Table 4.
Effect of clinical variable and comorbidity on ceiling of care or ICU
| Variable | Ceiling of Care | ICU Admission | |||||||
| All (n=143) | Ward (n=73) | NIV (n=24) | Mechanical Ventilation (n=46) | P Value | No. (n=207) | Yes (n=11) | Missing (n=6) | P Value | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 84 (59%) | 46 (63%) | 9 (38%) | 29 (63%) | 0.07 | 121 (58%) | 8 (73%) | 4 (67%) | 0.35 |
| Female | 59 (41%) | 27 (37%) | 15 (63%) | 17 (37%) | 86 (42%) | 3 (27%) | 2 (33%) | ||
| Ethnicity (binary) | |||||||||
| White | 58 (38%) | 28 (38%) | 13 (54%) | 17 (37%) | 0.33 | 78 (38%) | 5 (45%) | 2 (33%) | 0.61 |
| Other | 85 (62%) | 45 (62%) | 11 (46%) | 29 (63%) | 129 (62%) | 6 (55%) | 4 (67%) | ||
| Smoking history | |||||||||
| Never | 53 (37%) | 23 (32%) | 11 (46%) | 19 (41%) | 0.28 | 86 (42%) | 4 (36%) | 4 (67%) | 0.72 |
| Some | 49 (34%) | 28 (38%) | 10 (42%) | 11 (14%) | 66 (32%) | 4 (36%) | 1 (17%) | ||
| Missing | 41 (29%) | 22 (30%) | 3 (13%) | 16 (35%) | 55 (27%) | 3 (27%) | 1 (17%) | ||
| Age at admission (5-yr effect) (yr) | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 66.8 (14.5) | 74.8 (8.9) | 65.9 (12.0) | 54.6 (14.3) | <0.001 | 66.7 (14.0) | 49.9 (12.5) | 4 (67%) | 0.0004 |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 70 (59–78) | 77 (70–81) | 67 (57–72.5) | 57 (44–62) | 68 (58–77) | 53 (40–61) | 2 (33%) | ||
| Range | 25–90 | 37–90 | 33–87 | 25–85 | 26–90 | 25–63 | |||
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 27.6 (7.7) | 25.8 (4.9) | 28.1 (8.9) | 30.6 (9.8) | 0.13 | 28.5 (7.6) | 31.7 (9.9) | 0.30 | |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 25.9 (22.3–30.1) | 25.8 (21.4–29.6) | 25.3 (22.6–29.0) | 27.8 (23.2–36.5) | 26.2 (23.1–30.7) | 29.9 (24.9–35.4) | |||
| Range | 16.5–57.8 | 16.7–38.2 | 16.5–51.7 | 18.4–52.7 | 16.5–57.8 | 21.0–49.2 | |||
| Missing | 21 (15%) | 9 (12%) | 9 (13%) | 9 (20%) | 21 (10%) | 5 (46%) | |||
| WHO performance status (binary) | |||||||||
| 0–2 | 76 (53%) | 22 (30%) | 17 (71%) | 37 (80%) | <0.001 | 120 (58%) | 8 (73%) | 6 (100%) | 0.40 |
| 3–4 | 66 (46%) | 51 (70%) | 7 (29%) | 8 (17%) | 80 (39%) | 3 (27%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Missing | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 7 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Neut:lymp ratio (Original scale) | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.08 (9.59) | 7.39 (6.89) | 8.81 (6.28) | 8.82 (13.91) | 0.23 | 6.31 (5.86) | 18.46 (25.54) | 0.0006 | |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 5.30 (3.50–8.53) | 5.13 (3.08–8.44) | 7.22 (4.20–11.50) | 4.91 (3.50–8.53) | 4.60 (2.92–7.31) | 8.53 (6.23–18.19) | |||
| Range | 0.93–93 | 0.93–33.67 | 1.91–26.75 | 1.25–93 | 0.74–33.67 | 4.33–93 | |||
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (5%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| History of cancer | |||||||||
| No | 121 (85%) | 62 (85%) | 19 (79%) | 40 (87%) | 0.69 | 176 (85%) | 10 (91%) | 3 (50%) | >0.99 |
| Yes | 22 (15%) | 11 (15%) | 5 (21%) | 6 (13%) | 29 (14%) | 1 (10%) | 3 (50%) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| No | 27 (19%) | 10 (14%) | 6 (25%) | 11 (24%) | 0.27 | 37 (18%) | 3 (27%) | 1 (17%) | 0.43 |
| Yes | 116 (81%) | 63 (86%) | 18 (75%) | 35 (76%) | 169 (82%) | 8 (73%) | 5 (83%) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.50%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Diabetes | |||||||||
| No | 72 (50%) | 32 (44%) | 13 (54%) | 27 (59%) | 0.26 | 91 (44%) | 10 (91%) | 2 (33%) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 71 (50%) | 41 (56%) | 11 (46%) | 19 (41%) | 115 (56%) | 1 (9%) | 4 (67%) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.50%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| HFrEF | |||||||||
| No | 118 (83%) | 54 (74%) | 22 (92%) | 42 (93%) | 0.01 | 164 (79%) | 11 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 0.22 |
| Yes | 25 (17%) | 20 (26%) | 2 (8%) | 3 (7%) | 40 (19%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Chronic lung disease=no | 102 (71%) | 51 (70%) | 15 (63%) | 36 (78%) | 0.38 | 154 (74%) | 10 (91%) | 4 (67%) | 0.30 |
| Diabetes=yes | 41 (29%) | 22 (30%) | 9 (38%) | 10 (22%) | 53 (26%) | 1 (9%) | 2 (33%) | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | |||||||||
| No | 94 (66%) | 43 (59%) | 15 (63%) | 36 (78%) | 0.08 | 144 (70%) | 9 (82%) | 4 (67%) | 0.52 |
| Yes | 49 (34%) | 30 (41%) | 9 (38%) | 10 (22%) | 60 (29%) | 2 (18%) | 2 (33%) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||||||||
| No | 106 (74%) | 46 (63%) | 18 (75%) | 42 (91%) | 0.003 | 156 (75%) | 11 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 0.07 |
| Yes | 37 (26%) | 27 (37%) | 6 (25%) | 4 (9%) | 49 (24%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Tests are conducted on complete data. Values are n (%), unless otherwise stated. ICU, intensive care unit; BMI, body mass index; WHO, World Health Organization; Neut:lymp, neutrophil:lymphocyte; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.