Minimal change disease and acute interstitial nephritis following SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccination

To the Editors,

We read with interest the report from Niel et al. [1] describing IgA nephropathy following messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine has met efficacy and safety standards, and received emergency authorization for children aged 5 years and above. The vaccine has been described as a potential trigger of glomerular diseases in adults [2]. Here, we describe new-onset minimal change disease (MCD) and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) related to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine.

A healthy 14-year-old boy developed bilateral leg edema 5 days after the first injection of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine. Evaluation revealed hypertension, nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria 4 + and 9 g/g creatinine, albumin 2 g/dL, and cholesterol 257 mg/dL), and acute kidney injury (creatinine 2 mg/dL) with negative urine sediment examination. The patient denied taking any medication. The nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction was negative. The edema was progressively worsening. Ten days after vaccination, he became anuric with a peak serum creatinine of 9 mg/dL. Three daily doses of pulse methylprednisolone were administered, followed by oral prednisolone, 60 mg daily. He received hemodialysis for 3 weeks (Fig. 1a). Evaluation for secondary glomerular disease, including C3/C4, ANA, ANCA, hepatitis B surface antigen, and antibodies to hepatitis C virus, was negative. Renal pathology showed eighteen unremarkable glomeruli by light microscopy and negative immunofluorescence staining. Electron microscopy showed diffuse foot process effacement, consistent with MCD. Diffuse tubular injury and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration were noted (Fig. 1b–d). After the 5-week treatment of corticosteroids, the patient was in partial remission (creatinine 0.53 mg/dL and proteinuria 0.9 g/g creatinine). Total immunoglobulin specific to the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using Elecsys® (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) was 5.6 U/mL (positive ≥ 0.8 U/mL), indicating an antibody response to the vaccine.

Fig. 1.

a The course of serum creatinine, albumin, and proteinuria over 6 weeks after vaccination, b light microscopy shows a histologically unremarkable glomerulus (original magnification × 400), c diffuse acute tubular injury and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration (original magnification × 400), d electron microscopy shows podocyte foot process effacement (original magnification × 5000)

Although serious adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines are rare, it is important to continue to monitor its safety. The only other published pediatric case described a patient with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and stable kidney function following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination [3]. As MCD related to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine often develops within the first week of vaccination, the strong temporal association suggests that the T-cell mediated immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine could be a potential trigger for podocytopathy [2, 3]. Our case provides additional support for a possible association between the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine and pediatric kidney disease.

Author contribution

All the authors contributed to drafting, reviewing, and revising this paper.

Declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval

This case study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Human Investigation Committee (IRB) of Hat Yai Hospital approved this study.

Consent to participate

Written informed consent was obtained from the parents.

Consent to publish

The participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal.