Abstract
This works presents information on the diversity of the Tabanidae of Honduras as a product of the examination of 386 specimens and a literature review. Thirteen species and two genera (Bolbodimyia and Dasychela) are recorded from the country for the first time. Eighty-five species distributed in 22 genera, five tribes, and three subfamilies are now known from Honduras. A key to the subfamilies, tribes, and genera of the known Honduran species is also included. All new records are mapped and illustrated to aid in the identification of the species.
Keywords: Central America, diversity, horse flies, tabanids, taxonomy
Introduction
Tabanidae is a family of Diptera that includes flies considered of medical and veterinary importance due to the blood sucking habits of the adults. Currently the group contains around 4,400 species worldwide (Pape et al. 2011). The Neotropical region has the highest diversity, with approximately 1,205 species and about 28% of the global fauna (Henriques et al. 2012), but many its areas continue to be unexplored.
The best known tabanid faunas in Central America are those of Costa Rica and Panama thanks in big part to the works of Fairchild (1961), Hogue and Fairchild (1974), Fairchild (1986), and Burger (2002). Currently, 146 species of tabanids are known from Costa Rica (Borkent et al. 2018) and 152 from Panama (Fairchild 1986). For Honduras, few works deal with the diversity of horseflies in the country, i.e., Bequaert (1925), Root (1925), and James (1950). Coscarón and Papavero (2009), in their catalog for the neotropics, listed 70 species of Tabanidae from Honduras. Henriques (2016) added two additional species, Scionemaculipennis (Schiner) and Philipotabanusebrius (Osten Sacken), for a total of 72 species.
Honduran species diversity is poorly known for many groups. Linares and Orozco (2017) estimated that at least half of the insects in the country are known unknowns, species already described that are not recorded. This poor understanding of the diversity makes conducting ecological and conservation studies very difficult in the country.
This work presents for the first time an overview of the tabanids of Honduras. By nature, this is vastly incomplete as there are many more habitats to sample and collections to revise. In comparison, Costa Rica with less than half the size of Honduras has more than twice the number of known species of tabanids. The aims of this article are: 1) to present the new findings regarding the species diversity in the country, 2) to integrate the records on the tabanid fauna of Honduras scattered in the literature, 3) to provide an updated list of the species, and 4) to create a key for the genera of tabanids known in the country.
Methods
Material of Tabanidae deposited at the Insect Collection at Zamorano University (EAPZ) (Zamorano, Honduras) was examined. Fieldwork was done using H-traps (Egri et al. 2013), light traps, and an aerial net in several locations in Honduras. Specimens were studied under a Leica EZ4 stereo microscope using the keys provided by Bequaert (1931), Philip (1954), Fairchild and Philip (1960), Fairchild (1976), Wilkerson (1979), Fairchild (1983, 1986), Fairchild and Wilkerson (1986), Coscarón and González (1991), Burger (1996), Henriques (2006), Krolow et al. (2007), Burger (2009), Krolow and Henriques (2010), Turcatel et al. (2010), Carmo and Henriques (2019), and Turcatel (2019).
Distributional records were obtained from label data and from the literature.
A species distribution map was made for the new records using SimpleMappr (https://www.simplemappr.net/) and Microsoft Power Point v. 2112.
Photographs were taken using a Canon 100 mm lens mounted on a Canon Rebel T5i attached to a macro rail. Composite images were obtained using PICOLAY v. 2020–02–06 (http://www.picolay.de). Individual images were organized in plates in GIMP v. 2.10.24 (http://www.gimp.org).
Results and discussion
Eighteen genera and 47 species were found in the 386 specimens examined. Thirteen species and two genera are recorded for the first time (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Distribution map of new records of Tabanidae from Honduras.
With these new records Honduras has now a diversity of 85 species of horseflies (Table 1). This represents an increase of 15.3% compared to the previously known taxa (72 species) but it’s still a low number, and many more species are expected to be discovered in the future. Two additional species, Tabanusfemoralis Kröber from Escuela Agricola Panamericana Zamorano, Francisco Morazan, and Stypommisalerida (Fairchild) from 15 km west of La Ceiba, Atlántida, are recorded in GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/es/occurrence/3048772282 and https://www.gbif.org/es/occurrence/3385753663). Since this material was not examined, it is not included in the list, but the records are probably valid.
Table 1.
Species of Tabanidae from Honduras. Distributions according to Coscarón and Papavero (2009), except were indicated.
| Taxon | Distribution |
|---|---|
| CHRYSOPSINAE | |
| CHRYSOPSINI | |
| Chrysopssoror Kröber, 1925 | Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela |
| Chrysopsauroguttatus Kröber, 1930 | Mexico to Colombia |
| Chrysopslatifasciatus Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico to Nicaragua |
| Chrysopsmelaenus Hine, 1925 | Honduras (new record), Nicaragua, Costa Rica to Venezuela |
| Chrysopsmexicanus Kröber, 1926 | Mexico to Colombia |
| Chrysopspachycnemius Hine, 1905 | Mexico to Honduras |
| Chrysopsscalaratus Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico to Panama |
| Chrysopsvariegatus (De Geer, 1776) | Mexico to Argentina |
| Chrysopswillistoni Hine, 1925 | Mexico to Honduras |
| Silviusmelanopterus (Hine, 1905) | Mexico to Honduras |
| PANGONIINAE | |
| PANGONIINI | |
| Esenbeckiaillota (Williston, 1901) | Mexico to Honduras |
| Esenbeckiamejiai Fairchild, 1942 | Guatemala to Costa Rica |
| Esenbeckiaprasiniventris (Kröber, 1929) | Guatemala to Ecuador and Trinidad, Brazil |
| Esenbeckiatranslucens (Macquart, 1846) | Mexico to Peru and Brazil |
| Esenbeckiawiedemanni (Bellardi, 1859) | Mexico, Honduras (new record) |
| SCIONINI | |
| Fidenaflavipennis Kröber, 1931 | Mexico to Venezuela |
| Fidenarhinophora (Bellardi, 1859) | Mexico to Venezuela and Peru |
| Scioneaurulans (Wiedemann, 1830) | Mexico to Costa Rica |
| Scionemaculipennis (Schiner, 1868) | Honduras, Costa Rica to Venezuela, Ecuador* |
| TABANINAE | |
| DIACHLORINI | |
| Bolbodimyiaatrata (Hine, 1904) | USA, Mexico, Honduras (new record) |
| Bolbodimyiaerythrocephala (Bigot, 1892) | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador |
| Bolbodimyiagalindoi Fairchild, 1964 | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica to Colombia |
| Bolbodimyiaphilipi Stone, 1954 | Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia |
| Catachloropsbaliopterus Gorayeb, L. Bemúdez, E.M. Bermúdez & Villalba, 1989 | Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica |
| Catachloropsfulmineus (Hine, 1920) | Honduras to Panama, Colombia, Ecuador |
| Catachloropsscurrus (Fairchild, 1958) | Mexico to Panama |
| Chlorotabanusinanis (Fabricius, 1787) | Mexico to Peru and Brazil |
| Chlorotabanusmexicanus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Mexico to Ecuador, Brazil, Trinidad |
| Dasychelabadia (Kröber, 1931) | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama |
| Diachlorusferrugatus (Fabricius, 1805) | USA to Costa Rica, Bahamas Islands |
| Dichelaceracostaricana (Fairchild, 1941) | Honduras, Costa Rica |
| Dichelaceragrandis Philip, 1943 | Guatemala, Belize, Honduras |
| Dichelaceramarginata Macquart, 1847 | Honduras (New record), Nicaragua to Brazil and Peru |
| Dichelacerapulchroides Fairchild & Philip, 1960 | Mexico, Honduras |
| Dichelaceraregina Fairchild, 1940 | Honduras to Ecuador |
| Dichelacerascapularis Macquart, 1847 | Mexico to Panama |
| Dichelacerasubmarginata Lutz, 1915 | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica to Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia |
| Lepiselagacrassipes (Fabricius, 1805) | Mexico to Argentina |
| Leucotabanusexaestuans (Linnaeus, 1758) | Mexico to Bolivia, Argentina, and Trinidad |
| Leucotabanusnigriventris Kröber, 1931 | Mexico to Panama |
| Phaeotabanuslongiappendiculatus (Macquart, 1855) | Mexico to Panama |
| Philipotabanusebrius (Osten Sacken, 1886) | Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama* |
| Philipotabanuselviae (Fairchild, 1943) | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama |
| Philipotabanuskompi (Fairchild, 1943) | Belize, Honduras |
| Philipotabanusmagnificus (Kröber, 1934) | Honduras to Venezuela and Ecuador |
| Philipotabanusnigrinubilus (Fairchild, 1953) | Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador |
| Philipotabanusplenus (Hine, 1907) | Guatemala to Colombia |
| Rhabdotylusvenenatum (Osten Sacken, 1886) | Guatemala to Ecuador |
| Selasomatibiale (Fabricius, 1805) | Mexico to Argentina |
| Stenotabanusfulvistriatus (Hine, 1912) | Mexico to Panama |
| Stenotabanuslittoreus (Hine, 1907) | Mexico to Panama |
| Stenotabanusmaculifrons (Hine, 1907) | Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela. |
| Stibasomachionostigma (Osten Sacken, 1886) | Mexico to Colombia |
| Stibasomaflaviventris (Macquart, 1848) | Mexico to Brazil |
| Stibasomapanamense Curran, 1934 | Honduras to Ecuador and Venezuela |
| Stypommisacaptiroptera (Kröber, 1930) | Mexico to Guyana, Brazil, Paraguay |
| Stypommisachangena Fairchild, 1986 | Honduras (new record), Costa Rica, Panama |
| Stypommisau-nigrum Philip, 1977 | Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras |
| TABANINI | |
| Poeciloderasquadripunctatus (Fabricius, 1805) | Mexico to Argentina |
| Tabanusabattenuis Philip, 1969 | Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua |
| Tabanusbigoti Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela |
| Tabanusclaripennis (Bigot, 1892) | Honduras (new record), West Indies, Costa Rica to Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile |
| Tabanuscolombensis Macquart, 1846 | USA to Trinidad, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil |
| Tabanuscommixtus Walker, 1860 | Mexico to Venezuela, Hispaniola, Trinidad, Martinique |
| Tabanusdefilippii Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico to Panama |
| Tabanusdorsifer Walker, 1860 | USA, Mexico, Honduras |
| Tabanuserebus Osten Sacken, 1886 | Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama |
| Tabanusjilamensis Hine, 1925 | Honduras |
| Tabanusmorbosus Stone, 1938 | USA, Mexico to Panama |
| Tabanusnebulosus De Geer, 1776 | Belize, Honduras (New record), Costa Rica, Trinidad, Barbados to Brazil and Argentina |
| Tabanusoccidentalis Linnaeus, 1758 | Mexico to Argentina, Trinidad |
| Tabanusoculus Walker, 1848 | Mexico to Panama |
| Tabanuspicturatus Kröber, 1931 | Mexico, Belize, Honduras |
| Tabanuspolyphemus Fairchild, 1958 | Mexico to Colombia |
| Tabanuspruinosus Bigot, 1892 | USA to Panama |
| Tabanuspseudoculus Fairchild, 1942 | Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Trinidad |
| Tabanuspungens Wiedemann, 1828 | USA, Neotropics (except West Indies and Chile), Trinidad |
| Tabanusquinquepunctatus Hine, 1925 | Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama |
| Tabanussecundus Walker, 1848 | Guatemala to Peru, Surinam, and Paraguay |
| Tabanussubruber Bellardi, 1859 | Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras |
| Tabanusunipunctatus (Bigot, 1892) | Mexico to Colombia |
| Tabanusunistriatus Hine, 1906 | Guatemala to Ecuador |
| Tabanusvittigerssp.guatemalanus Hine, 1906 | USA, Bahamas, West Indies, Mexico to Surinam, French Guiana, and Brazil |
| Tabanusxenorhynchus Fairchild, 1947 | Guatemala to Panama |
| Tabanusyucatanus Townsend, 1897 | Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua |
* Distribution according to Henriques (2016).
New Tabanidae from Honduras
CHRYSOPSINAE
CHRYSOPSINI
. Chrysops melaenus
Hine, 1925
Figure 2.
New records of Tabanidae from Honduras AChrysopsmelaenus Hine (♀) B, CEsenbeckiawiedemanni (Bellardi) (♀, ♂) DBolbodimyiaatrata (Hine) (♂) EB.erythrocephala (Bigot) (♀). Scale bars: 2 mm.
Distribution.
Previously known from Nicaragua to Venezuela (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 1♂, Atlántida, RVS Cuero y Salado, Salado Barra, 15°46'02"N, 86°59'51"W, 2 m, 25.i.2000, R. Cave, R. Cordero and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ22.445. 1♂, El Paraíso, 5.3 km N Cifuentes, 14°05'48"N, 86°06'57"W, 13.vi.1999, R. Cave and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ69.749. 1♀, El Paraíso, Danlí, Cerro Apaguiz 14°00'27"N, 86°32'26"W, 20.ii.1988, R. Cordero leg.; EAPZ42.723. 1♀, Francisco Morazán, 32 km Tegucigalpa, El Zamorano, 14°01'N, 87°00'W , J. Cabezas leg.; EAPZ42.698.
PANGONIINAE
PANGONIINI
. Esenbeckia wiedemanni
(Bellardi, 1859)
Distribution.
Previously known exclusively from Mexico (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 1♂, 1♀, Francisco Morazán, Masicarán, Uyúca, 14°01'00"N, 87°05'00"W, 10–15.xi.2016, E. van den Berghe leg.; EAPZ42.764.
TABANINAE
DIACHLORINI
. Bolbodimyia atrata
(Hine, 1904)
Distribution.
Previously known from U.S.A. and Mexico (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 2♂♂, Olancho, El Murmullo, Sierra de Agalta, 15°01'00"N, 85°47'00"W, 28.vi.1997, R. Cave leg.; EAPZ69.815.
. Bolbodimyia erythrocephala
(Bigot, 1892)
Distribution.
Previously known from Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador (Coscarón and Papavero 2009), and Colombia (Wolff and Miranda-Esquivel 2016).
Material examined.
Honduras: 1♀, Yoro, Par. Nac. Pico Pijol, 15°13'00"N, 87°33'00"W, 22–23.vi.1998, R. Cave leg.; EAPZ42.652.
. Bolbodimyia galindoi
Fairchild, 1964
Figure 3.
New records of Tabanidae from Honduras. A, BBolbodimyiagalindoi Fairchild (♀, ♂) CB.philipi Stone (♂) DDasychelabadia (Kröber) (♀) EDichelaceramarginata Macquart (♀). Scale bars: 2 mm.
Distribution.
Previously known from Costa Rica to Colombia (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 1♂, 1♀, Atlántida, Par. Nac. Pico Bonito, Rio Zacate, 15°41'35"N, 86°55'58"W, 35 m, 5.iii.2000, R. Cave, R. Cordero and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ27.180.
. Bolbodimyia philipi
Stone, 1954
Distribution.
Previously known from Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 1♂, Atlántida, Cuero y Salado, Salado Barra, 15°46'02"N, 86°59'51"W, 2 m, 25.i.2000, R. Cave, R. Cordero and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ22.452.
. Dasychela badia
(Kröber, 1931)
Distribution.
Previously known from Costa Rica and Panama (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 23♀♀, Gracias a Dios, Ciudad Blanca, 15°14'47"N, 84°58'2"W, 250 m, 15–26.ii.2017, E. van den Berghe leg., light trap; EAPZ43.577.
. Dichelacera marginata
Macquart, 1847
Distribution.
Previously known from Nicaragua to Brazil and Peru (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 1♀, Olancho, El Murmullo, Sierra de Agalta, 15°01'00"N, 85°47'00"W, 28.vi.1997, R. Cave leg.; EAPZ44.214.
. Dichelacera submarginata
Lutz, 1915
Figure 4.
New records of Tabanidae from Honduras A, BDichelacerasubmarginata Lutz (♀, ♂) CPhilipotabanuselviae (Fairchild) (♀) DStypommisachangena Fairchild (♂) ETabanusclaripennis (Bigot) (♀) FT.nebulosus De Geer (♀). Scale bars: 2 mm.
Distribution.
Previously known from Costa Rica to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 1♀, Olancho, La Muralla, 15°04'56"N, 86°45'24"W, 26–30.iii.2013, O. Schlein leg.; EAPZ42.549. 1♂, Lempira, Par. Nac. Celaque, 14°28'46"N, 88°38'35"W, 1400 m, 27.iv.2018, E. van den Berghe leg.; EAPZ69.831. 1♂, Yoro, Par. Nac. Pico Pijol, Linda Vista, 15°10'35"N, 87°35'10"W, 1450 m, 21.iv.1999, R. Cave and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ42.829.
. Philipotabanus elviae
(Fairchild, 1943)
Distribution.
Previously known from Costa Rica and Panama (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 12 ♀♀, Atlántida, Par. Nac. Pico Bonito, Rio Zacate, 15°41'35"N, 86°55'58"W, 35 m, 5.v.2000, R. Cave leg.; EAPZ29.665.
. Stypommisa changena
Fairchild, 1986
Distribution.
Previously known from Costa Rica and Panama (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 1 ♂, Santa Bárbara, El Volcán, Trinidad, 15°08'02"N, 88°18'01"W, 1320 m, 26.vi.2000. R. Cordero and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ35.149.
TABANINI
. Tabanus claripennis
(Bigot, 1892)
Distribution.
Previously known from the West Indies, Costa Rica to Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile (Coscarón and Papavero 2009).
Material examined.
Honduras: 7 ♀♀, Francisco Morazán, El Zamorano, EAP, 14°01'N, 87°00'W, 5–29.vii.2020, H-trap, R. Argueta leg.; EAPZ43.572. 1♂, Choluteca, 6.7 km SE Santa Ana de Yusguare, 13°15'37"N, 87°04'40"W, 8.ix.1999, R. Cave and J. Torres leg.; EAPZ43.570.
. Tabanus nebulosus
De Geer, 1776
Distribution.
Previously known from Belize (Coscarón and Papavero 2009), Costa Rica (Fairchild 1961), Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Surinam, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Barbados, and Argentina (Coscarón and Papavero 2009; Henriques 2016).
Material examined.
Honduras: 2 ♀♀, Francisco Morazán, El Zamorano EAP, 14°01'N, 87°00'W, 850 m, v–vii, Estudiante EAPZ leg.; EAPZ75.022. 1 ♀, Francisco Morazán, El Zamorano EAP, 14°01'N, 87°00'W, 850 m, 31.v.2019, L. Moreno leg.; EAPZ75.023.
Key to the subfamilies, tribes, and genera of Tabanidae from Honduras
Modified from Fairchild (1969) and Burger (2009).
| 1 | Hind tibiae without paired terminal spurs or spines; TABANINAE | 6 |
| – | Hind tibiae with paired terminal spurs or spines, spines rarely absent or difficult to see | 2 |
| 2 | Third antennal segment with 7 or 8 distinct flagellomeres; tergite 9 undivided; PANGONIINAE | 3 |
| – | Third antennal segment with no more than 5 distinct flagellomeres; tergite 9 divided; CHRYSOPSINAE | 5 |
| 3 | Eyes bare; frons with ridge-like callus, which may be bare or tomentose; PANGONIINI | Esenbeckia Rondani |
| – | Eyes pilose; frons flat, without any sort of callus; SCIONINI | 4 |
| 4 | Cell m3 closed at wing margin | Scione Walker |
| – | Cell m3 open at wing margin | Fidena Walker |
| 5 | Wings with dark crossband (Fig. 2A), crossband absent at times; eyes in life with pattern of dots and bars | Chrysops Meigen |
| – | Wings hyaline or cloudy on cross veins or elsewhere, without distinct crossband; eye pattern in life irregularly speckled | Silvius Meigen |
| 6 | Basicosta without strong setae, if setae present usually less dense than those on adjoining costa; if setae on basicosta as dense as on costa, then vestiges of ocelli present; DIACHLORINI | 7 |
| – | Basicosta with numerous strong setae, setae equal in size and density to those on adjoining costa, if setae sparse, then without vestiges of ocelli; TABANINI | 22 |
| 7 | Third antennal segment with strong dorso-basal tooth or forward-pointing spine that often reaches to or beyond end of first flagellomere | 8 |
| – | Third antennal segment usually at most with acute dorso-basal angle | 12 |
| 8 | Eyes densely pilose; antennal tooth reaching beyond apex of first flagellomere; proboscis longer than maxillary palpi; maxillary palpi slender, generally exceeding antennae; labella short, membranous; callus club shaped, much narrower than frons; wings with diffuse dark discal marking | Dasychela Enderlein |
| – | Eyes bare; other characters variable | 9 |
| 9 | Stout species; body sometimes hairy and beelike; foretibiae usually inflated; long hair fringes on at least hind tibiae; maxillary palpi inflated; antennae short, stout, with dorsal tooth extending beyond apex of first flagellomere; labella shiny and sclerotized | 10 |
| – | Slender species; all tibiae slender; rest of characters not as above | 11 |
| 10 | Abdomen green or greenish, sparsely covered with hairs; hind tibial fringe moderate in length; all tibiae slender; wings hyaline, sometimes yellowish; not resembling bees | Rhabdotylus Lutz |
| – | Abdomen not greenish, densely hirsute; hind tibial fringe long; at least foretibia inflated; wings variable, never entirely hyaline or uniformly tinted, generally with black or contrasting pattern; body often resembling bees (see Turcatel et al. 2010) | Stibasoma Schiner |
| 11 | Basal callus thin, ridge-like, narrower than frons; eyes unicolored, bright green in life, rarely bicolored or with faint median line; mesoscutum unicolored or weakly striped, not transversely banded | Catachlorops Lutz |
| – | Basal callus as wide as frons; eyes banded or unicolorous blackish in life; mesoscutum often transversely banded | Dichelacera Macquart |
| 12 | Subcallus, and usually first antennal segment, greatly inflated and shiny; third antennal segment long and slender, with obtuse dorso-basal angle; tibiae slender or slightly incrassate; wings black or partly so, with apex sharply hyaline, apical half of vein R4 bent sharply forward; maxillary palpi moderately slender, tomentose; clypeus tomentose | Bolbodimyia Bigot |
| – | Without above combination of characters | 13 |
| 13 | Tibiae, especially first two pairs, greatly inflated; subcallus, clypeus, and gena bare; maxillary palpi shiny and flattened; wings black at base, at least to ends of cells br and bm; labella membranous | 14 |
| – | Tibiae not or but slightly inflated; without above combination of characters | 15 |
| 14 | Large, shiny bluish-black species; wings black from base to middle of cell d | Selasoma Macquart |
| – | Small species, mesoscutum, and often abdomen, with metallic brassy or greenish scale-like hairs; wings black from base to beyond end of cell d, with hyaline triangle in cells m3 and cua1 | Lepiselaga Macquart |
| 15 | Mesopleura shiny or pearly tomentose in contrast to rest of pleura; wings usually with dark subapical marking | Diachlorus Osten Sacken |
| – | Mesopleura not shiny or pearly tomentose, not contrasting with other pleural sclerites; wings without dark subapical marking | 16 |
| 16 | Basal callus absent | Chlorotabanus Lutz |
| – | Basal callus present, reduced at times | 17 |
| 17 | Labella sclerotized; frons narrow, generally over 5 times as long as its basal width; eyes in life unicolored, unbanded; dorsal angle on third antennal segment strong | Phaeotabanus Lutz |
| – | Labella membranous; frons generally less than 4 times as long as its basal width; eyes in life usually banded; dorsal angle of third antennal segment variable | 18 |
| 18 | Eyes bare, with at least 2 transverse bands in life; mostly small species with moderately broad frons often with median dark-haired patch; callus rounded or square, generally as wide as frons | Stenotabanus Lutz |
| – | Eyes pilose or bare, with at most 1 dark median, generally unicolored, rarely bicolored; rest of characters not as above | 19 |
| 19 | Vertex with well-marked tubercle and/or with clear vestiges of ocelli; eyes bare; frons narrow; basal callus club-shaped or ridge-like | 20 |
| – | Vertex without tubercle or clear vestiges of ocelli, slightly raised shiny or discolored tubercle rarely present; if tubercle present, then eyes pilose, or frons broad, or basal callus rounded | 22 |
| 20 | Wings with extensive dark pattern not consisting of spots on cross veins; if wings apparently unmarked, then thorax prominently striped, or frons exceedingly narrow and callus thread-like | Philipotabanus Fairchild |
| – | Wings hyaline, tinted, or with dark pattern consisting primarily of dark spots around cross veins | 21 |
| 21 | Wings hyaline or evenly tinted, with costal cell often darker, but never with apical clouds or spots on cross veins; frontal callus clavate or ridge-like; abdomen black or brown, nearly always with transverse bands at least on fourth segment, rarely otherwise; appendix on fork of vein R4 absent | Leucotabanus Lutz |
| – | Wing with clouds on at least discal cross veins, often with apical infuscation, if entirely hyaline or tinted, then abdomen and thorax not as above; frontal callus variable; wings often with appendix on fork of vein R4 | Stypommisa Enderlein |
| 22 | Vertex with small, rounded, sometimes indistinct, tubercle; eyes of female usually pilose, densely so on males; wings with all cross veins prominently spotted | Poeciloderas Lutz |
| – | Vertex rarely with tubercle; without above combination of characters | Tabanus Lutz |
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the reviewers, Daniel Carmo and Mauren Turcatel, as well as the editor, Torsten Dikow, for critically reading the manuscript and contributing to improve the quality of this paper. We thank Milena Agila for taking the photographs and arranging the plates for publication. We also thank Ronel Argueta for his help constructing and maintaining the traps at Zamorano.
Citation
Veroy K, Orozco J, Henriques AL (2022) First records of two genera and thirteen species of Tabanidae (Diptera) from Honduras. ZooKeys 1084: 27–42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.77038
References
- Bequaert J. (1925) Report of an entomological trip to the Truxillo Division, Honduras, to investigate the sand-fly problem. Report of Medical Department of the United Fruit Company 13: 193–206. [Google Scholar]
- Bequaert J. (1931) Tabanidae of the peninsula of Yucatan Mexico, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 39(4): 533–553. [Google Scholar]
- Borkent A, Brown BV, Adler PH, Amorim DS, Barber K, Bickel D, Boucher S, Brooks SE, Burger J, Burington ZL, Capellari RS, Costa DNR, Cumming JM, Curler G, Dick CW, Epler JH, Fisher E, Gaimari SD, Gelhaus J, Grimaldi DA, Hash J, Hauser M, Hippa H, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Jaschhof M, Kameneva EP, Kerr PH, Korneyev V, Korytkowski CA, Kung GA, Kvifte GM, Lonsdale O, Marshall SA, Mathis WN, Michelsen V, Naglis S, Norrbom AL, Paiero S, Pape T, Pereira-Colavite A, Pollet M, Rochefort S, Rung A, Runyon JB, Savage J, Silva VC, Sinclair BJ, Skevington JH, Stireman JOI, Swann J, Vilkamaa P, Wheeler T, Whitworth T, Wong M, Wood DM, Woodley N, Yau T, Zavortink TJ, Zumbado MA. (2018) Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: why inventory is a vital science. Zootaxa 4402(1): 53–90. 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burger JF. (1996) Description of the male and variation in Bolbodimyiagalindoi Fairchild (Diptera: Tabanidae), and a revised key to species of Bolbodimyia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98: 390–395. [Google Scholar]
- Burger JF. (2002) Description of five new species of Tabanidae (Diptera) from Costa Rica and revised keys to species for the genera Fidena Walker, Scione Walker, and Chrysops Meigen in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 104: 928–940. [Google Scholar]
- Burger JF. (2009) Tabanidae (Horseflies, Deer Flies, Tabanos). In: Brown BV, Borkent A, Cumming JM, Wood DM, Woodley NE, Zumbado MA. (Eds) Manual of Central American Diptera.First Edition. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, 495–504.
- Carmo DD, Henriques AL. (2019) Taxonomy of Tabanustrivittatus species-group (Diptera: Tabanidae), with description of five new species. Zootaxa 4554(1): 63–100. 10.11646/zootaxa.4554.1.2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coscarón S, González C. (1991) Tabanidae from Chile: annotated list of species and key to the genera reported from Chile. Acta Entomológica Chilena 16: 125–150. [Google Scholar]
- Coscarón S, Papavero N. (2009) Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera. Tabanidae. Neotropical Diptera 16: 1–199. [Google Scholar]
- Egri Á, Blahó M, Száz D, Barta A, Kriska G, Antoni G, Horváth G. (2013) A new tabanid trap applying a modified concept of the old flypaper: Linearly polarising sticky black surfaces as an effective tool to catch polarotactic horseflies. International Journal for Parasitology 43: 555–563. 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.02.002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fairchild GB. (1961) A preliminary check list of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical 9(1): 23–38. 10.15517/rbt.v9i1.30116 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Fairchild GB. (1969) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae XII. Classification and distribution, with keys to genera and subgenera. Arquivos de Zoologia 17(4): 199–255. 10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v17i4p199-255 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Fairchild GB. (1976) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Dipt.) XVI. The Tabanustrivittatus complex. Studia Entomologica 19(1–4): 237–261. [Google Scholar]
- Fairchild GB. (1983) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). XIX. The Tabanuslineola complex. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 57: 1–50. [Google Scholar]
- Fairchild GB. (1986) The Tabanidae of Panama. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 22(3): 1–139. [Google Scholar]
- Fairchild GB, Philip CB. (1960) A revision of the Neotropical genus DichelacerasubgenusDichelacera Macquart (Diptera, Tabanidae). Studia Entomologica 3(1–4): 1–86. [Google Scholar]
- Fairchild GB, Wilkerson RC. (1986) A review of the Neotropical genus Stypommisa (Diptera: Tabanidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 22(5): 1–61. [Google Scholar]
- Henriques AL. (2006) O gênero Philipotabanus Fairchild (Insecta: Diptera: Tabanidae) na Amazônia, com chave para as fêmeas das espécies e descrição de P.obidensis sp. nov. Acta Amazonica 36(4): 549–556. 10.1590/s0044-59672006000400017 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Henriques AL. (2016) Tabanidae (Diptera) of the American Museum of Natural History Collection. Zootaxa 4137(2): 151–186. 10.11646/zootaxa.4137.2.1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Henriques AL, Krolow TK, Rafael JA. (2012) Corrections and additions to Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera (Tabanidae) of Coscarón & Papavero (2009). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 56: 277–280. 10.1590/S0085-56262012005000042 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Hogue L, Fairchild G. (1974) A revised check list of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical 22(1): 11–27. [Google Scholar]
- James MT. (1950) The Diptera collected on the Cockerell and Hubell expeditions to Honduras. Part I: Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, and Acroceratidae. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 26(2): 86–90. [Google Scholar]
- Krolow TK, Henriques AL. (2010) Taxonomic revision of the New World genus Chlorotabanus Lutz, 1913 (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 2656(1): 1–40. 10.11646/zootaxa.2656.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Krolow TK, Krüger RF, Ribeiro PB. (2007) Chave pictórica para os gêneros de Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) do bioma Campos Sulinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 7(2): 253–264. 10.1590/S1676-06032007000200028 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Linares CA, Orozco J. (2017) The Coreidae of Honduras (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e13067. 10.3897/BDJ.5.e13067 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- Pape T, Blagoderov V, Mostovski MB. (2011) Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang Z-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness.Zootaxa 3148(1), 222–229. 10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.42 [DOI] [PubMed]
- Philip CB. (1954) New North American Tabanidae. VIII. Notes on and keys to the genera and species of Pagoniinae exclusive of Chrysops. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2: 13–60.
- Root FM. (1925) Notes on blood-sucking arthropods collected at Tela, Honduras and Port Limon, Costa Rica, during the summer of 1924. Report of Medical Department of the United Fruit Company 13: 207–209. [Google Scholar]
- Turcatel M. (2019) Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Rhabdotylus Lutz, 1913 (Diptera: Tabanidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 7: e36277. 10.3897/BDJ.7.e36277 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- Turcatel M, de Carvalho CJB, Rafael JA. (2010) A taxonomic revision of Stibasoma Schiner, 1867 (Diptera: Tabanidae). Zootaxa 2368(1): 1–39. 10.11646/zootaxa.2368.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Wilkerson RC. (1979) Horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the Colombian Departments of Choco, Valle, and Cauca. Cespedesia 8(31–32): 99–432. 10.5962/bhl.title.45984 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Wolff M, Miranda-Esquivel DR. (2016) Family Tabanidae. Zootaxa 4122(1): 249–301. 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.23 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.