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. 2022 Feb 7;181(5):2031–2043. doi: 10.1007/s00431-022-04390-2

COVID-19 associated multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in 614 children with and without overlap with Kawasaki disease-Turk MIS-C study group

Dilek Yilmaz Ciftdogan 1,2, Yildiz Ekemen Keles 2,✉, Benhur Sirvan Cetin 3, Nazan Dalgic Karabulut 4, Melike Emiroglu 5, Zafer Bagci 6, Ayse Buyukcam 7, Emine Hafize Erdeniz 8, Gul Arga 9, Edanur Yesil 10, Ozlem Cakici 11, Adem Karbuz 12, Zumrut Sahbudak Bal 13, Soner Sertan Kara 14, Arife Ozer 15, Ozge Metin Akcan 16, Sefika Elmas Bozdemir 17, Ayse Berna Anil 1, Hatice Uygun 18, Omer Kilic 19, Selda Hancerli Torun 20, Zuhal Umit 21, Murat Sutcu 22, Berfin Ozgokce Ozmen 23, Hatice Karaoglu Asrak 24, Gulsum Alkan 5, Ahu Kara Aksay 2, Cuneyt Ugur 6, Ahmet Ziya Birbilen 7, Burcu Bursal Duramaz 25, Esra Akyuz Ozkan 8, Ozgur Burakay 11, Sema Yildirim Arslan 13, Eda Karadag Oncel 2, Serkan Fazli Celik 14, Ahmet Osman Kilic 16, Seval Ozen 18, Remzi Sarikaya 15, Demet Demirkol 20, Gazi Arslan 24, Ozden Turel 25, Ahmet Sert 5, Ergul Sari 26, Zerrin Orbak 27, Irfan Oguz Sahin 8, Celal Varan 18, Hacer Akturk 28, Sadiye Kubra Tuter Oz 5, Fatih Durak 7, Mehmet Burhan Oflaz 16, Manolya Kara 22, Derya Karpuz 23, Mey Talip Petmezci 12, Nevin Hatipoglu 26, Selim Oncel 11, Mehmet Turgut 18, Ferhan Elmali 1, Ayper Somer 20, Necdet Kuyucu 23, Ener Cagri Dinleyici 19, Zafer Kurugöl 13, Ergin Ciftci 9, Ates Kara 29
PMCID: PMC8819197  PMID: 35129668

Abstract

Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) diagnosis remains difficult because the clinical features overlap with Kawasaki disease (KD). The study aims to highlight the clinical and laboratory features and outcomes of patients with MISC whose clinical manifestations overlap with or without KD. This study is a retrospective analysis of a case series designed for patients aged 1 month to 18 years in 28 hospitals between November 1, 2020, and June 9, 2021. Patient demographics, complaints, laboratory results, echocardiographic results, system involvement, and outcomes were recorded. A total of 614 patients were enrolled; the median age was 7.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) 3.9–12 years). A total of 277 (45.1%) patients with MIS-C had manifestations that overlapped with KD, including 92 (33.3%) patients with complete KD and 185 (66.7%) with incomplete KD. Lymphocyte and platelet counts were significantly lower in patients with MISC, overlapped with KD (lymphocyte count 1080 vs. 1280 cells × μL, p = 0.028; platelet count 166 vs. 216 cells × 103/μL, p < 0.001). The median serum procalcitonin levels were statistically higher in patients overlapped with KD (3.18 vs. 1.68 µg/L, p = 0.001). Coronary artery dilatation was statistically significant in patients with overlap with KD (13.4% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.007), while myocarditis was significantly more common in patients without overlap with KD features (2.6% vs 7.4%, p = 0.009). The association between clinical and laboratory findings and overlap with KD was investigated. Age > 12 years reduced the risk of overlap with KD by 66% (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.217–0.550), lethargy increased the risk of overlap with KD by 2.6-fold (p = 0.011, 95% CI 1.244–5.439), and each unit more albumin (g/dl) reduced the risk of overlap with KD by 60% (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.298–0.559).

Conclusion: Almost half of the patients with MISC had clinical features that overlapped with KD; in particular, incomplete KD was present. The median age was lower in patients with KD-like features. Lymphocyte and platelet counts were lower, and ferritin and procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in patients with overlap with KD.

What is Known:

• In some cases of MIS-C, the clinical symptoms overlap with Kawasaki disease.

• Compared to Kawasaki disease, lymphopenia was an independent predictor of MIS-C.

What is New:

• Half of the patients had clinical features that overlapped with Kawasaki disease.

• In patients whose clinical features overlapped with KD, procalcitonin levels were almost 15 times higher than normal.

• Lethargy increased the risk of overlap with KD by 2.6-fold in MIS-C patients.

• Transient bradycardia was noted in approximately 10% of our patients after initiation of treatment.

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Keywords: MIS-C, Kawasaki disease, COVID-19, Children

Introduction

The COVID-19 disease was first reported from Asia, with initial reports suggesting that children had only mild symptoms compared with adults [1]. However, in April 2020, the first case series from England was identified; then, many cases from Europe and the USA were defined as multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19, and it became clear that this disease does not present with mild symptoms in children, as previously thought [2–6]. Despite the growing awareness of MIS-C, diagnosis remains difficult because the clinical features overlap with many childhood diseases. In some cases, the clinical symptoms overlap with Kawasaki disease (KD), Kawasaki disease shock syndrome, or toxic shock syndrome, notably necessitating inotropic support and possibly a stay in the intensive care unit. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide, corresponding reports from Europe and the Americas and some reports from Asia in association with MISC are accumulating, and the clinical features are gradually being clarified [2–8].

It has been noted that MISC overlaps clinically with the features of KD, especially with incomplete Kawasaki disease [9]. The incidence of Kawasaki disease predominates in the first 5 years of life, in stark contrast to the epidemiology of MIS-C, which usually affects school-aged children [6, 10]. The incidence of KD is highest in Asian countries, whereas more cases associated with MIS-C have been found in Western countries, particularly in African and Hispanic races [11–13]. Racial differences suggest that KD and MISC are caused by different pathophysiological and genetic susceptibilities. The clinical feature that distinguishes MIS-C from KD is myocardial involvement, resulting in significant myocardial dysfunction with marked increases in brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-ProBNP). In the most severely ill Kawasaki patients, coronary artery involvement and secondary cardiac dysfunction predominate; BNP and NT-ProBNP levels increase slightly [14, 15].

The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical and laboratory features and outcomes of patients with MISC whose clinical manifestations overlap with or without Kawasaki disease. It also aimed to highlight possible related laboratory and clinical features for MIS-C that are consistent with KD.

Materials and methods

Study design

This study is a retrospective analysis of a case series designed for patients aged 1 month to 18 years in 28 hospitals and 16 different cities in Turkey between November 1, 2020, and June 9, 2021. Patient demographics, underlying disease, medication history, complaints, laboratory results, system involvement, and outcomes were recorded in the medical records by completing the concept form. Laboratory and clinical parameters (lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate) were recorded as age-specific normal ranges. Echocardiographic findings, need for intensive care unit (ICU) due to inotropic support or fluid resuscitation, and need for invasive/non-invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) were assessed. Treatment regimens and the time interval in which fever resolved after treatment were recorded. Patients who experienced complications and died were recorded. American Heart Association criteria were used to define incomplete and complete KD [10]. Patients were divided into two groups: patients with clinical findings overlapping with those of incomplete or complete KD and patients without such findings. The case definition of MIS-C was used as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization [16, 17].

Inclusion criteria included evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection by positive test results with RT-PCR or with serologic or antigen tests or a history of contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient. Thirteen patients were excluded because they did not meet the MIS-C case definition. Hospitals obtained ethics committee approval.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were presented for continuous variables as either mean or median depending on the distributional nature of the data. Categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages. For comparison of categorical variables, the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used depending on the group, while for continuous variables in case of non-normal distribution, the Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of independent variables in patients with MIS-C as overlap with KD. Age groups, sex, underlying disease, complaints, clinical and laboratory findings, and need for ICU stay were included in the analysis to identify potential predictors of MIS-C patients with overlap with KD. Variables found to be statistically significant in univariate analysis (p < 0.250) were used in a multivariate logistic regression model with the stepwise backward Wald method to determine the independent factors of overlap risk in MIS-C patients with KD. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 25 for Windows (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Clinical characteristics of patients

A total of 614 patients were enrolled in the study, and median age was 7.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) 3.9–12 years, range 30 days to 17.7 years). The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients according to age groups are shown in Table 1. Most patients were boys (57.7%, p < 0.001). When the patients were compared according to age groups and sex, children > 12 years were more likely to be boys than other age groups (p = 0.012; Table 1). Most patients were previously healthy, and 11.8% (n = 73) of the patients had an underlying disease; immunocompromised and autoimmune diseases were the most common (n = 19, 3.1%), followed by neurometabolic (n = 17, 2.8%) and respiratory diseases (n = 10, 1.6%).

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics according to specific age range of the patients with MIS-C

Characteristic All Patients
n = 614		 0–5 years
n = 205		 5–12 years
n = 255		  > 12 years
n = 154		 p value p value
0–5 yr
vs
5–12 yr		 0–5 yr
vs
 > 12 yr		 5–12 yr
vs
 > 12 yr
Age. median (IQR)a year 7.4 (3.9–12) 2.9 (1.7–4) 8 (6.4–10) 14.3 (13–15.9)  −   −   −   − 
Sex, no (%) 0.012 0.406 0.003 0.022
Boy 354 (57.7) 107 (52.2) 143 (56.1) 104 (67.5) - - - -
Girl 260 (42.3) 98 (47.8) 112 (43.9) 50 (32.5) - - -
Race/ethnicity (%) 0.450 - - -
Turkish 590 (96.1) 195 (95.1) 248 (97.3) 147 (95.5) - - - -
Others 24 (3.9) 10 (4.9) 7 (2.7) 7 (4.5) - - - -
Overweight/obeseb patient no-total no (%) 124/494 (25.1) 36/157 (22.9) 58/209 (27.8) 30/128 (23.4) 0.506 - -
Underlying medical condition (any) (%) 73 (11.8) 18 (8.8) 33 (12.9) 22 (14.3) 0.221 - - -
Immunocompromising or autoimmune 19 (3.1) 4 (2) 6 (2.4) 9 (5.8) 0.089 - - -
Neurometabolic disease 17 (2.8) 7 (3.4) 4 (1.6) 6 (3.9) 0.327 - - -
Respiratory 10 (1.6) 1 (0.5) 7 (2.7) 2 (1.3) 0.161c - - -
Cardiac 7 (1.1) 3 (1.5) 4 (1.6) 0 0.343c - - -
Number of organ systems involvements n (%)  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.001
2–3 256 (41.7) 112 (54.6) 90 (35.3) 54 (35.1) - - - -
4–5 307 (50) 85 (41.5) 149 (58.4) 73 (47.4) - - - -
6 ≥  51 (8.3) 8 (3.9) 16 (6.3) 27 (17.5) - - - -
Clinical features at presentation
Fever, n (%) 614 (100) 205 (100) 255 (100) 154 (100) 0.266c - - -
Degree of fever (°C) median (IQR) 39 (38.5–39.3) 39 (38.5–39.3) 39 (38.5–39.5) 38.9 (38.4–39) 0.005 1.000 0.040 0.038
Duration of fever (day) median (IQR) 5 (4–6) 5 (3–6) 5 (4–7) 5 (3–6) 0.179 - - -
Fatigue, n (%) 502 (81.8) 154 (75.1) 219 (85.9) 129 (83.8) 0.009 0.003 0.047 0.561
Any gastrointestinal symptoms, n (%) 473 (77) 141 (68.8) 207 (81.2) 125 (81.2) 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.998
Abdominal pain patient no-total no (%) 322/501 (64.3) 50/94 (53.2) 168/253 (66.4) 104 (67.5) 0.044 0.024 0.024 0.814
Vomiting, n (%) 286 (46.6) 82 (40) 130 (51) 74 (48.1) 0.058 - -
Nausea patient no-total no (%) 259 (42.2) 70 (34.4) 115 (45.1) 74 (48.1) 0.014 0.017 0.008 0.562
Diarrhea, n (%) 259 (42.2) 87 (42.4) 110 (43.1) 62 (40.3) 0.846 - - -
Conjunctival injection n (%) 305 (49.7) 90 (43.9) 154 (60.4) 61 (39.6)  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.415  < 0.001
Rash, n (%) 334 (54.4) 114 (55.6) 148 (58) 72 (46.8) 0.078 - - -
    Maculopapular 217 (35.3) 71 (34.6) 99 (38.8) 47 (30.5) - - - -
    Macule 87 (14.2) 30 (14.6) 41 (16.1) 16 (10.4) - - - -
     Petechiae/ecchymosis 8 (1.3) 2 (1) 3 (1.2) 3 (1.9) - - - -
    Others 22 (3.6) 11 (5.4) 5 (2) 6 (3.9) - - - -
Mucous membrane changes, n (%) 265 (43.1) 90 (43.9) 130 (51) 45 (29.2)  < 0.001 0.131 0.004  < 0.001
Any Respiratory symptoms, n (%) 213 (34.6) 54 (26.6) 80 (31.4) 79 (51.3)  < 0.001 0.238  < 0.001  < 0.001
Muscle ache patient no-total no (%) 179/531 (33.7) 18/124 (14.5) 80/253 (31.6) 81/154 (52.6)  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001
Headache patient no-total no (%) 119/477 (24.9) 13/70 (18.6) 60/253 (23.7) 46/154 (29.9) 0.156 - - -
Peripheral cutaneous inflammation signs, n (%) 116 (18.9) 49 (23.9) 52 (20.4) 15 (9.7) 0.002 0.366  < 0.001 0.005
Dry cough n (%) 96 (15.6) 23 (11.2) 34 (13.3) 39 (25.3) 0.001 0.494  < 0.001 0.002
Shock, n (%) 74 (12.1) 10 (4.9) 30 (11.8) 34 (22.1)  < 0.001 0.009  < 0.001 0.005
Sore throat patient no-total no (%) 71/492 (11.6) 9/85 (10.6) 35/253 (13.8) 27/154 (17.5) 0.318 - - -
Arthralgia patient no-total no (%) 48/493 (9.7) 6/86 (7) 22/253 (8.7) 20/154 (13) 0.241 - -
Lethargy, n (%) 53 (8.6) 20 (9.8) 23 (9) 10 (6.5) 0.530 - - -
Lymphadenopathy, n (%) 49 (8) 20 (9.8) 23 (9) 6 (3.9) 0.093 - - -
Desquamation, n (%) 34 (5.5) 14 (6.8) 12 (4.7) 8 (5.2) 0.642 - - -
Neck stiffness, n (%) 32 (5.2) 3 (1.5) 19 (7.5) 10 (6.5) 0.012 0.012 0.003 0.012
Taste loss. patient no-total no (%) 16/476 (3.4) - 5 (2) 11 (7.1) 0.007c 0.359c 0.039c 0.010
Runny nose, n (%) 21 (3.4) 10 (4.9) 5 (2) 6 (3.9) 0.216 - - -
Arthritis, n (%) 18 (2.9) 6 (2.9) 8 (3.1) 4 (2.6) 0.956 - - -
Convulsion, n (%) 17 (2.8) 8 (3.9) 3 (1.2) 6 (3.9) 0.128 - - -
Paralysis, n (%) 13 (2.1) 3 (1.5) 4 (1.6) 6 (3.9) 0.214c - - -
Ileus, n (%) 8 (1.3) 0 4 (1.6) 4 (2.6) 0.062 - - -
Loss of smell. patient no-total no (%) 7/476 (1.5) - 2 (0.8) 5 (3.2) 0.131c - - -
Odynophagia, n (%) 4/483 (0.8) - 2 (0.8) 2 (1.3) 0.651c - - -
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aIQR, interquartile range

bOverweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th percentile and below 95th percentile for children with MIS-C. Obesity was described as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile of the same age and gender children over 2 years old. Under 2 years of age, World Health organization Child Growth Standards were used to define overweight and obesity

cFisher's exact probability test was used for cross-classification tables

Median time from onset of symptoms to hospitalization was 4 days (IQR 2–5 days). All children presented with fever, which lasted a median of 5 days (IQR 4–6 days) and had a median temperature of 39 °C (IQR 38.5–39.3 °C). Fatigue (n = 502, 81.8%) and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common complaints, with abdominal pain, vomiting, or diarrhea occurring in 77% (n = 473) of patients. Fatigue and gastrointestinal complaints were found significantly less often in the 0–5 age group than in the other age groups (p = 0.009 and p = 0.003, respectively; Table 1). Clinical signs suggestive of KD- conjunctival injection (n = 305, 49.7%), rash (n = 334, 54.4%), and mucous membrane changes (n = 265, 43.1%) were common. Conjunctival injections and mucous membrane changes, findings similar to KD, were found significantly more frequently in the 5–12 years age group than in the other groups (all for p < 0.001; Table 1). Assessment of organ system involvement and age groups showed that in the 0–5 years age group, 2–3 systems were mainly involved, while in the other age groups, 4–5 systems were more frequently involved (p < 0.001; Table 1). Respiratory symptoms and the development of shock were statistically significantly more frequent in the > 12 years group (all for p < 0.001; Table 1).

Demographic and laboratory findings in patients with MIS-C clinical manifestations with and without overlap with Kawasaki disease

A total of 277 (45.1%) patients with MIS-C had manifestations that appeared to overlap with KD, including 92 (33.3%) patients with complete KD and 185 (66.7%) with incomplete KD. The demographic and laboratory characteristics of the patients according to whether or not their clinical findings were consistent with KD are shown in Table 2. MIS-C patients with an overlap with KD were younger than patients without an overlap with KD (7 years vs. 8 years, respectively, p = 0.021). When comparing the two groups in terms of SARS-CoV-2 test results, children with MIS-C who had an overlap with KD had numerically higher RT-PCR test positivity (13.3% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.001), whereas in patients without an overlap with KD, only serological test positivity was significant (87.6% vs. 92.7%, p = 0.041).

Table 2.

Demographic and laboratory characteristics of the patients by overlapping with Kawasaki disease or not

Characteristic All patients
n = 614		 Overlapping with Kawasaki disease
n = 277		 Others
n = 337		 p value
Age. median (IQR)a year 7.4 (3.9–12) 7 (3.8–10.5) 8 (3.9–13) 0.021
Sex, no (%)
Boy 354 (57.7) 164 (59.2) 190 (56.4) 0.481
Girl 260 (42.3) 113 (40.8) 147 (43.6)
Laboratory characteristics
SARS CoV-2 testing
Serology positive/PCR negativeb (among tested) 498 (90.3) 218 (87.6) 280 (92.7) 0.041
PCR positive/serology negative or not done 34 (5.5) 22 (7.9) 12 (3.6) 0.018
PCR positive/serology positiveb (among tested) 22 (3.9) 15 (5.4) 7 (2.1) 0.027
Epidemiologic link only, PCR negative and serology negative or serology not done 60 (9.8) 22 (7.9) 38 (11.3) 0.166
Hematology
Total white blood cell count cells × 103/μL, median (IQR) 9500 (6380–13,900) 9000 (6150–12,905) 9920 (6520–14,960) 0.012
Neutrophil count cells × 103/μL median (IQR) 7220 (4397–10,785) 7240 (4370–10,030) 7200 (4427–11,595) 0.109
Lymphocyte count cells × 103/μL, median (IQR) 1180 (700–2010) 1080 (640–2000) 1280 (780–2035) 0.028
Platelet count cells × 103/μL, median (IQR) 190 (131–285) 166 (119–242) 216 (152–301)  < 0.001
Hemoglobin g/dL, median (IQR) 11.5 (10.5–12.5) 11.4 (10.3–12.3) 11.5 (10.6–12.6) 0.186
Eosinophil count cells/μL, median (IQR) 70 (10–170) 80 (10–200) 50 (10–150) 0.047
Inflammatory markers
CRP, mg/L, median (IQR) 140 (83–207) 137.9 (80–207) 142 (85.5–205) 0.625
ESR, mm/h, median (IQR) (n)

42 (22–69.2)

[490]

43 (25–70)

[240]

40.5 (21–69)

[250]

 0.370
Procalcitonin, µg/L, median (IQR) (n)

2 (0.54–9)

[546]

3.18 (0.71–14)

[252]

1.68 (0.44–6.07)

[294]

 0.001
Ferritin, µg/L, median (IQR) (n)

302 (147–576)

[594]

396 (193.5–725)

[266]

258.5 (116.2–476)

[328]

  < 0.001
Biochemistry
LDH, U/L, median (IQR) 299 (242–355) 308 (255.2–360.7) 290 (235–351) 0.026
AST, median, µ/L (IQR) 30 (23–47) 31 (23.3–50.5) 29 (22–44) 0.093
ALT, median, µ/L (IQR) 22 (14–41) 25 (16–43.2) 20 (13–39.5) 0.001
Albumin, g/dL, median (IQR) 3.43 (3–3.9) 3.2 (2.8–3.7) 3.6 (3.2–4)  < 0.001
Sodium, mmol/L, median (IQR) (n)

134 (132–137)

[563]

134 (131–137)

[267]

135 (132–137)

[296]

 0.025
Urea, mg/dL, median (IQR) (n)

19 (13–27)

[613]

20 (14–28.9)

[277]

18 (13–26)

[336]

 0.078
Creatinine, mg/dL, median (IQR) (n)

0.48 (0.36–0.64)

[603]

0.45 (0.36–0.58)

[271]

0.5 (0.36–0.69)

[332]

 0.012
Triglyceride, mg/dL, median (IQR) (n)

156 (105–231)

[278]

184 (120–248)

[131]

131 (98–195)

[147]

  < 0.001
Cardiac markers
Troponin, ng/L, median (IQR) (n)

10 (4–33)

[597]

11 (6.15–31.9)

[266]

10 (3–34)

[331]

 0.007
NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL, median (n)

1420 (355–5193)

[353]

2435 (693–6975)

[141]

966 (276–4117)

[212]

  < 0.001
BNP, ng/L, median (IQR) (n)

598 (89–5210)

[91]

1606 (184–6731)

[41]

298 (64–3619)

[50]

 0.098
Coagulation
Fibrinogen, mg/dL, median (IQR) (n)

501 (399–622.2)

[534]

480 (383–589)

[230]

511.1 (418.9–637.6)

[304]

 0.022
D-dimer, µg/L, median (IQR) (n)

2320 (1122–4241)

[605]

2920 (1414–4814)

[273]

1940 (1021–3880)

[332]

  < 0.001
APTZ, median, sc (IQR) (n)

28.3 (25.4–32.7)

[553]

29.3 (26.2–33.8)

[231]

27.7 (24.6–31.8)

[322]

  < 0.001
PZ, median, sc (IQR) (n)

13.9 (12.5–15.6)

[520]

13.7 (12.4–15.5)

[235]

14 (12.8–15.8)

[285]

 0.245
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aIQR, interquartile range

bPercentages calculated among 551 patients whose had serologic test results for SARS CoV-2

Laboratory results showed that, in particular, lymphocyte and platelet counts were significantly lower in patients with MISC, whose features overlapped with KD (lymphocyte count 1080 vs. 1280 cells × μL, p = 0.028; platelet count 166 vs. 216 cells × 103/μL, p < 0.001). Significantly elevated inflammatory markers were found, such as elevated CRP (CRP ≥ 100 mg/L in 67.9% (417/614)), elevated procalcitonin (procalcitonin ≥ 0.2 µg/L in 89.6% (489/546)), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR ≥ 40 mm/h in 53.1% (260/490)), and elevated ferritin (ferritin ≥ 400 µg/L in 39.2% (233/594)). When comparing acute-phase reactants in children whose clinical features overlapped with or without Kawasaki disease, median serum procalcitonin and ferritin levels were statistically higher in patients that overlapped with KD (procalcitonin 3.18 vs. 1.68 µg/L, p = 0.001; ferritin 396 vs. 258.5 µg/L, p < 0.001).

System involvement and outcomes

Clinical outcomes, treatments, and echocardiographic findings of the patients are listed in Table 3. The most commonly involved systems were the hematologic and cardiovascular systems. When the correlation between the number of organ systems affected and age was evaluated, there was a significant weak correlation between the number of organ systems affected and the age of the patients (rho = 0.254, p < 0.001).

Table 3.

Clinical outcomes, echocardiography results, and management of the patients with MIS-C by overlapping with Kawasaki disease or not

All patients
n = 614		 Overlapping with Kawasaki diseasea n = 277 Others
n = 337		 p value
Characteristic
ICU admissionb, n (%) 192 (31.3) 66 (23.8) 126 (37.4)  < 0.001
Duration of ICU days, median (IQR)c 4 (2–7) 4 (2–7) 4 (2–7) 0.859
Duration of hospitalization, median (IQR) 9 (6–12) 9 (6–12) 8 (6–11) 0.157
Respiratory failured, n (%) 76 (12.4) 35 (12.6) 41(12.2) 0.861
Hepatic failuree, n (%) 22 (3.6) 17 (6.1) 5 (1.5) 0.002
Acute kidney injuryf, n (%) 33 (5.4) 13 (4.7) 20 (5.9) 0.497
Hematologic failureg, n (%) 586 (95.4) 265 (95.7) 321 (95.3) 0.806
Macrophage activation syndromeh, n (%) 25 (4.1) 20 (7.2) 5 (1.5)  < 0.001
Gastrointestinal involvementi, n (%) 512 (83.4) 225 (81.2) 287 (85.2) 0.192
Neurological involvementj, n (%) 170 (27.7) 98 (35.4) 72 (21.4)  < 0.001
Cardiovascular involvementk, n (%) 464(75.6) 210 (75.8) 254 (75.4) 0.899
Shock (inotropes or vasopressors)l, n (%) 74 (12.1) 27 (9.7) 47 (13.9) 0.112
Elevated troponin, n (%) 98/597 (16.4) 38/266 (14.3) 60/331 (18.1) 0.208
Elevated BNP, n (%) 49/91 (53.8) 26/41 (63.4) 23/50 (46) 0.097
Elevated NT_pro BNP, n (%) 256/353 (72.5) 117/141 (83) 139/212 (65.6)  < 0.001
Abnormal Electrocardiogram, n (%) 97/569 (17) 57/273 (20.9) 40/296 (13.5) 0.020
Echocardiography results
Ejection fraction, median (IQR) 65 (60–70) 65 (60–70) 65 (60–70) 0.988
Congestive heart failure, patient no/total no (%) 95/578 (16.4) 49/268 (18.3) 46/310 (14.8) 0.265
Myocarditis, patient no/total no (%) 30/578 (5.2) 7/268 (2.6) 23/310 (7.4) 0.009
Valvulitis, patient no/total no (%) 178/578 (30.8) 100/268 (37.3) 78/310 (25.2) 0.002
Pericarditis, patient no/total no (%) 44/578 (7.6) 23/268 (8.6) 21/310 (6.8) 0.414
Coronary artery dilatation, patient no/total no (%) 57/578 (9.9) 36/268 (13.4) 21/310 (6.8) 0.007
Coronary artery aneurysm, patient no/total no (%) 5/578 (0.9) 4/268 (1.5) 1/310 (0.3) 0.188
Pharmacotherapy
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), n (%) 571 (93) 269 (97.1) 302 (89.6)  < 0.001
Corticosteroids, n (%) 514 (83.8) 240 (87) 274 (81.3) 0.059
Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%) 409 (66.6) 229 (82.7) 180 (53.4)  < 0.001
Anticoagulants, n (%) 368 (59.9) 165 (59.6) 203 (60.2) 0.866
Oxygen replacement, n (%) 161 (26.2) 73 (26.4) 88 (26.1) 0.946
Inotropes, n (%) 117 (19.1) 42 (15.2) 75 (22.3) 0.026
Immunomodulatory therapym, n (%) 39 (6.4) 21 (7.6) 18 (5.3) 0.257
Plasma exchange, n (%) 10 (1.6) 6 (2.2) 4 (1.2) 0.359
Outcomes
NIMVn, n (%) 59 (9.6) 21 (7.6) 38 (11.3) 0.122
Intubation, n (%) 24 (3.9) 10 (3.6) 14 (4.2) 0.729
Prone position, n (%) 5 (0.8) 1 (0.4) 4 (1.2) 0.385
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, n (%) 4 (0.7) 1 (0.4) 3 (0.9) 0.631
Development of bradycardia, n (%) 64 (10.4) 34 (12.3) 30 (8.9) 0.174
Death, n (%) 11 (1.8) 6 (2.2) 5 (1.5) 0.556
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aAmerican Heart Association criteria for the definition of KD is to have persistent fever and 4 of the following 5 mucocutaneous features: erythema and cracking of lips/strawberry tongue and/or erythema of oral and pharyngeal mucosa, bilateral bulbar conjunctival injection without exudate, rash, erythema and edema of the hands and feet in acute phase and/or periungual desquamation in subacute phase, and cervical lymphadenopathy

bICU Intensive care unit

cIQR interquartile range

dRespiratory failure was defined as tachypnea (age-appropriate), respiratory distress and/or need for oxygen treatment, and/or clinical signs of pneumonia and /or ARDS and/or pulmonary embolism

eHepatik failure was defined elevated bilirubin or elevated liver enzymes

fAcute kidney injury defined by creatinine level greater than the upper limit for age

gHematologic failure was defined as d-Dimer elevation and/or neutrophilia and/or lymphopenia and/or thrombocytopenia. Neutrophilia was defined as ANC ≥ 7700/μg/L. Lymphopenia was defined as below 4500 μLin children under 8 months of age and below 1500 μL above eight months of age

hRavelli criteria for risk assessment of secondary macrophage activation syndrome was used

iGastrointestinal involvement was defined as symptoms that related with gastrointestinal system such as (abdominal pain and/or vomiting and/or diarrhea) and/or elevated liver enzymes and/or elevation in serum lipase or amylase to three times or greater than the upper limit of normal

jNeurological involvement was defined as encephalopathy, aseptic meningitis, or cerebrovascular disease

kCardiovadscular involvement was defined as shock and/or elevated troponin and/or elevated BNP and/or elevated Nt-ProBNP and/or abnormal echocardiogram and/or arrhythmia

lShock was defined as needing inotrope support or fluid resuscitation > 20 mL/kg

mImmunomodulatory therapy includes using of anakinra, tocilizumab, and infliximab. Anakinra was administered to 31 patients, tocilizumab to 8 patients, and infliximab to 1 patient

nNIMV non-invasive mechanical ventilation

Intensive care unit stay was required in 31.3% (n = 192), and shock occurred in 12.1% of patients. Interestingly, patients without an overlap with a KD required a higher number of ICU stays (23.8% vs. 37.4%, p < 0.001) and development of shock (9.7% vs. 13.9%) (Table 3). Median length of hospital stay was 9 days (IQR 6–12 days) and the median length of ICU stay was 4 days (IQR 2–7 days).

Echocardiography results were evaluated for both groups. Coronary artery dilatation was found in 9.9% (n = 57/578) of patients, in 13.4% (n = 36/268) of the group whose clinical findings overlapped with KD, and in 6.8% (21/310) of the other group (p = 0.007). Coronary artery aneurysm was found in five patients, four of whom were in the group with KD-like features. The frequency of coronary artery aneurysm was not statistically significant between the two groups (p = 0.188). Valvulitis was statistically significant in patients with overlap with KD, while myocarditis was significantly more common in patients without overlap with KD features (p = 0.002, p = 0.009, respectively) (Table 3).

Majority of the patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 571, 93%). This treatment was followed by corticosteroids (n = 514, 83.8%), acetylsalicylic acid (n = 409, 66.6%), and anticoagulants (n = 368, 59.9%). Median time from initiation of IVIG therapy to relief of fever was 24 h (n = 287, IQR 8–24 h). Similarly, the time from initiation of intravenous corticosteroids to relief of fever was 24 h (n = 412, IQR 8–24 h). IVIG and ASA treatments were statistically significantly more frequently administered in patients with clinical features overlapping with KD, whereas inotropes were frequently administered in patients not overlapping with KD (Table 3).

Interestingly, sinus bradycardia was noted in 64 (10.4%) patients. Median time to onset of bradycardia was 3 days (IQR 2–4 days) from the start of treatment, while median duration of bradycardia was 2 days (IQR 2–3 days). IVIG treatment was given in 96.9% of patients who developed bradycardia, and intravenous corticosteroid was administered in 90.6% of these patients. Two of these patients were monitored in the ICU, and a Holter electrocardiogram was performed. Bradycardia resolved without treatment.

Eleven patients (1.8%) died. Five of these patients had concomitant diseases; two suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, one from aplastic anemia, one from ataxia telangiectasia, and one from congenital cytomegalovirus disease. Mean age of the deceased patients was 11.5 years (± 5, range 2.3–17 years). While six deceased patients received immunomodulatory treatment, two patients were treated with an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator.

Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk predictors for patients with MIS-C whose clinical characteristics overlapped with KD (Table 4). Age groups, nausea, fatigue, lethargy, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, hemoglobin level, platelet count, alanine aminotransferase, ferritin level, D-dimer level, and albumin level were statistically significant. The multivariate model was adjusted for these predictors, and the final model is shown in Table 5. Compared to age 5–12 years, the risk of overlap with KD decreased by 65.5% at age > 12 years (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.217–0.550). Clinical findings and laboratory values were examined for risk of overlap with KD. Lethargy increased the risk of overlap with Kawasaki disease by 2.6-fold (p = 0.011 95% CI 1.244–5.439) and each unit more of albumin (g/dL) reduced the risk of overlap with Kawasaki disease by 60% (p < 0.001 95% CI 0.298–0.559).

Table 4.

Univariate logistic regression analysis is shown independent predictors for overlapping with Kawasaki disease

Exp(β) 95% C.I. for exp(β) p value Wald Statistics
Lower Upper
Age groups
5–12 Ref - - - -
0–5 0.641 0.434 0.948 0.026 4.967
> 12 0.330 0.211 0.514 < 0.001 23.985
Nausea 0.708 0.504 0.994 0.046 3.970
Fatigue 1.708 1.069 2.730 0.025 5.005
Lethargy 3.299 1.647 6.611 0.001 11.335
Lymphocyte, mm3 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.155 2.019
Neutrophil, mm3 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.022 5.262
Hemoglobin, g/dl 0.937 0.847 1.038 0.215 1.538
Thrombocyte, mm3 1.000 1.000 1.000  < 0.001 15.528
ALT, μ/L 1.002 1.000 1.005 0.094 2.801
Ferritin, µg/L 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.069 3.308
D-dimer, µg/L 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.053 3.760
Albumin, g/dL 0.445 0.339 0.585  < 0.001 33.774
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Table 5.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis is shows independent predictors of overlapping with Kawasaki disease

Exp(β) 95% CI for exp(β) p value Wald statistics
Lower Upper
Age groups
   5–12 Ref 20.913
   0–5 0.883 0.574 1.359 0.571 0.321
   > 12 0.345 0.217 0.550 < 0.001 19.985
Lethargy 2.601 1.244 5.439 0.011 6.449
Hemoglobin, g/dl 1.150 1.011 1.307 0.033 4.544
Neutrophil count 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.018 5.636
Albumin, g/dL 0.408 0.298 0.559  < 0.001 31.074
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Variables from the univariate logistic regression analysis with a statistical result of p < 0.250 were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Age groups, sex, nausea, fatigue, lethargy, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, hemoglobin level, platelet count, ferritin level, D-dimer level, albumin level, and ALT results were evaluated in the analysis

Discussion

In the present series, we compared the clinical features, laboratory findings, treatment methods, and outcomes of patients with MIS-C from multiple centers with or without overlap with KD. Some aspects of MIS-C resemble KD, such as prolonged fever, mucocutaneous inflammatory signs, rash, lymphadenopathy, and high inflammatory markers. We found that nearly half of the patients had clinical features that overlapped with KD.

In a large case series of MIS-C, 60% of the patients were male; median age of the patients with MIS-C was 9 years; half of the children with MIS-C were aged 5–13 years [18]. Consistent with the literature, we found that 57.7% of patients with MIS-C were male [9, 18]. Also, the median age was 7.5 years. As expected, these results show that patients with MIS-C are more common in school-aged children. One quarter of our patients were obese, a finding consistent with most MIS-C series [5, 6, 9].

Patients’ complaints were compared by age group; fatigue and gastrointestinal complaints were significantly more common in patients aged ≥ 5 years. We suspected that this might be due to the difficulty in expressing these complaints at a younger age. We also found that respiratory symptoms and the development of shock were significantly more common at > 12 years of age. We observed that conjunctival injection, rash, and mucous membrane changes reminiscent of KD were more common, especially in children under 12 years of age.

In the study by Feldstein et al., clinical manifestations have overlapped with KD in 40% of patients [6]. In our case series, there was an overlap with KD in almost half (n = 277, 45.1%) of the patients, and two-thirds of these patients had an overlap with incomplete KD. In contrast to these findings, some studies have found that clinical manifestations that overlap with KD are significantly less common [4, 9]. In a case series from the USA, 4.9% (28/570) of the patients had clinical features that overlapped with complete KD [9]. In another study from England, 22% (13/58) of the patients had Kawasaki-like clinical features [4]. Although it is difficult to explain the reason for the high rate of clinical features of MIS-C overlapping with KD, it is thought to be due to racial genetic differences. Overlapping clinical features and the lack of a definitive diagnostic test may complicate the distinction between KD and MIS-C. In addition, due to the gradual increase in seroconversion rates to SARS-CoV-2 in the general population, diagnostic confusion can be expected when suspicion of KD is based on the positivity of antibodies, antigens, or RT-PCR to SARS-CoV-2.

Godfred-Cato et al. have reported a case series of MIS-C from the USA, with most (n = 490, 86%) patients having four or more organ systems affected [9]. This is consistent with our series in which patients (n = 358, 58%) had four or more organ systems affected. In this MIS-C cohort, coronary artery dilatation or aneurysms were found in 18.6% of cases [9]. In a study by Feldestien et al., coronary aneurysms were found in 8.8% of patients [6]. In the study by Jain et al., coronary artery dilatation was found in 23% (n = 6/23) of patients with MIS-C [8]. In one of the publications with higher coronary artery aneurysm rates, coronary artery aneurysms were found 33% (4/12) of the patients [19]. In our study, coronary artery dilatations and aneurysms were found in 10.8% of patients. Coronary artery dilatations were found significantly more frequently in the group whose clinical findings overlapped with KD (13% vs. 6.8%, respectively, p = 0.007). Four of the five patients with coronary artery aneurysms had KD-like features. The frequency of coronary artery aneurysms was not statistically significant between the two groups (p = 0.188). We suspected that the small number of patients with coronary artery aneurysms caused this situation. Also, valvulitis was found significantly more frequently in the group whose characteristics overlapped with KD. A significantly higher rate of myocarditis was found in the other group.

High acute phase responses were observed in our study, especially higher procalcitonin levels. In patients whose clinical features overlapped with KD, procalcitonin levels were almost 15 times higher than normal, and even in patients without overlap with KD, levels were 8 times higher than normal. A study by Bar-Meir from Israel has examined 10 patients with MIS-C and 5 patients who met both the MIS-C and KD definitions [20]. They have found that lymphopenia was an independent predictor of MIS-C (mean lymphocyte count 700 × μL at MIS-C, 1500 × μL at MISC and KD criteria; odds ratio of 24, 95% CI 1.3–326, p = 0.02). Similar to this result, lymphocyte counts were low in patients whose clinical manifestations overlapped with or without KD, but significantly lower in those whose features overlapped with KD (1080 vs. 1280 μL, p = 0.028). However, no significant an association was found in the multilogistic regression analysis. In the multilogistic regression analysis, we found that age > 12 years reduced the risk of overlap with KD by 66%, lethargy increased the risk of overlap with KD by 2.6-fold in MIS-C patients. The laboratory results showed that each unit increase in albumin decreased the probability of overlap with Kawasaki disease by 60%.

Transient bradycardia was noted in approximately 10% of our patients after initiation of treatment. Two of these patients required follow-up in the intensive care unit. Bradycardia could be related to edema formation in cardiomyocytes and its effects on the cardiac excitation conduction system. In addition, the bradycardia was observed two days after the start of treatment, and the use of intensive steroids and IVIG in these patients suggests that it could also be treatment-related side effects. Moreover, long-term follow-up of patients with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and advanced echocardiographic procedures could be performed to improve the understanding of the cardiac effects of MIS-C.

Almost 30% of the patients required a stay in the intensive care unit. This is lower than in the Feldstein cohort, in which 80% of patients received intensive care; in the Godfred-Cato cohort, 63% of the patients received intensive care [6, 9]. The need for ICU stays and the development of the shock were statistically higher in patients with characteristics that did not overlap with KD. It was hypothesized that the patients with clinical findings consistent with KD (mucosal changes, bulbar conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, and rash) would be more easily recognized and treated by experts, whereas the patients with high fever without these findings required a longer diagnose period which leading to a later start of treatment.

In a recent MISC data from CDC, 0.8% of the 4196 identified MIS-C patients died. In our study, the mortality rate was 1.7%, similar to a study by Whittacker et al. [4]. Five of the deceased patients had comorbidities; two of them had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, one had aplastic anemia, one had ataxia telangiectasia, and one had congenital cytomegalovirus disease. In addition, there were signs of incomplete KD in 6 deceased patients, and a sign of complete KD in one deceased patient.

It is noteworthy that few reports of MIS-C have been reported in Asian countries where the COVID-19 pandemic began and the incidence of KD is highest [7, 8]. Understanding the pathophysiology of this emerging disease may provide welcome insights into our understanding of KD. Although not the same disease, MIS-C and KD may be sibling diseases that fall under a larger syndrome of post-acute autoimmune febrile responses to infections.

Our study has limitations. First, there was no consensus on treatment methods for patients. Although long-term follow-up of patients is not the primary purpose of this case series, studying the long-term outcomes of MISC patients with and without overlap with KD may be important to improve the understanding of both KD and MIS-C outcomes.

In conclusion, in our case series, the rate of MIS-C patients with clinical features overlapping with Kawasaki disease was higher than in the literature. Median age was lower compared with patients without overlap with Kawasaki disease. In addition, lymphocyte and platelet counts were lower and ferritin and procalcitonin levels were significantly elevated in patients with overlap with Kawasaki disease. Pediatricians should be aware of MIS-C, which has similarities to KD but also has its own characteristics. It should also be remembered that patients may develop complications such as bradycardia during hospitalization, and careful follow-up programs for this condition are important in terms of long-term outcomes.

Abbreviations

MIS-C

Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome

KD

Kawasaki disease

SARS CoV-2

Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

BNP

Brain natriuretic peptide

NT-pro-BNP

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide

ICU

Intensive care unit

ECMO

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

OR

Odds ratio

CI

Confidence interval

IQR

Interquartile range

Authors’ contributions

Drs Yilmaz-Ciftdogan, Ekemen-Keles, Turel, Dinleyici, Akturk, Torun, Ciftci, Karbuz, and Kara conceptualized and designed the study, collected data, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. Drs Cetin, Turel, Sert, Sari, Orbak, Oguz Sahin, Varan, Akturk, Durak, Oflaz, Kara, MD, Karpuz, Petmezci, Hatipoglu, Oncel, Turgut, Elmali, Assoc Prof, Ayper Somer, MD, Prof, Necdet Kuyucu, MD, Prof, Ener Cagri Dinleyici, MD, Prof, Zafer Kurugöl, MD, Prof, Ergin Ciftci, MD, Prof, Ates Kara, MD, Prof Karabulut, Emiroglu, Bagci, Buyukcam, Erdeniz Arga, Yesil, Cakıcı, Karbuz, Sahbudak Bal, Kara, Ozer, Metin Akcan, Elmas Bozdemir, Anil, Uygun, Kilic, Hancerli Torun, Umit, Sutcu, Ozmen, Mr Elmali, Dinleyici, and Çiftci designed the data collection instruments, collected data, critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content, and revised the manuscript. Drs Asrak, Kara Aksay, Ugur, Birbilen, Duramaz, Ozkan, Burakay, Yildirim Arslan, MD, Karadag Oncel, Celik, Kilic, Ozen, Sarikaya, Demirkol, and Arslan conceptualized and designed the study, collected data drafted the initial manuscript, reviewed, coordinated and supervised data collection, and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content.

Availability of data and material

All data and document information is available to give to the European Journal of Pediatrics.

Declarations

Ethics approval

Ethics committee approval was obtained.

Consent to participate

All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Consent for publication

All authors have given consent for the study to be published in European Journal of Pediatrics journal.

Conflict of interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

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Contributor Information

Dilek Yilmaz Ciftdogan, Email: drdilekyilmaz@hotmail.com.

Yildiz Ekemen Keles, Email: kutupylz@hotmail.com.

Benhur Sirvan Cetin, Email: benhurcetin@erciyes.edu.tr.

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Esra Akyuz Ozkan, Email: uzdresra@gmail.com.

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Sema Yildirim Arslan, Email: semayildirimarslan@gmail.com.

Eda Karadag Oncel, Email: dredakaradag@gmail.com.

Serkan Fazli Celik, Email: docser2003@yahoo.com.

Ahmet Osman Kilic, Email: drahmetosmankilic@gmail.com.

Seval Ozen, Email: drsevalcevik@hotmail.com.

Remzi Sarikaya, Email: drremzisarikaya@gmail.com.

Demet Demirkol, Email: d-demirkol@hotmail.com.

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Ozden Turel, Email: barisbulent98@yahoo.com.

Ahmet Sert, Email: ahmetsert2@hotmail.com.

Ergul Sari, Email: drergulsari@gmail.com.

Zerrin Orbak, Email: zerrinorbak@yahoo.com.

Irfan Oguz Sahin, Email: rfnshn@yahoo.com.

Celal Varan, Email: celalvaran@hotmail.com.

Hacer Akturk, Email: hacergunakturk@gmail.com.

Sadiye Kubra Tuter Oz, Email: sadiyettr@hotmail.com.

Fatih Durak, Email: fatihdurak44@hotmail.com.

Mehmet Burhan Oflaz, Email: mburhanoflaz@gmail.com.

Manolya Kara, Email: manolya_kara@yahoo.com.

Derya Karpuz, Email: drderyakarpuz@gmail.com.

Mey Talip Petmezci, Email: meytalip@gmail.com.

Nevin Hatipoglu, Email: naydin9@mynet.com.

Selim Oncel, Email: selim.oncel@kocaeli.edu.tr.

Mehmet Turgut, Email: drmehmetturgut@yahoo.com.

Ferhan Elmali, Email: elmaliferhan@yahoo.com.

Ayper Somer, Email: ayper.somer@gmail.com.

Necdet Kuyucu, Email: nkuyucu@yahoo.com.

Ener Cagri Dinleyici, Email: enercagri@gmail.com.

Zafer Kurugöl, Email: zkurugol@gmail.com.

Ergin Ciftci, Email: erginciftci@gmail.com.

Ates Kara, Email: ateskara@hacettepe.edu.tr.

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