Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection and Risk of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Introduction

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a neurological disease that is accompanied by excessive fatigue or tiredness. There are several reports confirming the association between human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection and CFS illness. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to integrate the information of published studies with regard to this association until May 2021.

Methods

The literature search was based on keywords including “chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV 6,” “chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV-6,” “chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV6,” “chronic fatigue syndrome and Herpes virus 6,” and “chronic fatigue syndrome and Herpesvirus6” in MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and EMBASE.

Results

The literature search identified 17 studies to be included in the systematic review and 11 studies in meta-analysis. The symmetry funnel plot and Egger's test (p value = 0.2) identified no publication bias among studies. Moreover, the low level of I² revealed homogeneity across studies.

Discussion

In conclusion, the association between the HHV-6 infection and CFS incidence was substantiated. However, the results of this study also suggest that further comprehensive studies are needed to solidify the association between HHV-6 and CFS. Future studies should consider additional factors that may have affected the significance of such a correlation.

Introduction

Neurological diseases are commonly referred to as central nervous system disorders that interfere with brain function, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, or muscle function. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) stands among the most prevalent neurological diseases such as epilepsy, brain neoplasms, Alzheimer's, encephalitis, and meningitis. Chronic fatigue is a syndrome in which an affected person bears fatigue that does not recuperate with rest and sleep. It does not improve with rest and associates with physical symptoms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided the following criteria to identify this syndrome: fatigue for >6 months, with at least 4 of the following symptoms: unrefreshing sleep, postexertional malaise, muscle pain, polyarthralgia, sore throat, tender lymph nodes, headache, and impaired memory or concentration [1].

CFS has a global distribution that affects individuals in all races and ages. There is no single diagnostic or biochemical test for this disease. The disease is usually diagnosed by excluding other diseases with fatigue as their main symptom according to the history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests of the patient [2]. The CDC considers infection, immune dysfunction, nutritional deficiency, and CNS dysfunction as possible causes of the disease. Several infectious agents could be associated with the syndrome [3]. A group of studies have focused on the role of immune system disorders as a primary cause of the CFS disease. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies facilitate the emergence of opportunistic infections and result in insufficient control of persistent infections [4], which can trigger certain cases of CFS.

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) attacks the central nervous system and causes severe infections as well as replication in T cells which lead to the immune defense against a wide range of infections. Due to these unique characteristics, this virus may be one of the major contributors to CFS disease [5, 6].

HHV-6 belongs to the human herpesviridae family which is known to have latent infections in their hosts and to be reactivated intermittently, typically during periods of the relative immunosuppression [7]. HHV-6 has been associated with several adult diseases including various neurological disorders [8, 9, 10, 11].

A systematic review provides an objective and reliable way to summarize research evidence. Through a systematic review, all studies on a specific research question are collected using explicit, transparent, and systematic methods to combine and interpret the results of studies with minimal bias and errors [12]. In some studies, there are reports of patients with CFS coinciding with large amounts of serum antibodies against HHV-6, hinting at a possible causal relationship between the infection and the syndrome.

In this study, we aimed to do a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationships between the HHV-6 infection and development of CFS. The results of our study revealed the possible association between the HHV-6 infection and incidence of the CFS disease in the literature.

Materials and Methods

Search Strategy

This study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines (see online suppl. Table 1 [PRISMA Checklist] at www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/000517930) [13]. All relevant studies were identified by the exploration of databases including MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and EMBASE by May 2021. Moreover, dissertations, scientific reports of congresses, and organization reports were explored as gray literature search. To find the related reports, the following keywords were used: “chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV 6, chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV-6, chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV6, chronic fatigue syndrome and Herpes virus 6, and chronic fatigue syndrome and Herpes­virus6.” The systematic review was conducted in compliance with PRISMA statements [14]. Two independent reviewers screened and evaluated the studies. The agreement between authors to evaluate and select the articles was surveyed by calculating the kappa coefficient.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were studies that assessed the relationship between the HHV-6 infection with CFS incidence and the effect of antiviral treatment on the CFS treatment. Only the English-language articles were examined. However, the non-English articles with English-language abstracts were also included. The exclusion criteria were reviews, case-report studies, and in vitro studies using cell lines without clinical trial data.

Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

Two independent reviewers extracted data from the included studies through developing a data extraction sheet according to the rationale suggested by the Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group Data Extraction Template (available at http://cccrg.cochrane.org/author-resources). The duplicate studies identified from various databases were considered only once. The details of each study including authors, year of publication, detection method, sample size, study, number of exposed/diseased cases (HHV-6+/CFS+), exposed/healthy cases (HHV-6+/CFS−), not exposed/diseased cases (HHV-6−/CFS+), not exposed/healthy cases (HHV-6−/CFS−), and odds ratio were collected and considered at 3 levels: title, abstract, and full text. No disagreement was found between the study evaluations by the authors. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was employed to assess the quality and risk of bias. Three domains were considered to evaluate the risk of bias: (1) selection of case and control studies, (2) comparability of case and controls, and (3) ascertainment of exposure [15, 16]. The score ≥6 was considered as the high-quality score (low risk of bias), scores of 4–6 as the moderate-quality score (moderate risk of bias), and scores <4 as the low-quality score (high risk of bias).

Assessment of Publication Bias

To assess the publication bias, a funnel plot was used in which an asymmetry plot displays possible publication bias. Egger's test was also performed to detect the asymmetry.

Assessment of Heterogeneity and Statistical Analysis

Meta-analysis and statistical analysis were performed using Cochrane review manager software (RevMan 5.3) through drawing a forest plot. Between-study heterogeneity was investigated using the I² test, since an I² of around 25%, 50%, and 75% is taken into account as low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively. The pooled odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method. The random-effects model was utilized for a high level of heterogeneity across the studies. Moreover, χ² test was carried out to assess the statistical significance of the heterogeneity. The studies were divided into subgroups based on the detection method which they employed.

Results

Literature Search and Study Characteristics

The detailed steps of the search and studies selection are presented in Figure 1. The primary search identified 1,125 records in MEDLINE (426), Web of Science (322), EMBASE (377), and gray literature search (5) based on the title screening. After removing duplicate reports, 425 studies were retained. Further screening at the title and abstract levels led to exclusion of 362 studies and inclusion of 63 studies. Finally, 17 studies (case-control studies) were evaluated at full-text level, and 46 studies were subsequently excluded. The characteristics of the selected studies are shown in Table 1. The kappa coefficient of 0.91 revealed the perfect agreement between 2 investigators.

Fig. 1.

Schematic flowchart of the conducted steps for selection of studies based on the PRISMA statements.

Table 1.

Summary details of the studies included in this meta-analysis [35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]

Author	Detection method	Sample size	HHV-6+/CFS+	HHV-6 +/CFS–	HHV-6–/CFS+	HHV-6–/CFS–	Odds ratio	Quality assessment
Ablashi et al. [35]	Serology	60	32	4	3	21	56	****/*'/**
Blomberg et al. [36]	Serology	141	54	54	11	22	2	****/*/***
Burbelo et al. [37]	Serology	131	61	53	11	6	0.69	****/**/***
Cameron et al. [10]	PCR	20	2	1	8	9	2.25	**/**/***
Di Luca et al. [38]	PCR	60	16	7	20	17	1.94	****/*/***
Enbom et al. [39]	PCR	15	2	2	6	5	0.83	***/*/**
Knox and Carrigan [40]	PCR	117	11	0	38	68	40.92	****/*/**
Knox and Carrigan [40]	Serology	25	4	56	51	136	5–69	****/*/**
Nicolson et al. [30]	PCR	300	61	9	139	91	4.44	****/**/**
Oakes et al. [41]	PCR	48	16	4	23	5	0.87	****/**/**
Patnaik et al. [31]	Serology	319	93	7	61	145	31.58	****/*/**
Reeves et al. [42]	PCR	76	7	14	19	36	0.95	****/*/**
Shikova et al. [43]	PCR	108	48	41	10	9	1.05	****/*/**
Wallace et al. [44]	PCR	145	26	19	48	52	1.48	****/*/**
Yalcin et al. [45]	Serology	26	5	2	8	11	3.44	****/*/**
Yalcin et al. [22]	PCR	26	7	0	6	13	31.15	****/*/**
Zorzenon et al. [46]	PCR	103	30	6	22	45	10.23	****/*/**

Quality Assessment

The quality assessment of the studies according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale is summarized in Table 1. All of the 16 selected studies met the quality criteria since they earned at least 6 scores. Therefore, no study was excluded due to the low-quality score.

Publication Bias and Heterogeneity

In order to find the possible association between HHV-6 infection and CFS disease, the statistical analysis was performed, and the results were visualized on the forest plots. The funnel plot (Fig. 2) and Egger's test (p value = 0.8) demonstrated no publication bias among studies. However, Figure 3 shows the significant heterogeneity across studies (I² = 81%, χ² = 84.66). The pooled odds ratio was obtained as 3.50 (95% CI: 1.80–6.82). Moreover, we conducted 2 distinct meta-analyses of studies based on the detection method. The results showed again remarkable heterogeneity between studies which used PCR (pooled odds ratio = 2.43 [95% CI: 1.28–4.61], I² = 64%, χ² = 27.84) and serology (pooled odds ratio = 5.89 [95% CI: 1.48–23.45], I² = 89%, χ² = 46.29) methods. However, the pooled odds ratio suggests a significant association between the HHV-6 infection and risk of CFS. In the next analysis, 11 studies were selected to be involved in meta-analysis. The symmetric funnel plot (Fig. 4) and Egger's test (p value = 0.2) demonstrated no publication bias among studies. The forest plot was first designed according to all included studies. Figure 5 demonstrates the homogeneity across studies (I² = 0%, χ² = 9.38) with a pooled odds ratio of 1.4 (95% CI: 0.99–1.99). Also, the subgroup analysis based on the detection method revealed no heterogeneity between studies (PCR: I² = 0%, χ² = 6.11; serology: I² = 38%, χ² = 3.25). The pooled odds ratio also suggests the possible association between HHV-6 infection and CFS incidence.

Fig. 2.

Funnel plot of 17 studies for investigation of publication bias.

Fig. 3.

Forest plot of the association between the HHV-6 infection and CFS illness based on 17 included studies. CFS, chronic fatigue syndrome; HHV-6, human herpesvirus 6.

Fig. 4.

Funnel plot of 11 studies for investigation of publication bias.

Fig. 5.

Forest plot of the association between the HHV-6 infection and CFS illness based on 11 included studies. CFS, chronic fatigue syndrome; HHV-6, human herpesvirus 6.

Discussion

HHV-6A is more frequently found in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, whereas HHV-6B primary infection is the cause of exanthema subitum. Furthermore, HHV-6B reactivation is common in transplant recipients, leading to several clinical manifestations such as encephalitis, bone marrow suppression, and pneumonitis [17, 18, 19]. The present study provides the first systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the HHV-6 infection and incidence of CFS. High between-study heterogeneity was first identified among 17 included studies, supposedly due to considerable differences in the design of studies including regions, sample size, and detection method. Moreover, there are some other factors that may be underestimated by the studies such as underlying diseases and infection by other viruses.

The systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out with 17 and 11 studies, respectively. The funnel plot analysis revealed no publication bias. The low amount of I² which determines the heterogeneity through calculating total variation percentage clarified homogeneity across studies.

CFS usually begins with the infection by microorganisms or an immunological disorder [20, 21]. Viral studies showed increased prevalence of 2 herpesviruses (HHV-6 and Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) in the CFS subjects than the healthy ones [20, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Additionally, the possible association between infection by HHV-6 and some diseases including Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease and systemic lupus erythematosus [26], autoimmune thyroid gland diseases [27], multiple sclerosis [28], and Rosai-Dorfman [29] has been reported. Despite the heterogeneity among studies, Nicolson et al. [30] and Patnaik et al. [31] studies employed a large sample size which can prove the possible relationship between HHV-6 infection and CFS. Nevertheless, further thorough studies are required.

Literature review showed several studies in which antiviral treatment was associated with the improvement of CFS symptoms. Larner et al. [32] investigated their proposal with regard to that HHV-6, EBV, and cytomegalovirus are the causative agents of CFS incidence. To evaluate this purpose, the treatment of patients who had been ill for a mean of 4.8 years with valacyclovir and/or valganciclovir for about 2.4 years was followed. The results disclosed that about 74.5% of the treated patients returned to a near-normal to normal life (primary endpoint). Therefore, they concluded that the CFS disease is due to the herpesvirus infection.

In another study, they suggested that the immediate-early gene expression in the myalgic encephalomyelitis ME/CFS patients causes host cell dysregulation and host cell apoptosis without lytic herpesvirus replication [33]. Treatment with certain antiviral nucleosides inhibits herpesvirus DNA polymerases while thymidine kinases act by inhibiting lytic virus replication. This results in suppression of the nonpermissive virus replication and may induce remission in ME/CFS patients.

Watt et al. [34] studied the association between the antibody titers against HHV-6 and EBV with the clinical response to valganciclovir in the CFS patients. In order to evaluate the response to treatment, self-reported physical and cognitive functioning levels were followed in the clinic visits. Fifty-two percent of the patients were recognized as responders, while 59% of them responded physically and 81% of them responded cognitively. However, no remarkable difference was detected in the change of antibody titers after treatment between the responder and nonresponder groups.

In this systematic review, several limitations may have affected the results of the study. First, there were limited reports that surveyed the association between HHV-6 and CFS. Second, the studies did not report the presence of other viruses. Third, distinct methods were utilized for virus detection in the included studies. The accumulated differences in study designs led to a considerable between-study heterogeneity. Further studies with large study population and sample size are recommended to provide robust evidence confirming the association between HHV-6 and CFS in humans while also considering other influencing factors such as the attendance of other viruses.

Statement of Ethics

This research was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this study.

Funding Sources

This work was funded by the Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran.

Author Contributions

S.-H.M., F.R., M.Q., S.Y., A.B. and A.S. designed the project. S.-H.M., A.M. and Y.E. performed statistical analysis. S.-H.M., F.R., M.Q., K.P. and F.Re. interpreted and wrote the manuscript. F.R., M.Q. and M.S. did systematic search and literature review. All authors approved the final manuscript.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary data

Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani and Farid Rajabi are co-first authors of the study.