strongly compromises transport (Figure 8A and B). Similarly, the mutation of Gln 379 on α10, a conserved position that was proposed to be involved in ion coordination in the occluded state of DraNRAMP (Bozzi et al., 2019b), exerts a similarly strong effect (Figure 8A and C, Figure 3—figure supplement 1B), thus suggesting that EleNRMT undergoes an equivalent conformational change. In contrast, the mutation of Thr 224 to alanine, the amino acid found in the equivalent position of NRAMP transporters, has smaller but still detectable impact on Mn2+ transport, which is reflected in an at least two-fold increase of its Km (Figure 8A, D and E). In contrast to Mn2+, this change has a much more pronounced effect on Mg2+ interactions, which is manifested in the absence of appreciable inhibition of Mn2+ transport in presence of increasing Mg2+ concentrations and the non-detectable Mg2+ transport when directly assaying this alkaline earth metal ion (Figure 8F and G). Finally, by replacing Gly 58 to asparagine in the background of the T224A mutant, we create an EleNRMT construct with a similar binding site signature as the EcoDMT mutant M235A, which showed increased Ca2+ permeability. We thus investigated whether an equivalent conversion would also change the properties of EleNRMT with respect to its ability to transport Ca2+, which is not a substrate of the WT protein (Figure 4D and E). In line with the pronounced effect already observed for T224A (Figure 8D and E), we see a further reduction of Mn2+ transport in the double mutant T224A/G58N (Figure 8H). In contrast to the compromised Mn2+ transport properties, this double mutant shows detectable Ca2+ transport activity, thus illustrating that the conversion has introduced structural determinants that facilitate Ca2+ interactions and that change the properties of the binding site to more closely resemble NRAMP proteins.

Figure 8. Functional characterization of binding site mutants.

Figure 8.

(A) Model of the ion binding site of EleNRMT with ion (black sphere) showing bound Mn2+. Regions of α1 and α6 are shown as Cα-trace, selected residues coordinating the ion as sticks. (B–D) Mn2+ transport mediated by EleNRMTts binding site mutants. (B) D55A (2 (0 μM Mn2+), 6 (50 μM Mn2+), and 7 (400 μM Mn2+) experiments from two independent reconstitutions), (C) Q379A (2 (0 μM Mn2+), 6 (50 μM Mn2+), and 7 (400 μM Mn2+) experiments from two independent reconstitutions), (D) T224A (5 experiments from two independent reconstitutions). (E) Mn2+ concentration dependence of transport of T224A. Initial velocities were derived from individual traces of experiments displayed in (D), the solid line shows the fit to a Michaelis–Menten equation with an apparent Km exceeding 290  μM. (F) Mn2+ transport into T224A proteoliposomes in presence of Mg2+ (4 experiments from two independent reconstitutions). (G) Mg2+-transport into T224A proteoliposomes assayed with the fluorophore Magnesium green (4 experiments from two independent reconstitutions). (H-I) Transport mediated by the EleNRMTts binding site mutant T224A/G58N. (H) Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes containing T224A/G58N (2 (0 μM Mn2+), 6 (50 μM Mn2+), and 7 (400 μM Mn2+) experiments from two independent reconstitutions). (I) Ca2+-transport into T224A/G58N proteoliposomes assayed with the fluorophore Fura-2 (9 (0 μM Ca2+), 10 (50 μM Ca2+), 11 (150 μM Ca2+), and 10 (500 μM Ca2+) experiments from two independent reconstitutions). (B-D), (F- H) Uptake of Mn2+ was assayed by the quenching of the fluorophore calcein trapped inside the vesicles. (B-D), (F-I) Averaged traces are presented in unique colors. Fluorescence is normalized to value after addition of substrate (t = 0). Applied ion concentrations are indicated. (B–I), Data show mean of the indicated number of experiments, errors are s.e.m.

Discussion

In our study, we have investigated the mechanistic basis of ion selectivity in the SLC11/NRAMP family. Whereas the bulk of the family efficiently transports divalent transition metal ions such as Fe2+ or Mn2+ from a high background of alkaline earth metal ions, there is an extended clade of the family in prokaryotes that has evolved as transport systems of the divalent cation Mg2+ and that were thus termed NRAMP related Mg2+ transporters (NRMTs) (Shin et al., 2014, Figure 1). These proteins are characterized by a distinct signature of residues constituting the ion binding site, located in the center of the protein in the unwound parts of the pseudo-symmetry related transmembrane helices α1 and α6 (Figures 1 and 7). We thus initially investigated whether we would be able to confer the capability to transport Mg2+ to a transition metal ion transporter by mutation of its ion binding site.

The most striking difference in the ion binding site of both clades of the NRAMP family concerns the position of a conserved methionine that serves as a soft ligand for the interaction with transition metal ions, which is replaced by an alanine in NRMTs (Figure 1). The mutation of this residue in the classical NRAMP EcoDMT only moderately affected its capability to transport Mn2+ and instead exerted its pronounced effect by converting Ca2+ into a transported substrate (Figure 2A–H). This emphasizes the primary role of this residue to disfavor binding of this ubiquitous alkaline earth metal ion, which was already proposed in a previous study (Bozzi et al., 2016a). Similarly, an EcoDMT mutant where all three deviating residues of the binding site were mutated to their correspondents found in NRMTs was still efficient in Mn2+ transport (Figure 2E), thus suggesting that, among divalent cations, the transport of transition metal ions might not depend on stringent structural prerequisites. In contrast to Ca2+, neither of the mutants converted EcoDMT into a Mg2+ transporter (Figure 2D and K), thus suggesting that the transport of latter might require specific features to cope with the unique chemical properties of this ion. Among divalent cations of biological relevance, Mg2+ is distinguished by its small ionic radius, which results in an unusually strong interaction with the surrounding water molecules that would render its dehydration during transport energetically costly (Persson, 2010). The first hydration shell of Mg2+, which coordinates the ion in an octahedral geometry (Figure 9A), was thus suggested to remain bound to the ion in its initial encounter with the binding site and probably also during transport. A similar feature was indeed observed in the structures of the unrelated bacterial Mg2+ transport proteins MgtE (Takeda et al., 2014) and CorA (Guskov et al., 2012) whereas protein interactions in the membrane-inserted domain of the transporter CorC are established with a fully dehydrated ion (Huang et al., 2021).

Figure 9. Features of Mg2+ transport by NRMTs.

Figure 9.

Schematic depiction of (A), the octahedral coordination of the first hydration shell surrounding a Mg2+ ion and (B), the same octahedral coordination within the binding site of a NRMT with five of the six water molecules remaining bound to the ion and where the bulk of protein interactions with the ion are mediated via coordinated water. (C) Model of Mg2+ bound to the site of EleNRMT in the inward-facing conformation. The coordinates of the hydrated Mg2+ were obtained from the high-resolution structure of the Mg2+ transporter MgtE (PDBID 4U9L). The Mg2+ ion was placed on the position of Mn2+ obtained from the anomalous difference density defined in the X-ray structure. A single water molecule with a backbone oxygen atom was removed and the remaining complex was oriented to maximize interactions of coordinating waters with protein residues. Regions of the binding site are represented as Cα-trace and selected interacting residues as sticks. (D) Schematic depiction from an inward-facing to an occluded conformation of a NRMT with bound hydrated Mg2+ indicated. (E) Hypothetical model of the transition of EleNRMT from an inward-facing (gray) to an occluded conformation (colored) that was based on the occluded conformation of DraNRAMP (PDBID: 6C3I). (F) Close-up of the binding pocket of the hypothetical model of the occluded conformation with bound Mg2+–5H2O complex.

The distinct requirements for Mg2+ transport are reflected in the properties of EleNRMT investigated in this study. Its capability to transport Mn2+ (Figure 3A–D and G) underlines the described promiscuity of this ion in its interaction with proteins. In contrast, our studies have shown transport of Mg2+ but not Ca2+ (Figures 3E, F, H ,, 4A–E) thus illustrating that both ions rely on distinct features of the protein which mediate their interaction. These are illustrated in the structure of EleNRMT in an inward-facing conformation determined by cryo-EM (Figures 5 and 6). In this structure, a wide aqueous cavity leads to an ion binding site whose spacious volume would preclude simultaneous interaction with a completely dehydrated ion (Figures 6C, 7B and C). The larger size of the site is an immediate consequence of the decreased side chain-volume of the surrounding residues concomitant with local differences in the backbone positions (Figure 7A and B), which explains why it was impossible to convert EcoDMT into a Mg2+ transporter upon mutation of respective residues (Figure 2D, I, K). The position of a Mn2+ ion bound to EleNRMT was defined by its anomalous difference density in a crystal structure of the protein (Figure 5C). Since Mn2+ shows a similar octahedral coordination as Mg2+, although with weaker affinity to the surrounding waters, we assume Mg2+ to bind in an equivalent manner, which is also reflected in the presence of residual density in a dataset determined at high Mg2+ concentration by cryo-EM (Figure 5—figure supplement 5E). Although the limited resolution of our structures does not permit assignment of water molecules, an octahedral Mg2+-water complex model placed in the binding site suggests that only one of the solvent molecules would be substituted by a direct interaction with the oxygen of the amide backbone group of Thr 224, whereas other interactions with the conserved binding site would be mediated by coordinating waters (Figure 9B and C). The detailed structural properties of this cavity are expected to change upon a transition from an inward-open into an occluded intermediate conformation, which was observed in the corresponding structure of DraNRAMP, where the access of the binding site to the cytoplasm is closed (Bozzi et al., 2019b). However, in contrast to DraNRAMP, where the bound ion becomes tightly encircled by protein residues, the distinct structural features of EleNRMT and the lower side chain volume of residues of its binding site suggest that this cavity would be sufficiently big for Mg2+ to retain much of its surrounding water during transport (Figure 9D–F) thus emphasizing that it is the larger hydrated complex of Mg2+ rather than the naked ion that is relevant for transport.

A second pronounced feature that distinguishes EleNRMT and likely other NRMTs from classical SLC11 proteins concerns the absent coupling of metal ion transport to an energy source, which in case of NRAMPs is conferred by the cotransport of protons (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2017; Gunshin et al., 1997; Figure 4F–H). This property is reflected in the location of ionizable residues that are conserved within the proton-coupled part of the family and that are absent in EleNRMT (Figure 7E and F). It thus appears that in light of the high extracellular Mg2+ concentration and the inside negative membrane potential such coupling may not be required for efficient uptake in the natural habitat of the bacterium.

Collectively, the presented study has provided detailed mechanistic insight into the structural basis of Mg2+ transport in homologues of the SLC11/NRAMP family and it has confirmed previous results that have proposed this role based on biochemical considerations (Shin et al., 2014). Our work also illustrates the promiscuity of transition metal ion transport, which contrasts the tight requirements for the alkaline earth metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, latter of which is transported in a largely hydrated state. The observation that the previously investigated NRMT homologue did not permit growth upon Mn2+ -limitation (Shin et al., 2014) could be a consequence of the lower affinity to this ion, the competition with abundant Mg2+ and the absence of an energy source, which might be mandatory for efficient accumulation of the scarce substrate. Our study illustrates the specific requirements for the transport of Mg2+ which are not met by classical NRAMP transporters. In this respect, it appears unlikely that the human transporter SLC11A1, which resides in the phagosomes of macrophages and is involved in the immune response against invading microbes, would itself permit Mg2+ transport as suggested in a recent study (Cunrath and Bumann, 2019).

Materials and methods

Key resources table.

Reagent type (species) or resource Designation Source or reference Identifiers Additional information
Chemical compound, drug 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'rac-glycerol) (18:1 06:0 POPG) Avanti Polar Lipids 840457 C
Chemical compound, drug E. coli polar extract Avanti Polar Lipids 100600 P
Chemical compound, drug 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:1 06:0 POPE) Avanti Polar Lipids 850757 C
Chemical compound, drug Triton X-100 Sigma Cat#T9284
Chemical compound, drug Lysozyme Applichem Cat#A3711
Chemical compound, drug Benzamidine Sigma B6506
Chemical compound, drug Chloroform Fluka 25,690
Chemical compound, drug DM Anatrace D322
Chemical compound, drug DDM Anatrace D310S
Chemical compound, drug Diethyl ether Sigma 296,082
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Chemical compound, drug glycerol 99% Sigma G7757
Chemical compound, drug HCl Merck Millipore 1.00319.1000
Chemical compound, drug HEPES Sigma H3375
Chemical compound, drug Imidazole Roth X998.4
Chemical compound, drug L-(+)-arabinose Sigma A3256
Chemical compound, drug Leupeptin AppliChem A2183
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Chemical compound, drug Valinomycin Thermofischer Scientific V1644
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Chemical compound, drug Ionomycin Thermofischer Scientific I24222
Chemical compound, drug Fura2 Thermofischer Scientific F1200
Chemical compound, drug Magnesium Green Thermofischer Scientific M3733
Chemical compound, drug ACMA Thermofischer Scientific A1324
Chemical compound, drug CCCP Sigma C2759
Chemical compound, drug Calcein Thermofischer Scientific C481
Chemical compound, drug Phosphate buffered saline Sigma D8537
Chemical compound, drug PEG400 Sigma 91,893
Chemical compound, drug Manganese acetate Sigma 330,825
Chemical compound, drug Magnesium acetate Fluka 63,047
Chemical compound, drug Calcium Chloride Sigma 223,506
Chemical compound, drug Manganese Chloride Fluka 31,422
Chemical compound, drug Magnesium Chloride Fluka 63,065
Chemical compound, drug PMSF Sigma P7626
Chemical compound, drug Potassium chloride Sigma 746,346
Chemical compound, drug Sodium chloride Sigma 71,380
Chemical compound, drug Terrific broth Sigma T9179
Commercial assay or kit 4%–20% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Protein Gels, 15-well, 15 µl BioRad Laboratories 4561096DC
Commercial assay or kit Amicon Ultra-4 Centrifugal Filters Ultracel 10 K, 4 ml Merck Millipore UFC801096
Commercial assay or kit Amicon Ultra-4 Centrifugal Filters Ultracel 50 K, 4 ml Merck Millipore UFC805096
Commercial assay or kit Amicon Ultra-4 Centrifugal Filters Ultracel 100 K, 4 ml Merck Millipore UFC810024
Commercial assay or kit Biobeads SM-2 adsorbents BioRad Laboratories 152–3920
Commercial assay or kit Avestin Extruder kit Sigma Cat#Z373400
Commercial assay or kit 400 nm polycarbonate filters Sigma Cat#Z373435
Commercial assay or kit 96-well black walled microplates Thermofischer Scientific Cat#M33089
Commercial assay or kit Ni-NTA resin ABT Agarose Bead Technologies 6BCL-NTANi-X
Commercial assay or kit QuantiFoil R1.2/1.3 Au 200 mesh Electron Microscopy Sciences Q2100AR1.3
Commercial assay or kit Superdex 200 10/300 GL Cytiva 17517501
Commercial assay or kit Superdex 200 Increase 3.2/300 Cytiva 28990946
Commercial assay or kit Superdex 200 Increase 5/150 GL Cytiva 28990945
Commercial assay or kit Superdex 75 10/300 GL Cytiva 17517401
Other BioQuantum Energy Filter Gatan NA
Other HPL6 Maximator NA
Other K3 Direct Detector Gatan NA
Other Titan Krios G3i ThermoFisher Scientific NA
Other Viber Fusion FX7 imaging system Witec NA
Other TECAN M1000 Infinite TECAN NA
Other Vitrobot Mark IV ThermoFisher Scientific NA
Other μDAWN MALS Detector Wyatt Technology NA
Recombinant DNA reagent gDNA Eggerthella lenta DSMZ 2,243
Recombinant DNA reagent gDNA Eremococcus coleocola DSMZ 15,696
Recombinant DNA reagent Bacterial expression vector with C-terminal 3 C cleavage site, GFP-tag and His-tag Dutzler laboratory NA
Recombinant DNA reagent Bacterial expression vector with N-terminal His-tag and 3 C cleavage site Dutzler laboratory NA
Recombinant DNA reagent Bacterial expression vector with N terminal pelB sequence, His-tag, MBP, 3 C cleavage site Dutzler laboratory NA
Recombinant protein HRV 3 C protease Expressed (pET_3 C) and purified in Dutzler laboratory NA
Software, algorithm 3DFSC Tan et al., 2017 https://3dfsc.salk.edu/
Software, algorithm ASTRA7.2 Wyatt Technology https://www.wyatt.com/products/software/astra.html RRID:SCR_016255
Software, algorithm Chimera v.1.15 Pettersen et al., 2004 https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/ RRID:SCR_004097
Software, algorithm ChimeraX v.1.1.1 Pettersen et al., 2021 https://www.rbvi.ucsf.edu/chimerax/ RRID:SCR_015872
Software, algorithm Coot v.0.9.4 Emsley et al., 2010 https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/personal/pemsley/coot/ RRID:SCR_014222
Software, algorithm cryoSPARC v.3.0.1/v.3.2.0 Structural Biotechnology Inc. https://cryosparc.com/ RRID:SCR_016501
Software, algorithm DINO http://www.dino3d.org RRID:SCR_013497
Software, algorithm EPU2.9 ThermoFisher Scientific NA
Software, algorithm Phenix Liebschner et al., 2019 https://www.phenix-online.org/ RRID:SCR_014224
Software, algorithm RELION 3.0.7 Zivanov et al., 2018 https://www3.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/relion/ RRID:SCR_016274
Software, algorithm JALVIEW Waterhouse et al., 2009
Software, algorithm Muscle Edgar, 2004
Strain, strain background (E coli) E. coli MC1061 ThermoFisher Scientific C66303

Phylogenetic analysis of the SLC11 family

The protein sequences of ScaDMT (UniprotKB A0A4U9TNH6), EcoDMT (UniprotKB E4KPW4), hDMT1 (UniprotKB P49281), OsNRAT1 (Uniprot KB Q6ZG85), CabNRMT-c0685 (UniprotKB Q97L77), and CabNRMT-c3329 (UniprotKB Q97DZ1) were respectively used as query sequences in BLASTp searches in diverse sequence databases. In that manner, 1100 eukaryotic and 447 prokaryotic standard SLC11 transporters and 745 prokaryotic NRMTs were selected and aligned with CLC Main Workbench (QIAGEN). The identity of the 745 prokaryotic NRMTs was confirmed by individual inspection of the proposed ion binding site. A multiple sequence alignment was used to generate a phylogenetic tree using the neighbor joining cluster generation method. Protein distances were measured using a Jukes-Cantor model and a Bootstrapping analysis was performed with 100 replicates.

Expression and purification of EcoDMT

EcoDMT and its mutants were expressed and purified as described previously (Ehrnstorfer et al., 2017). Briefly, the vector EcoDMT-pBXC3GH (Invitrogen) was transformed into E. coli MC1061 cells and a preculture was grown in TB-Gly medium overnight using ampicillin (100 μg/ml) as a selection marker for all expression cultures. The preculture was used at a 1:100 volume ratio for inoculation of TB-Gly medium. Cells were grown at 37 °C to an OD600 of 0.7–0.9, after which the temperature was reduced to 25 °C. Protein expression was induced by addition of arabinose to a final concentration of 0.004% (w/v) for 12–14 hr at 18 °C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation for 20 min at 5,000 g, resuspended in buffer RES (200 mM NaCl, 50 mM KPi pH 7.5, 2 mM MgCl2, 40 μg/ml DNAseI, 10 μg/ml lysozyme, 1 μM leupeptin, 1 μM pepstatin, 0.3 μM aprotinin, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF) and lysed using a high pressure cell lyser (Maximator HPL6). After a low-speed spin (10,000 g for 20 min), the supernatant was subjected to a second centrifugation step (200,000 g for 45 min). The pelleted membrane was resuspended in buffer EXT (200 mM NaCl, 50 mM KPi pH 7.5, 10% glycerol) at a concentration of 0.5 g of vesicles per ml of buffer. The purification of EcoDMT and its mutants was carried out at 4 °C. Isolated membrane fractions were diluted 1:2 in buffer EXT supplemented with protease inhibitors (Roche cOmplete EDTA-free) and 1% (w/v) n-decyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (DM, Anatrace). The extraction was carried out under gentle agitation for 2 hr at 4 °C. The lysate was cleared by centrifugation at 200,000 g for 30 min. The supernatant supplemented with 15 mM imidazole at pH 7.5 was subsequently loaded onto NiNTA resin and incubated for at least 1 hr under gentle agitation. The resin was washed with 20 column volumes (CV) of buffer W (200 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7, 10% Glycerol, 50 mM imidazole pH 7.5, 0.25% (w/v) DM) and the protein was eluted with buffer ELU (200 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7, 10% Glycerol, 200 mM imidazole pH 7.5, 0.25% (w/v) DM). Tag cleavage proceeded by addition of HRV 3 C protease at a 3:1 molar ratio and dialysis against buffer DIA (200 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH7, 10% Glycerol, 0.25% (w/v) DM) for at least 2 hr at 4 °C. After application to NiNTA resin to remove the tag, the sample was concentrated by centrifugation using a 50 kDa molecular weight cut-off concentrator (Amicon) and further purified by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex S200 column (GE Healthcare) pre-equilibrated with buffer SEC (200 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7, 0.25% (w/v) DM). The peak fractions were pooled, concentrated, and used directly without freezing.

Expression screening of NRMT homologues

The DNA coding for NRMTs from 82 bacterial and archaeal strains were cloned from gDNA (obtained from DSMZ) into pBXNHG3 or pBXC3H vectors (Invitrogen) using FX cloning (Geertsma and Dutzler, 2011) providing a final construct where an NRMT contains a 10-His tag, a GFP and a HRV 3 C protease cleavage site fused to its N-terminus (pBXNHG3) or a HRV 3 C protease cleavage site and a 10-His tag fused to its C-terminus (pBXC3H). Both vectors contain an arabinose promoter and an ampicillin resistance gene. Consequently, all cultures were supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin as selection marker. The vectors were transformed into E. coli MC1061 cells and precultures were grown in Terrific Broth (TB) medium overnight. The small-scale expression was performed in 24-well plates with gas permeable adhesive covers in TB medium supplemented with 0.5% glycerol (TB-Gly). Each culture was inoculated at a 1:100 volume ratio. The cells were grown at 37 °C to an OD600 of 0.7–0.9, before the temperature was reduced to 25 °C. The expression was induced by addition of arabinose to a final concentration of 0.001% (w/v) for 12–14 hr at 18 °C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation for 20 min at 5,000 g, resuspended in 400 μl of lysis buffer (200 mM NaCl, 50 mM KPi pH 7.5, 2 mM MgCl2, 40 μg/mL DNAseI, 1 μM leupeptin, 1 μM pepstatin, 0.3 μM aprotinin, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF). Cells were lysed by disruption using sharp 500 μm glass beads. The supernatant was supplemented with DDM at a final concentration of 1% (w/v) and incubated for 1 hr at 4 °C under gentle agitation. The whole-cell extract was clarified by centrifugation at 200,000 g for 15 min and expressed proteins not containing a fusion to a fluorescent protein were detected by western blots. Constructs fused to a fluorescent protein were detected by in-gel fluorescence imaging (Geertsma et al., 2008a) and fluorescence size exclusion chromatography (FSEC) (Kawate and Gouaux, 2006) using a Superdex S200 column connected to an Agilent HPLC system (GE Healthcare) (λex=489 nm / λem=510 nm). The NRMT homologue (WP_114552427.1) from the prokaryote Eggerthella lenta (DSM 2243, EleNRMT) was selected as the biochemically best-behaved homologue based on the profile of the eluted peak. The stability of EleNRMT was further improved by mutagenesis. To this end, consensus amino acids were identified using JALVIEW (Waterhouse et al., 2009) from aligned sequences of representative NRMT homologs, using Muscle (Edgar, 2004), and reported criteria (Cirri et al., 2018).

Expression and purification of EleNRMT

For large-scale overexpression, the DNA coding for the NRMT from the prokaryote Eggerthella lenta (EleNRMT) was cloned into the pBXNH3 vector (Invitrogen) using the FX cloning technique (Geertsma and Dutzler, 2011) providing a construct where EleNRMT contains a 10-His tag and a HRV 3 C protease cleavage site at its N-terminus. All mutants were generated using the Quickchange site-direct mutagenesis method (Agilent). The vector was transformed into E. coli MC1061 cells and a preculture was grown in TB-Gly medium overnight using ampicillin (100 μg/ml) as a selection marker for all expression cultures. The preculture was diluted at 1:100 volume ratio into TB-Gly medium. The cells were grown at 37 °C to an OD600 of 0.7–0.9, before the temperature was lowered to 25 °C. The expression was induced by addition of arabinose to a final concentration of 0.0045% (w/v) for 12–14 hr at 18 °C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation for 20 min at 5,000 g, resuspended in buffer RES and disrupted using a high-pressure cell lyser (Maximator HPL6). After low spin centrifugation (10,000 g for 20 min) to remove cell debris, the supernatant was subjected to an ultracentrifugation step (200,000 g for 45 min) and the pelleted membrane was resuspended in buffer EXT at a concentration of 0.5 g of vesicles per ml of buffer. The purification of EleNRMT and its mutants was carried out at 4 °C. Suspended membrane vesicles were diluted 1:2 in buffer EXT supplemented with protease inhibitors (Roche cOmplete EDTA-free) and 1% (w/v) detergent, depending on the purpose of the experiments. DDM (Anatrace) was used as detergent for proteoliposome-reconstitution and cryoEM sample preparation and DM (Anatrace) for ITC and crystallization. The extraction was carried out under gentle agitation for 2 hr at 4 °C. The lysate was cleared by centrifugation at 200,000 g for 30 min. The supernatant supplemented with 15 mM of imidazole at pH 7.5 was loaded onto NiNTA resin and incubated for at least 1 hr under gentle agitation. During later stages of purification, the detergent concentration was reduced to 0.04% (w/v) for DDM or 0.25% (w/v) for DM. The resin was washed with 20 CV of buffer W and protein was eluted with buffer ELU, both containing the respective detergent. The tag was cleaved by addition of HRV 3 C protease at a 3:1 molar ratio and dialyzed against buffer DIA containing the respective detergent for at least 2 hr at 4 °C. After addition of NiNTA resin to remove the cleaved tag, the sample was concentrated by centrifugation using a 50 kDa molecular weight cut-off concentrator (Amicon) and further purified by size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex S200 column (GE Healthcare) pre-equilibrated with buffer SEC containing the respective detergent. The peak fractions were pooled, concentrated, and used immediately for further experiments.

Thermal stability assay using fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography

The assay was performed following a published protocol (Hattori et al., 2012). Aliquots of 50 μl at 1 μM of EleNRMT and EleNRMTts in 200 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH7, 0.04% DDM were incubated at temperatures up to 75 °C for 10 min. Aggregated protein was removed by centrifugal filtration (0.22 μm) and 25 μl of the sample was subsequently loaded onto a Superdex S200 column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated in 200 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH7, 0.04% DDM and coupled to a fluorescence detector (Agilent technologies 1200 series, G1321A). The proteins were detected using tryptophan fluorescence (λex=280 nm; λem=315 nm) and stability was assessed by measuring the peak height of the monomeric peaks. The peak heights were normalized to the corresponding value from samples incubated at 4 °C (100% stability) and melting temperatures (Tm) were determined by fitting the curves to a sigmoidal dose-response equation.

Reconstitution of EleNRMT and EcoDMT into proteoliposomes

EleNRMT, EcoDMT and all of their mutants were reconstituted into detergent-destabilized liposomes (Geertsma et al., 2008b). The lipid mixture made of POPE, POPG (Avanti Polar Lipids) at a weight ratio of 3:1: was washed with diethylether and dried under a nitrogen stream followed by exsiccation overnight. The dried lipids were resuspended in 100 mM KCl and 20 mM HEPES at pH7. After three freeze-thaw cycles, the lipids were extruded through a 400 nm polycarbonate filter (Avestin, LiposoFast-BAsic) and aliquoted into samples with a concentration of 45 mg/ml. The extruded lipids were destabilized by adding Triton X-100 and the protein was reconstituted at a lipid to protein ratio (w/w) of 50. After several incubation rounds with biobeads SM-2 (Biorad), the proteoliposomes were harvested the next day, resuspended in 100 mM KCl and 20 mM HEPES pH7 and stored at –80 °C.

Isothermal titration calorimetry

A MicroCal ITC200 system (GE Healthcare) was used for Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments. All titrations were performed at 6 °C in buffer SEC (200 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH7, 0.25% DM). The syringe was filled with 3 mM MnCl2 or MgCl2 and the titration was initiated by the sequential injection of 2 μl aliquots into the cell filled with EleNRMT or mutants at a concentration of 70 μM. Data were analyzed with the Origin ITC analysis package and fitted assuming a single binding site for metal ions and a stoichiometry of N = 1. Each experiment was repeated twice from independent protein purifications with similar results. Experiments with buffer not containing any protein were performed as controls.

Fluorescence-based substrate transport assays

Proteoliposomes were incubated with buffer IN (100 mM KCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7) containing either 250 μM Calcein (Invitrogen), 100 μM Fura-2 (ThermoFischer Scientific), or 400 μM MagGreen (ThermoFischer Scientific) depending on the assayed ion. After three cycles of freeze-thawing, the liposomes were extruded through a 400 nm filter and the proteoliposomes were centrifuged and washed three times with buffer IN not containing any fluorophores. The proteoliposomes at a concentration of 25 mg/ml were subsequently diluted 1:100 to a final concentration of 0.25 mg/ml in buffer OUT (100 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH7) and aliquoted in 100 μl batches into a 96-well plate (ThermoFischer Scientific) and the fluorescence was measured every 4 s using a Tecan Infinite M1000 fluorimeter. A negative membrane potential of –118 mV was established after addition of valinomycin to a final concentration of 100 nM as a consequence of the 100-fold outwardly directed K+ gradient. After 20 cycles of incubation, the substrate was added at different concentrations. The transport reaction was terminated by addition of calcimycin or ionomycin at a final concentration of 100 nM. The initial rate of transport was calculated by linear regression within the initial 100 s of transport after addition of the substrate. The calculated values were fitted to a Michaelis-Menten equation. Fura-2 was used to assay the transport of Ca2+. For detection, the ratio between calcium bound Fura-2 (λex=340 nm; λem=510 nm) and unbound Fura-2 (λex=380 nm; λem=510 nm) was monitored during kinetic measurements. Calcein was used to assay the transport of Mn2+ex=492 nm; λem=518 nm) and Magnesium Green was to assay the transport of Mg2+ex=506 nm; λem=531 nm).

For assaying coupled proton transport, a proteoliposome stock of 15 mg/ml in 100 mM KCl, 5 mM HEPES pH 7, 50 μM ACMA was prepared. After clarification by sonication, the proteoliposomes were diluted 1–100 to a concentration of 0.15 mg/ml in 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM HEPES pH7 and aliquoted into batches of 100 μl into a flat black 96-well plate (ThermoFischer Scientific). The fluorescence was measured every 4 s using a fluorimeter Tecan Infinite M1000 (λex=412 nm; λem=482 nm). The transport reaction was initiated after addition of the substrate and valinomycin at a final concentration of 100 nM resulting in the same negative membrane potential of –118 mV as applied in assays that monitor transport of the metal ions. The reaction was terminated by addition of CCCP at 100 nM.

Generation of nanobodies specific to EleNRMT

EleNRMT specific nanobodies were generated using a method described previously (Pardon et al., 2014). Briefly, an alpaca was immunized four times with 200 µg of detergent solubilized EleNRMTts. Two days after the final injection, the peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated and the total RNA fraction was extracted and converted into cDNA by reverse transcription. The nanobody library was amplified and cloned into the phage display pDX vector (Invitrogen). After two rounds of phage display, ELISA assays were performed on the periplasmic extract of 198 individual clones. Three nanobodies were identified. For all steps of phage display and ELISA, an enzymatically biotinylated version of EleNRMT with an additional Avi tag on its N-terminus (Avi-10His-3C) was used (Fairhead and Howarth, 2015) and bound to neutravidin coated plates. The biotinylation was confirmed by total mass spectrometry analysis.

Expression and purification of nanobodies and preparation of the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complex

All nanobodies were cloned into the pBXNPHM3 vector (Invitrogen) using the FX cloning technique. The expression construct contains the nanobody with a fusion of a pelB sequence, a 10-His tag, a maltose-binding protein (MBP) and a HRV 3 C protease site to its N-terminus. The vector was transformed into E. coli MC1061 cells and a preculture was grown in TB-Gly medium overnight using ampicillin (100 μg/ml) as a selection marker in all expression cultures. The preculture was used for inoculation of TB-Gly medium at 1:100 volume ratio. Cells were grown to an OD600 of 0.7–0.9 and the expression was induced by addition of arabinose to a final concentration of 0.02% (w/v) for 4 hr at 37 °C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation for 20 min at 5000 g, resuspended in buffer A (200 mM KCl, 50 mM KPi pH 7.5, 10% Glycerol, 15 mM imidazole pH 7.5, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 μM leupeptin, 1 μM pepstatin, 0.3 μM aprotinin, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF) and lysed using a high pressure cell lyser (Maximator HPL6). The purification of all nanobodies was carried out at 4 °C. The lysate was cleared by centrifugation at 200,000 g for 30 min. The supernatant was loaded onto NiNTA resin and incubated for at least 1 hr under gentle agitation. The resin was washed with 20 CV of buffer B (200 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 10% Glycerol, 50 mM imidazole, pH 7.5). The protein was eluted with buffer C (200 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 10% Glycerol, 300 mM imidazole, pH 7.5). The tag was cleaved by addition of HRV 3 C protease at a 3:1 molar ratio and dialyzed against buffer D (200 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 10% Glycerol) for at least 2 hr at 4 °C. After application of NiNTA resin to remove the tag, the sample was concentrated by centrifugation using a 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off concentrator (Amicon) and further purified by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex S200 column (GE Healthcare) pre-equilibrated with buffer E (200 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8). The peak fractions were pooled, concentrated and flash-frozen and stored at –20 °C for subsequent experiments.

Following the purification of EleNRMT in DDM (for cryoEM data collection) or DM (for crystallization) as described, the purified membrane protein and nanobodies Nb1 and Nb2 were incubated at a 1:1.3:1.3 molar ratio for 30 min and the complex was further purified by size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex S200 column (GE Healthcare), pre-equilibrated in the same SEC buffer as used for EleNRMT purification. The sample was subsequently concentrated to 3.5 mg/ml (for cryoEM) or 8–12 mg/ml (for crystallization).

Cryo-EM sample preparation and data collection

For sample preparation for cryo-EM, 2.5 μl of the complex were applied to glow-discharged holey carbon grids (Quantifoil R1.2/1.3 Au 200 mesh). Samples were blotted for 2–4 s at 4 °C and 100% humidity. The grids were frozen in liquid propane-ethane mix using a Vitrobot Mark IV (Thermo Fisher Scientific). For the dataset in presence of Mg2+, the sample was supplemented with 10 mM MgCl2 and incubated on ice for 20 min before grid preparation. All datasets were collected on a 300 kV Titan Krios (ThermoFischer Scientific) with a 100 μm objective aperture and using a post-column BioQuantum energy filter with a 20 eV slit and a K3 direct electron detector in super-resolution mode. All datasets were recorded automatically using EPU2.9 with a defocus ranging from –1–2.4 μm, a magnification of 130,000 x corresponding to a pixel size of 0.651 Å per pixel (0.3255 Å in super resolution mode) and an exposure of 1.01 s (36 frames). Three datasets were collected for EleNRMT-Nb1,2 without Mg2+with respective total doses of 69.725, 61 and 69.381 e-2 and for EleNRMT-Nb1,2 with Mg2+ one dataset with a total dose of 69.554 e-2.

Cryo-EM data processing

Datasets were processed using Cryosparc v3.2.0 (Punjani et al., 2017) following the same processing pipeline (Figure 5—figure supplements 1 and 2). All movies were subjected to motion correction using patch motion correction with a fourier crop factor of 2 (pixel size of 0.651 Å/pix). After patch CTF estimation, high quality micrographs were identified based on relative ice thickness, CTF resolution and total full frame motion and micrographs not meeting the specified criteria were rejected. For the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complex, a partial dataset (981 micrographs) was used to generate a low-resolution 3D ab initio model. For this purpose, particles were selected using a blob picker with a minimum particle diameter of 160 Å and a minimum inter-particle distance of 64 Å. The selected particles were extracted with a box size of 360 pixels and binned 4 x (pixel size of 2.64 Å per pixel). These particles were initially used to generate 2D classes and later for template-driven particle picking. After extraction and 2D classification, an initial 3D ab initio model was generated in Cryosparc. This model was subsequently used to generate 2D templates for particle picking on the remainder of the dataset.

The 2D classes generated from particles selected from the entire dataset were extracted using a box size of 360 pix and down-sampled to 180 pixels (pixel size of 1.32 Å/pix). These particles were used for generation of 4 ab initio classes. Promising ab initio models were selected based on visual inspection and subjected to heterogenous refinement using one of the selected models as ‘template’ and an obviously bad model as decoy model. After several rounds of heterogenous refinement, the selected particles and models were subjected to non-uniform refinement (input model filtering to 8 Å) followed by local CTF refinement and another round of non-uniform refinement. Finally, the maps were sharpened using the sharpening tool from the Cryosparc package. The quality of the map was evaluated validated using 3DFSC (Tan et al., 2017) for FSC validation and local resolution estimation.

Cryo-EM model building and refinement

Model building was performed in Coot (Emsley and Cowtan, 2004). Initially, the structure of ScaDMT (PDB 5M94) was rigidly fitted into the densities and served as template for map interpretation. The quality of the map allowed for the unambiguous assignment of residues 43–438. The structure of Nb16 (PDB 5M94) was used to build Nb1 and Nb2. The model was iteratively improved by real space refinement in PHENIX (Afonine et al., 2018) maintaining secondary structure constrains throughout. Figures were generated using ChimeraX (Pettersen et al., 2021) and Dino (http://www.dino3d.org). Surfaces were generated with MSMS (Sanner et al., 1996).

Crystallization and X-ray structure determination of the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complex

The EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complex was purified in DM as described before, supplemented with E. coli polar lipids solubilized in DM to a final concentration of 100 µg/ml and used for the preparation of vapor diffusion crystallization experiments in sitting drops by mixing 150 nl of the concentrated protein with 150 nl of the mother liquor containing 50 mM MgAc, 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2–7.6 and 25–30% PEG400. Crystals grew after 4 days and reached a maximum size of 0.2 × 0.3 x 0.3 mm after 12 days. The crystals were fished, cryoprotected by soaking into mother liquor supplemented with PEG400 to a final concentration of 35% and flash frozen into liquid nitrogen.

All data sets were collected on frozen crystals on either the X06SA or the X06DA beamline at the Swiss Light Source of the Paul Scherrer Institute (SLS, Villingen) on an EIGER 16 M or PILATUS 2 M-F detector (Dectris), respectively. Anomalous data were collected at the absorption edge of manganese (1.896 Å). Integration and scaling was performed using XDS (Kabsch, 1993) and data were further processed with CCP4 programs (CCP4, 1994). Phases were obtained by molecular replacement in Phaser (McCoy et al., 2007). For the ternary complex EleNRMT- Nb1-Nb2, the refined cryoEM structure was used as search model for the respective datasets. Structures were refined in PHENIX (Liebschner et al., 2019) maintaining tight coordinate restraints and models were inspected and modified in Coot (Emsley and Cowtan, 2004).

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) through the National Centre of Competence in Research TransCure. We thank Dr. Nicolas Reyes for his help with the identification of positions for thermostabilization of EleNRMT and Dr. Marta Sawicka for input in cryo-EM and help during initial sample characterization. Nanobodies were generated with the help of the Nanobody Service Facility of UZH with the help of Dr. Sasa Stefanic. The assistance of Yvonne Neldner during library generation is acknowledged. The cryo-electron microscope and K3-camera were acquired with support of the Baugarten and Schwyzer-Winiker foundations and a Requip grant of the Swiss National Science Foundation. We thank Simona Sorrentino and the Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis (ZMB) of the University of Zurich for their support and access to the electron microscope and Beat Blattmann of the Protein Crystallization Center of the Department of Biochemistry for help with crystallization screening. X-ray data were collected at the X06SA and X06DA Beamlines at the Swiss Light Source of the Paul Scherrer Institute. All members of the Dutzler lab are acknowledged for help in various stages of the project.

Funding Statement

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Contributor Information

Raimund Dutzler, Email: dutzler@bioc.uzh.ch.

Cristina Manatschal, Email: c.manatschal@bioc.uzh.ch.

Randy B Stockbridge, University of Michigan, United States.

Kenton J Swartz, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, United States.

Funding Information

This paper was supported by the following grant:

  • Swiss National Science Foundation NCCR TransCure to Raimund Dutzler.

Additional information

Competing interests

No competing interests declared.

Author contributions

Cloned, expressed and purified proteins, performed transport assays, prepared samples for X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, processed cryo-EM data and built models, collected and processed ITC and X-ray data., Collected and processed ITC and X-ray data., Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing.

Collected cryo-EM data., Investigation, Methodology, Writing - review and editing.

Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing.

Collected and processed ITC and X-ray data., Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing.

Additional files

Transparent reporting form
Source data 1. Sequences, transport assays, ITC data, chromatograms, gels.
elife-74589-supp1.zip (10.9MB, zip)

Data availability

The cryo-EM density maps of the EleNRM-Nb complex in absence and presence of Mg2+ have been deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank under ID codes EMD-13985 and EMD-13987, respectively. The coordinates for the atomic model of the EleNRM-Nb complex in absence of Mg2+ refined against the 3.4 Å cryo-EM density and the coordinates of the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complex in presence of Mg2+ refined against the 4.1 Å cryo-EM density have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under ID codes 7QIA and 7QIC. The coordinates and structure factors of the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complexes in Mg2+ and Mn2+ have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with the accession codes 7QJI and 7QJJ. Source data files have been provided for Figures 1, Figure 1-figure supplement 1, Figure 2, Figure 2-figure supplement 1, Figure 3, Figure 2-figure supplement 2, Figure 4, Figure 4-figure supplement 1, Figure 8.

The following dataset was generated:

Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Structure of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 3.5A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank.

Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Cryo-EM map of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 3.5A. EMDataResource. 13985

Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Structure of magnesium-bound EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 4.1A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank.

Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Cryo-EM map of magnesium-bound EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 4.1A. EMDataResource. 13987

Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2022. X-Ray Structure of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two Nanobodies at 4.1A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank. 10.2210/pdb7QJI/pdb.

Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2022. X-Ray Structure of a Mn2+ soak of EleNRMT in complex with two Nanobodies at 4.6A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank. 10.2210/pdb7QJJ/pdb.

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Editor's evaluation

Randy B Stockbridge 1

This work elegantly fuses cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography, and in vitro transport experiments to describe the structural basis for functional diversity in the SLC11/NRAMP family of membrane transporters. This work identifies factors responsible for selectivity of classical NRAMPS for transition metal ions (Fe, Mn) and the NRMT clade for alkali metal ion (Mg). Although selectivity is much discussed in transport of divalent metal ions, this is an outstanding example of a study that gets to the bottom of the structural determinants governing this behavior.

Decision letter

Editor: Randy B Stockbridge1
Reviewed by: Randy B Stockbridge2, Motoyuki Hattori3

Our editorial process produces two outputs: (i) public reviews designed to be posted alongside the preprint for the benefit of readers; (ii) feedback on the manuscript for the authors, including requests for revisions, shown below. We also include an acceptance summary that explains what the editors found interesting or important about the work.

Decision letter after peer review:

Thank you for submitting your article "Structural and functional properties of a magnesium transporter of the SLC11/NRAMP family" for consideration by eLife. Your article has been reviewed by 3 peer reviewers, including Randy B Stockbridge as Reviewing Editor and Reviewer #1, and the evaluation has been overseen by Kenton Swartz as the Senior Editor. The following individual involved in review of your submission has agreed to reveal their identity: Motoyuki Hattori (Reviewer #2).

The reviewers have discussed their reviews with one another, and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this to help you prepare a revised submission.

Essential revisions:

1) A valinomycin/K+ gradient was used to establish a membrane potential for the transport assays. The exact magnitude of the K+ gradient in each assay is not clearly stated, but it appears that the K+ gradient may differ between the proton- and metal-uptake assays. Since membrane potential is known to influence transport by the NRAMPs, the manuscript should be revised to include the reasoning for applying a membrane potential in the main text, and to clearly describe the K+ gradients used in the methods. In addition, an extra control experiment should be performed to show that manganese/magnesium uptake occurs when the external K+ concentration is matched to that used for the proton uptake assays.

2) Since the applied membrane potential might drive non-specific substrate leak, no-protein controls should be shown for the highest concentrations of each substrate.

3) The reviewers are not fully convinced that the data support the conclusion that substitution of Trp for His is the sole determinant for proton coupling. It may be of interest to test a mutation at this site. However, if the authors choose not to do this, a more robust discussion of the proton transport pathway and a more tentative conclusion about the His to Trp change is warranted.

4) The reviewers had several suggestions for clarity of data presentation (described in the "Recommendations for authors"). These should be addressed.

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors):

1) A valinomycin/K+ gradient was used to establish a membrane potential in the transport assays. This aspect of the assay was only mentioned in the methods, and should be mentioned/discussed in the main text as well. Was this maneuver necessary for assay sensitivity (to drive accumulation of higher substrate concentrations for detection), or was it necessary for transport (to drive substrate translocation over an energy barrier?).

From the methods, it appears that the external K+ concentration in the uptake experiments is determined by the dilution of the proteoliposomes into the assay buffer, and liposomes were diluted to different extents for metal and proton uptake assays, ~6-fold difference. Assuming I understand the various dilutions correctly, the applied membrane potential driving force is likely reduced by ~50 mV in the proton-detection assays compared to the metal-detection assays. It has been shown that some NRAMPs have a fairly strong dependence on the membrane potential, such that a 50 mV change could impact the observation of transport (Bozzi et al., 2019, JGP 151: 1413-1429.) This loose end should be tied up by simply showing that manganese/magnesium uptake occurs when the external K+ concentration is matched to that used for the proton uptake assays.

2) Divalent metals are occasionally known to leak nonspecifically across liposomal membranes, and this would be enhanced under the conditions of these metal transport assays, in which a K+ gradient/valinomycin is used to drive uptake of the divalent metal ions into the liposomes. Therefore, it is important to show a no-protein control, at least at the highest concentrations of permeant substrate. Such controls were only shown for the proton uptake assays (which were negative results anyway).

3) At least in my rendering of the figures, for panels 2D, 4D, 4F, the datapoints for some datasets can't be seen because they are behind the shaded error envelope for another dataset. Even though the point is taken that these datasets are similar to each other, it's important to see the datapoints. Could this be visualized in some other way?

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors):

1. I understand that Trp229 in EleNRMT may account for proton-independent metal transport by EleNRMT. In this case, how does the transport cycle including the transition from the inward-facing to the outward-facing occur? Do the authors have any idea or speculation?

2. Page 5. "The uptake of Mg2+ into cells is thus accomplished by few selective transport systems (Payandeh et al., 2013) that include the bacterial proteins CorA (Lunin et al., 2006), CorC (Huang et al., 2021), MgtE (Tanaka et al., 2007) and their eukaryotic homologues (Schaffers et al., 2018; Schweigel-Rontgen and Kolisek, 2014), the TRP channel TRPM7 (Huang et al., 2020b) and Mg2+-selective P-type pumps (Maguire, 1992)."

The citation on MgtE (Tanaka et al., 2007) is a crystallization paper. I highly recommend the authors to correct the citation to the article on the MgtE structure (PMID: 17700703).

3. Page 16. "Finally, by replacing Gly 88 to asparagine in the background of the T224A mutant, we create an EleNRMT construct with a similar binding site signature as the EcoDMT mutant M235A, which showed increased ca2+ permeability."

This is a typo. It should be Gly58, not Gly 88.

4. Page 16. "In line with the pronounced effect already observed for T224A (Figure 8D, E), we see a further reduction of Mn2+ transport in the double mutant T224A/G88N (Figure 8H)."

This is a typo. It should be G58N, not G88N.

5. This is not a specific recommendation or request. Do the nobodies affect the transport activity of EleNRMT? This is just out of curiosity.

Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors):

Despite my overall enthusiasm for the rigor of the work, there are a number of improvements that could be made in the presentation of data.

Although the arguments about changes at the ion binding site are compelling and logical, the depiction of densities and atomic coordination at this site are somewhat ineffective. The ion site is only shown in detail in Figure 5 Suppl 5 D and E. These figures compare apo and Mg-bound structures, but their differing orientations makes comparison difficult. The site is quite faded in both panels and it is not very easy to evaluate the presence/absence of Mg-associated density. This legend is misleading in referring to "X-ray structures of EleNRMT" whereas the figure actually illustrates both X-ray and cryo-EM structures.

In Figure 7, the authors try to illustrate a 1.5 A shift in the site that contributes to expansion of the ion binding site, but again this is ineffective. The molecular surface shown in the insets do not help me very much. Importantly, it is not clear which structure was used for this depiction. If the cryo-EM structure of the apo state has been used, which is likely given the higher resolution, then it is possible that the site has relaxed due to the absence of the ion, as can be been seen in apo structures of the NRAMPS.

The coordination of the hydrated Mg ion is finally depicted in Figure 9C, but again is difficult to appreciate from this rendering. I think that removal of the molecular surface and display of all the atomcs surrounding this site might make it easier to evaluate. It is not clear what panels E and F are trying to illustrate or the origin of the surface: is it based on model or map densities?

In Figure 6, the perspective and shadowing of the space-filling model in panel C could be improved. The authors should consider using a program like HOLLOW or HOLE or CAVER to produce an surface illustrating for the water-filled cavity. The text states that there is comparison of EleNRMT with both ScaDMT and DraNRAMP, but it appears that only ScaDMT is shown. Given the multiple structures of ScaDMT in the PDB, it would be very useful to identify the PDB code used for this figure. The color scheme is very muted and there is a strong fog on the perspective which makes lowers the visual impact of the comparison.

In Figure 7, the proton transport pathway is addressed in panels D and E by comparing structures of EleNRMT and ScaDMT. Although the functional data clearly show the lack of proton coupling in EleNRMT, this structural explanation not so convincing. It is not clear that the proposed proton pathway for NRAMPS is so specific that the authors conclusion about the replacement of His228 with a Trp is clear cut. Previous work from Bozzi et al., show effects of many site mutants on cell-based uptake, but no in vitro proton coupling assays. This issue seems complex and deserves further discussion and perhaps mutational data to support the critical importance of this His residue. Again, the PDB code for ScaDMT would be helpful.

Finally, for Figure 1, it would be nice to identify the various homologs that are discussed in the text to help the reader follow the discussion.

eLife. 2022 Jan 10;11:e74589. doi: 10.7554/eLife.74589.sa2

Author response


Essential revisions:

1) A valinomycin/K+ gradient was used to establish a membrane potential for the transport assays. The exact magnitude of the K+ gradient in each assay is not clearly stated, but it appears that the K+ gradient may differ between the proton- and metal-uptake assays. Since membrane potential is known to influence transport by the NRAMPs, the manuscript should be revised to include the reasoning for applying a membrane potential in the main text, and to clearly describe the K+ gradients used in the methods. In addition, an extra control experiment should be performed to show that manganese/magnesium uptake occurs when the external K+ concentration is matched to that used for the proton uptake assays.

The negative membrane potential in our transport experiments was applied to increase the sensitivity of the assays as illustrated in Author response image 1 for Mn2+ transport mediated by EcoDMT. As shown, the application of a membrane potential of -118 mV, which was established in response to the addition of valinomycin to liposomes suspended in solutions establishing a 100-fold K+ gradient (with liposomes containing 100 mM KCl on their inside and 1 mM on their outside) enhances transport and increases the apparent Km. We use an equivalent protocol for all transport experiments shown in our manuscript irrespective of the monitored substrate. Hence, experiments assaying metal ion transport and those that monitor H+ transport were performed with the same membrane potential applied. In all cases, this was achieved by diluting a proteoliposome stock solution suspended in 100 mM KCl at a ratio of 1:100 into a solution containing 100 mM NaCl.

Author response image 1. Voltage dependence of Mn2+ transport by EcoDMT.

Author response image 1.

a, Mn2+ transport assayed at a membrane potential of 0 mV. b, Mn2+ transport assayed at a membrane potential of -118 mV. a, b Mn2+ uptake into proteoliposomes was monitored by the quenching of calcein trapped inside the liposomes. Traces measured with indicated Mn2+ concentrations added to the outside are shown in unique colors.

To better emphasize this point, we added the reasoning for applying a membrane potential in the Results section and clarified the protocol of liposome preparation for the assays in the methods section.

Line 134-142

“All transport experiments were carried out in in presence of a 100-fold outwardly directed K+ gradient, which after addition of the ionophore valinomycin establishes a membrane potential of -118 mV, to enhance the sensitivity of the applied assays.”

Line 668-674

“The proteoliposomes at a concentration of 25 mg/ml were subsequently diluted 1 to 100 to a final concentration of 0.25 mg/ml in buffer OUT (100 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH7) and aliquoted in 100 μl batches into a 96-well plate (ThermoFischer Scientific) and the fluorescence was measured every 4 seconds using a Tecan Infinite M1000 fluorimeter. A negative membrane potential of -118 mV was established after addition of valinomycin to a final concentration of 100 nM as a consequence of the 100-fold outwardly directed K+ gradient.”

2) Since the applied membrane potential might drive non-specific substrate leak, no-protein controls should be shown for the highest concentrations of each substrate.

There is no detectable non-specific substrate leak into liposomes not containing protein. We have added the respective no-protein controls for the highest concentrations of each substrate (400 μM Mn2+, 2 mM ca2+ and 5 mM Mg2+) as Figure 2—figure supplement 1.

3) The reviewers are not fully convinced that the data support the conclusion that substitution of Trp for His is the sole determinant for proton coupling. It may be of interest to test a mutation at this site. However, if the authors choose not to do this, a more robust discussion of the proton transport pathway and a more tentative conclusion about the His to Trp change is warranted.

Our transport assay demonstrated the absence of H+ transport in EleNRMT and we have correlated this observation to structural features that were previously proposed to be connected to H+ transport in pro- and eukaryotic SLC11 family members, which are all absent in EleNRMT. It was not our intention to speculate on the mechanism of H+ transport in classical H+-coupled family members as this is not the subject of our study. In no way we did want to imply that the single replacement of the mentioned tryptophane (TRP 229) located on α-helix 6 for a histidine would restore H+ transport, particularly since our study has shown that a change in selectivity can generally not be accomplished by a single point mutation in the protein.

To clarify this point we have reworded the paragraph in the results:

Line 311-322:

“Proton transport in classical NRAMP transporters was proposed to be linked to structural features extending from the ion binding site (Bozzi et al., 2019a; Bozzi et al., 2020; Bozzi et al., 2019b; Ehrnstorfer et al., 2017; Mackenzie et al., 2006; Pujol-Gimenez et al., 2017). These include the conserved aspartate involved in the coordination of metal ions, two conserved histidines on α-helix 6b downstream of the binding site methionine and a continuous path of acidic and basic residues on α-helices 3 and 9 surrounding a narrow aqueous cavity, which together appear to constitute an intracellular H+ release pathway. Apart from the binding site aspartate (Asp 55) and glutamate on α-helix 3 (Glu 133) close to the metal ion binding site, all other positions in EleNRMT are altered to residues that cannot accept protons. The two histidines on α-helix 6b are substituted by a tryptophane and an asparagine, respectively, and the polar pathway residues on α-helix 3 and 9 are replaced by hydrophobic residues and a threonine (Figure 7B, D. Figure 3—figure supplement 1B).”

4) The reviewers had several suggestions for clarity of data presentation (described in the "Recommendations for authors"). These should be addressed.

We have addressed all suggestions below and, where appropriate, introduced corresponding changes to our manuscript.

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors):

1) A valinomycin/K+ gradient was used to establish a membrane potential in the transport assays. This aspect of the assay was only mentioned in the methods, and should be mentioned/discussed in the main text as well. Was this maneuver necessary for assay sensitivity (to drive accumulation of higher substrate concentrations for detection), or was it necessary for transport (to drive substrate translocation over an energy barrier?).

The established membrane potential was applied to increase assay sensitivity. This is now clarified in the results (see essential reviews point 1).

From the methods, it appears that the external K+ concentration in the uptake experiments is determined by the dilution of the proteoliposomes into the assay buffer, and liposomes were diluted to different extents for metal and proton uptake assays, ~6-fold difference. Assuming I understand the various dilutions correctly, the applied membrane potential driving force is likely reduced by ~50 mV in the proton-detection assays compared to the metal-detection assays. It has been shown that some NRAMPs have a fairly strong dependence on the membrane potential, such that a 50 mV change could impact the observation of transport (Bozzi et al., 2019, JGP 151: 1413-1429.) This loose end should be tied up by simply showing that manganese/magnesium uptake occurs when the external K+ concentration is matched to that used for the proton uptake assays.

The same membrane potential (-118 mV) was applied in all experiments. This is clarified in the results and the methods of our revision (see essential reviews point 1).

2) Divalent metals are occasionally known to leak nonspecifically across liposomal membranes, and this would be enhanced under the conditions of these metal transport assays, in which a K+ gradient/valinomycin is used to drive uptake of the divalent metal ions into the liposomes. Therefore, it is important to show a no-protein control, at least at the highest concentrations of permeant substrate. Such controls were only shown for the proton uptake assays (which were negative results anyway).

We are now showing the non-specific background for metal ion transport, which is in all cases negligible (see essential reviews point 2).

3) At least in my rendering of the figures, for panels 2D, 4D, 4F, the datapoints for some datasets can't be seen because they are behind the shaded error envelope for another dataset. Even though the point is taken that these datasets are similar to each other, it's important to see the datapoints. Could this be visualized in some other way?

We have tried to change this by moving the mean values to the front and the errors to the back. In that way we hope that we have allowed a better view of all measurements. However, some overlap is unavoidable in cases where different conditions do not affect transport. The indicated panels were replaced in our revised manuscript.

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors):

1. I understand that Trp229 in EleNRMT may account for proton-independent metal transport by EleNRMT. In this case, how does the transport cycle including the transition from the inward-facing to the outward-facing occur? Do the authors have any idea or speculation?

It is common that representatives of transport proteins sharing the same general fold include secondary-active and uncoupled transporters. Examples for this behavior has been found for transporters of the major-facilitator superfamily, ones that share an UraA-like fold and also for proteins sharing a LeuT fold that include members of the SLC11/NRAMP family. In all cases, coupled and uncoupled transporters undergo equivalent conformational transitions, which in case of the SLC11 family are illustrated in different structures showing inward- occluded and outward-facing conformations. In case of an uncoupled transporter, the protein is able to sample these conformations irrespectively of whether its binding site is occupied. In contrast, in coupled transporters certain transitions are energetically unfavorable, such as that of a partially loaded transporter in symporters and of an unloaded transporter in case of exchangers.

In this respect it is noteworthy that a lose coupling of Fe2+ transport to protons has been proposed for the human transporter DMT1 based on electrophysiology (Mackenzie et al., 2006). In this case the transporter would also be able to change its conformations in a partially loaded state, which would be highly unfavorable in case of a strictly coupled symporter. As detailed above, we do not want to imply that the His replacing Trp229 in H+ coupled family members would be the only feature conferring H+ coupling as discussed in detail before. Homology models of EleNRMT in occluded and outward-facing conformations, where Trp 229 would be buried in the protein, do not show any indication of steric hindrance by this bulky sidechain.

2. Page 5. "The uptake of Mg2+ into cells is thus accomplished by few selective transport systems (Payandeh et al., 2013) that include the bacterial proteins CorA (Lunin et al., 2006), CorC (Huang et al., 2021), MgtE (Tanaka et al., 2007) and their eukaryotic homologues (Schaffers et al., 2018; Schweigel-Rontgen and Kolisek, 2014), the TRP channel TRPM7 (Huang et al., 2020b) and Mg2+-selective P-type pumps (Maguire, 1992)."

The citation on MgtE (Tanaka et al., 2007) is a crystallization paper. I highly recommend the authors to correct the citation to the article on the MgtE structure (PMID: 17700703).

We thank the reviewer for the note. We changed the citation accordingly.

3. Page 16. "Finally, by replacing Gly 88 to asparagine in the background of the T224A mutant, we create an EleNRMT construct with a similar binding site signature as the EcoDMT mutant M235A, which showed increased ca2+ permeability."

This is a typo. It should be Gly58, not Gly 88.

We have corrected the typo.

4. Page 16. "In line with the pronounced effect already observed for T224A (Figure 8D, E), we see a further reduction of Mn2+ transport in the double mutant T224A/G88N (Figure 8H)."

This is a typo. It should be G58N, not G88N.

We have corrected the typo.

5. This is not a specific recommendation or request. Do the nobodies affect the transport activity of EleNRMT? This is just out of curiosity.

We have investigated the effect of one of the two nanobodies, Nb1, on Mn2+ transport of EleNRMT. When added to the outside of proteoliposomes, Nb1 indeed inhibits Mn2+ transport in a concentration-dependent manner. However, in this case transport is not fully inhibited and saturates at about half of the maximum transport activity (Author response image 2a). Complete inhibition can be achieved by adding Nb1 to both sides of the proteoliposomes (Author response image 2b). Knowing that Nb1 binds to the extracellular side of EleNRMT, these results reflect the about equal distribution of transporters in inside-out an outside-out configurations.

Author response image 2. Inhibition of EleNRMT mediated Mg2+ transport by Nb1.

Author response image 2.

a, Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes containing EleNRMT upon addition of indicated concentrations of Nb1 to the outside. b, Mn2+ transport into proteoliposomes containing EleNRMT upon addition of indicated concentrations of Nb1 added to both sides of the liposome. Partial inhibition reflects the about equal distribution of orientation of EleNRMT within the liposomes.

Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors):

Despite my overall enthusiasm for the rigor of the work, there are a number of improvements that could be made in the presentation of data.

Although the arguments about changes at the ion binding site are compelling and logical, the depiction of densities and atomic coordination at this site are somewhat ineffective. The ion site is only shown in detail in Figure 5 Suppl 5 D and E. These figures compare apo and Mg-bound structures, but their differing orientations makes comparison difficult. The site is quite faded in both panels and it is not very easy to evaluate the presence/absence of Mg-associated density. This legend is misleading in referring to "X-ray structures of EleNRMT" whereas the figure actually illustrates both X-ray and cryo-EM structures.

We want to emphasize that we do not have any evidence for changes in the protein structure as a consequence of ion binding, as judged from a comparison of the cryo-EM structures of EleNRMT with and without addition of Mg2+. Similarly, the X-ray structures obtained in Mg2+ and Mn2+ do not show evidence for an altered backbone structure, although the limited resolution in these cases prohibited a detailed interpretation of sidechain conformations. This behavior resembles the case of ScaDMT, where the inward-facing structure of the protein did not show pronounced changes in its conformation irrespective of the binding of Mn2+. In all cases, it should be emphasized that smaller changes in side-chain orientation would not be detected at the comparably low resolution of the data. In that respect, we consider the anomalous density of Mn2+ in the X-ray structure as the strongest proof for metal ion binding at the described site. This density is shown in Figure 5C. We wanted to report about residual density in the cryo-EM structures, which are found at similar location as the observed Mn2+ position, as we consider it of potential relevance for Mg2+ binding. However, it should be emphasized that the experimental datasets at this resolution do not permit to draw definite conclusions and we thus decided to show this density as panels in Figure 5—figure supplement 5D and E. In these panels we wanted to emphasize the location of residual density (indicated by red and light green spheres) compared to the Mn2+ position (displayed as black spheres) rather than the coordination by surrounding residues, which were displayed to show the general features of the map.

In our revised manuscript we have replaced the panels of Figure 5—figure supplement 5 D and E to show both densities in the same orientation and labeled specific residues. We also changed the title of the figure to:

X-ray structures of EleNRMT-nanobody complexes in presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+ and comparison to cryo-EM structures.

In Figure 7, the authors try to illustrate a 1.5 A shift in the site that contributes to expansion of the ion binding site, but again this is ineffective. The molecular surface shown in the insets do not help me very much. Importantly, it is not clear which structure was used for this depiction. If the cryo-EM structure of the apo state has been used, which is likely given the higher resolution, then it is possible that the site has relaxed due to the absence of the ion, as can be been seen in apo structures of the NRAMPS.

The difference in the backbone structure between ScaDMT and EleNRMT is difficult to visualize since it consists of small delocalized changes over the entire binding site. We have tried to better illustrate this in our revision of Figure 7A where we now show two orientations. We have also altered the coloring of the insets in Figure 7B, C. The point we want to make here is that the bound ion in EleNRMT is located within the aqueous cavity, whereas it is surrounded by interacting protein chains in ScaDMT and thus located outside of the wide cavity, which should be obvious from the figure panels. We have also added the following sentence to the legend:

Line 1281-1283:

“Whereas the ion in EleNRMT is located inside the aqueous cavity, its location in ScaDMT is outside of the cavity, tightly surrounded by coordinating residues.”

As mentioned above, there are no appreciable differences between both cryo-EM structures and no relaxation of the site has been observed. Similarly, we did not observe any appreciable differences at the resolution of the data between the structures of ScaDMT in presence and absence of Mn2+.

The coordination of the hydrated Mg ion is finally depicted in Figure 9C, but again is difficult to appreciate from this rendering. I think that removal of the molecular surface and display of all the atomcs surrounding this site might make it easier to evaluate. It is not clear what panels E and F are trying to illustrate or the origin of the surface: is it based on model or map densities?

We want to emphasize that Figure 9C is a discussion figure that shows a plausible model where the Mg2+ ion was placed at the position of Mn2+ identified in the anomalous difference map and the water atoms were modeled based on an ideal octahedral conformation of hydrated Mg2+. Panels E and F depict a hypothetical model of an occluded conformation of EleNRMT that was constructed based on the structure of the corresponding conformation of DraNRAMP. The point we want to make is that, also in an occluded state, the ion binding site seems large enough to accommodate a hydrated Mg2+ ion.

In our revised manuscript, we have removed the surface in Figure 9C and clarified that the pocket in Figure E and F originate from a hypothetical model.

In Figure 6, the perspective and shadowing of the space-filling model in panel C could be improved. The authors should consider using a program like HOLLOW or HOLE or CAVER to produce an surface illustrating for the water-filled cavity. The text states that there is comparison of EleNRMT with both ScaDMT and DraNRAMP, but it appears that only ScaDMT is shown. Given the multiple structures of ScaDMT in the PDB, it would be very useful to identify the PDB code used for this figure. The color scheme is very muted and there is a strong fog on the perspective which makes lowers the visual impact of the comparison.

We have replaced Figure 6C with ribbon representations of the molecule where only the water-filled cavity accessing the binding site is depicted as surface representation. The figure shows a comparison with ScaDMT and the corresponding PDB code was added to the legend. We have tried different presentations for the superposition shown in Figure 6B and think that the current illustration yielded the best impression of the structural similarity between displayed molecules. In our view a change in the coloring of ScaDMT and a decrease of the depth would make a distinction even more difficult. The panel should make the point that EleNRMT and ScaDMT both adopt and inward-facing conformation. It is not intended to show the detailed difference in each of the aligned helices.

In Figure 7, the proton transport pathway is addressed in panels D and E by comparing structures of EleNRMT and ScaDMT. Although the functional data clearly show the lack of proton coupling in EleNRMT, this structural explanation not so convincing. It is not clear that the proposed proton pathway for NRAMPS is so specific that the authors conclusion about the replacement of His228 with a Trp is clear cut. Previous work from Bozzi et al., show effects of many site mutants on cell-based uptake, but no in vitro proton coupling assays. This issue seems complex and deserves further discussion and perhaps mutational data to support the critical importance of this His residue. Again, the PDB code for ScaDMT would be helpful.

See detailed comment in our response to essential revisions point 3. Our work does not aim to address the H+ coupling mechanism of classical NRAMP transporters. Instead, we are comparing conserved residues in NRAMP transporters that were previously suggested to participate in H+ transport, to their corresponding positions in EleNRMT. All relevant studies are referred to in our manuscript. It is remarkable that nearly all of the referred residues are altered in EleNRMT. As also illustrated in panels 7D and E we never intended to reduce the capability of H+ transport to the presence of a single residue.

Finally, for Figure 1, it would be nice to identify the various homologs that are discussed in the text to help the reader follow the discussion.

In our revised manuscript, we have labeled the described homologs in the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 1.

References

Bozzi, A.T., L.B. Bane, C.M. Zimanyi, and R. Gaudet. 2019a. Unique structural features in an Nramp metal transporter impart substrate-specific proton cotransport and a kinetic bias to favor import. J Gen Physiol. 151:1413-1429.

Bozzi, A.T., A.L. McCabe, B.C. Barnett, and R. Gaudet. 2020. Transmembrane helix 6b links proton and metal release pathways and drives conformational change in an Nramp-family transition metal transporter. J Biol Chem. 295:1212-1224.

Bozzi, A.T., C.M. Zimanyi, J.M. Nicoludis, B.K. Lee, C.H. Zhang, and R. Gaudet. 2019b. Structures in multiple conformations reveal distinct transition metal and proton pathways in an Nramp transporter. eLife. 8.

Ehrnstorfer, I.A., C. Manatschal, F.M. Arnold, J. Laederach, and R. Dutzler. 2017. Structural and mechanistic basis of proton-coupled metal ion transport in the SLC11/NRAMP family. Nat Commun. 8:14033.

Hattori, M., R.E. Hibbs, and E. Gouaux. 2012. A fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography-based thermostability assay for membrane protein precrystallization screening. Structure. 20:1293-1299.

Mackenzie, B., M.L. Ujwal, M.H. Chang, M.F. Romero, and M.A. Hediger. 2006. Divalent metal-ion transporter DMT1 mediates both H+ -coupled Fe2+ transport and uncoupled fluxes. Pflugers Arch. 451:544-558.

Pujol-Gimenez, J., M.A. Hediger, and G. Gyimesi. 2017. A novel proton transfer mechanism in the SLC11 family of divalent metal ion transporters. Sci Rep. 7:6194.

Associated Data

    This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

    Data Citations

    1. Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Structure of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 3.5A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank. [DOI]
    2. Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Cryo-EM map of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 3.5A. EMDataResource. 13985
    3. Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Structure of magnesium-bound EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 4.1A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank. [DOI]
    4. Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Cryo-EM map of magnesium-bound EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 4.1A. EMDataResource. 13987
    5. Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2022. X-Ray Structure of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two Nanobodies at 4.1A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank. 10.2210/pdb7QJI/pdb.
    6. Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2022. X-Ray Structure of a Mn2+ soak of EleNRMT in complex with two Nanobodies at 4.6A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank. 10.2210/pdb7QJJ/pdb.

    Supplementary Materials

    Transparent reporting form
    Source data 1. Sequences, transport assays, ITC data, chromatograms, gels.
    elife-74589-supp1.zip (10.9MB, zip)

    Data Availability Statement

    The cryo-EM density maps of the EleNRM-Nb complex in absence and presence of Mg2+ have been deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank under ID codes EMD-13985 and EMD-13987, respectively. The coordinates for the atomic model of the EleNRM-Nb complex in absence of Mg2+ refined against the 3.4 Å cryo-EM density and the coordinates of the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complex in presence of Mg2+ refined against the 4.1 Å cryo-EM density have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under ID codes 7QIA and 7QIC. The coordinates and structure factors of the EleNRMTts-Nb1,2 complexes in Mg2+ and Mn2+ have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with the accession codes 7QJI and 7QJJ. Source data files have been provided for Figures 1, Figure 1-figure supplement 1, Figure 2, Figure 2-figure supplement 1, Figure 3, Figure 2-figure supplement 2, Figure 4, Figure 4-figure supplement 1, Figure 8.

    The following dataset was generated:

    Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Structure of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 3.5A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank.

    Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Cryo-EM map of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 3.5A. EMDataResource. 13985

    Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Structure of magnesium-bound EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 4.1A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank.

    Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2021. Cryo-EM map of magnesium-bound EleNRMT in complex with two nanobodies at 4.1A. EMDataResource. 13987

    Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2022. X-Ray Structure of apo-EleNRMT in complex with two Nanobodies at 4.1A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank. 10.2210/pdb7QJI/pdb.

    Ramanadane K, Straub MS, Dutzler R, Manatschal C. 2022. X-Ray Structure of a Mn2+ soak of EleNRMT in complex with two Nanobodies at 4.6A. Worldwide Protein Data Bank. 10.2210/pdb7QJJ/pdb.


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