Table 1.

Treatment technologies for water-borne contaminants

Water-borne contaminants	Treatment technologies
Heavy metals	Chemical precipitation
Settleable solids	Sedimentation Screen filter Sand filtration
Iron and manganese	Chemical oxidation Biological filters
Arsenic	Ion exchange Chemical precipitation and Activated carbon adsorption Membrane filtration
Organic compounds	Chemical oxidation Activated carbon adsorption
Nitrogen compounds	Stripping (suited for ammonia only) Ion exchange Membrane filtration and Biological filters
Salinity	Thermal processes (e.g., solar still) Dilution with rainwater Ion exchange Membrane filtration
Colloids	Coagulation and flocculation
Fecal bacteria	disinfection
Cyanobacteria [or another type of algal bloom)	Chemical oxidation Coagulation flocculation Sand filtration Micro-screen filter