Add-on inhaled budesonide in the treatment of hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a randomised clinical trial

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been extremely effective in reducing the incidence of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1, 2], but effective and safe treatments for acute infection are still limited [3, 4]. An uncontrolled pulmonary inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 is considered a key pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 progression [5], so systemic dexamethasone is recommended in severe cases [4, 6]. On the other hand, in very mild patients at home, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may prevent disease progression [7–10]. Whether ICS can also prevent disease progression in patients hospitalised because of COVID-19 has not been explored previously. Accordingly, we designed an investigator-initiated, open-label, randomised clinical trial (RCT) to explore the efficacy of adding inhaled budesonide to usual care to prevent disease progression in patients hospitalised because of COVID-19 pneumonia. We also carefully monitored the safety of this intervention since there are concerns about the use of systemic corticosteroids in other viral (influenza) lung infections [11].

Short abstract

The addition of inhaled budesonide to usual care is safe and may reduce the risk of disease progression in patients hospitalised because of COVID-19 pneumonia https://bit.ly/3tEQo3p

To the Editor:

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been extremely effective in reducing the incidence of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1, 2], but effective and safe treatments for acute infection are still limited [3, 4]. An uncontrolled pulmonary inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 is considered a key pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 progression [5], so systemic dexamethasone is recommended in severe cases [4, 6]. On the other hand, in very mild patients at home, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may prevent disease progression [7–10]. Whether ICS can also prevent disease progression in patients hospitalised because of COVID-19 has not been explored previously. Accordingly, we designed an investigator-initiated, open-label, randomised clinical trial (RCT) to explore the efficacy of adding inhaled budesonide to usual care to prevent disease progression in patients hospitalised because of COVID-19 pneumonia. We also carefully monitored the safety of this intervention since there are concerns about the use of systemic corticosteroids in other viral (influenza) lung infections [11].

The “Inhaled Corticosteroid Treatment of COVID-19 Patients With Pneumonia” (TACTIC) trial was a multicentre, international (Spain and Argentina), randomised (1:1), open label RCT (NCT04355637) whose primary objective was to investigate if the addition of inhaled budesonide (400 μg/12 h via Pulmicort Turbuhaler) to usual care (as dynamically established by the institutional protocol of each participating centre during the course of the pandemic) prevents disease progression, defined by a composite outcome that included treatment with non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen devices (World Health Organization (WHO) stage 5), invasive ventilation (WHO stage 6) and/or death from any cause (WHO stage 7) [12] during the first 15 days after randomisation.

We studied males and females aged 18–80 years hospitalised because of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with radiological evidence (plain chest radiography) of pneumonia, without any contraindication to the study drug, who provided informed consent. Exclusion criteria included previous treatment with inhaled or systemic steroids (e.g. dexamethasone) and/or other immunomodulator drugs (e.g. anti-interleukins), high flow-oxygen or mechanical ventilation, and pregnancy. This RCT was approved by the institutional review boards of participating institutions and was supported by AstraZeneca, who generously provided the study medication and economic support for logistical costs, but did not participate in the design of the study, data analysis and/or writing of the manuscript. The Clinical Trial Unit of Fundació Clinic per la Recerca Biomedica-Hospital Clinic (Barcelona, Spain) monitored the trial in coordination with Klixar (in participating centres in Argentina), centralised all investigational information, and assured the quality control of results.

Based on available knowledge at the time of trial design (March 2020), we hypothesised that disease progression would occur in 15% of patients randomised to the usual care arm and 5% of those included in the intervention arm. Then, for a two-sided type I error of 5% and power of 80%, and 5% estimated losses during follow-up, with three prespecified interim analyses designed using the rho family spending functions with rho=7 and a recalculation of sample size at 75% of expected events, we estimated that 300 patients (150 per arm) would need to be randomised, (East v6.5 Cytel Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA). Randomisation (1:1) was made by a permuted-block method with a block size of multiple of two elements and was stratified by centre with an interactive web service. The primary endpoint of the study was estimated by comparing the proportion of patients with disease progression (defined as above) in both arms using a binomial regression model, adjusted for centre (grouped by country) as covariate [13, 14]. Time-to-event analyses were described by means of the Kaplan–Meier method and inferential analyses were made by means log-rank test. All analyses were carried out by the Medical Statistics Core Facility of IDIBAPS-Hospital Clinic Barcelona (Spain) and performed using SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute Inc Cary, NC, USA).

From April 21, 2020 until March 16 2021, we randomised 120 patients (full analysis set). Because the progressive and generalised use of dexamethasone to treat hospitalised patients with COVID-19 [4] greatly limited our capacity to continue recruiting patients who had not received it before randomisation, the steering committee of the study decided to stop the study prematurely in April 2021.

As shown in table 1, both groups were comparable in terms of demographics and main clinical and radiological characteristics at randomisation, albeit the proportion of patients without supplemental oxygen at entry was nominally higher in the usual care group (n=49 (79.0%) versus n=40 (69.0%)). Disease progression occurred in four patients (6.62%, 95% CI 0.45% to 12.79%) in the usual care group and two patients (3.74%, 95% CI −1.23% to 8.72%) in the usual care+budesonide group, the difference being nonsignificant (−2.88%, 95% CI −10.48% to 4.72%; p=0.458). Of note, 13 patients (21%) in the usual care arm were treated with dexamethasone after randomisation at the discretion of the attending physician, whereas only six patients (10.7%) in the intervention group were. Importantly, adverse events were similar in both groups and there were no treatment-related adverse events (table 1). Two patients died during follow-up, both beyond day 30, one in the control group (due to liver cirrhosis) and one in the intervention group (due to COVID-19) (log-rank p-value=0.9564).

TABLE 1.

Demographics and main clinical variables at randomisation (full analysis set (FAS)), concomitant medications received and adverse events (safety population)

	Usual care n=62	Usual care+budesonide n=58	Total n=120
Demographics (FAS)
Age (years)	51.6±13.8	50.6±13.7	51.1±13.7
Males	32 (51.6%)	24 (42.1%)	56 (47.1%)
Body mass index (kg·m−2)	30.1±6.5	28.6±6.0	29.4±6.3
Smoking status
Current	3 (4.8%)	1 (1.8%)	4 (3.4%)
Former	12 (19.4%)	10 (17.5%)	22 (18.5%)
Never	47 (75.8%)	46 (80.7%)	93 (78.2%)
Symptoms (FAS)
Fever	53 (85.5%)	40 (70.2%)	93 (78.2%)
Cough	40 (64.5%)	40 (70.2%)	80 (67.2%)
Arthromyalgia	26 (41.9%)	26 (45.6%)	52 (43.7%)
Anosmia	19 (30.6%)	19 (33.3%)	38 (31.9%)
Ageusia	19 (30.6%)	17 (29.8%)	36 (30.3%)
Diarrhoea	16 (25.8%)	21 (36.8%)	37 (31.1%)
Chest radiography findings (FAS)
Bilateral pneumonia	48 (77.4%)	49 (86.0%)	97 (81.5%)
Unilateral pneumonia	14 (22.6%)	8 (14.0%)	22 (18.5%)
Oxygen requirements at admission (FAS)
None	49 (79.0%)	40 (69.0%)	89 (74.2%)
Low flow	13 (21.0%)	18 (31.0%)	31 (25.8%)
Concomitant medications (safety population)
Enoxaparin	42 (67.7%)	32 (57.1%)	74 (62.7%)
Dexamethasone	13 (21.0%)	6 (10.7%)	19 (16.1%)
Methylprednisolone	1 (1.6%)	1 (1.8%)	2 (1.7%)
Azithromycin	5 (8.1%)	6 (10.7%)	11 (9.3%)
Chloroquine	4 (6.5%)	6 (10.7%)	10 (8.5%)
Remdesivir	4 (6.5%)	6 (10.7%)	10 (8.5%)
Lopinavir/ritonavir	3 (4.8%)	4 (7.1%)	7 (5.9%)
Tocilizumab	1 (1.6%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.8%)
Adverse events (safety population)
Any adverse event	21 (33.9%)	20 (35.7%)	41 (34.7%)
Any severe adverse event	3 (4.8%)	2 (3.6%)	5 (4.2%)
Any treatment-related adverse event	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Any treatment-related severe adverse event	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Mortality at day 30 follow-up	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Mortality at day 90 follow-up	1 (1.6%)	1 (1.8%)	2 (1.7%)

Data are presented as n (%) or mean±sd.

This RCT lacks statistical power because it had to be terminated prematurely. However, the results suggest that the addition of inhaled budesonide to usual care in patients hospitalised because of COVID-19 pneumonia is safe and showed an encouraging trend towards a reduction in disease progression. The fact that the proportion of patients not requiring oxygen supplementation at randomisation was larger in the usual care group (hence, better pulmonary gas exchange at baseline), and that, despite this, a higher proportion of them received systemic dexamethasone at the discretion of the attending physician, provides additional indirect evidence of a beneficial clinical effect of inhaled budesonide to prevent disease progression. Finally, it is important to highlight that the use of ICS in these patients was safe. These results may open the door for a larger RCT in the near future, now that a new pandemic wave seems to be emerging again in several countries around the world. Dexamethasone reduces mortality in patients requiring supplementary oxygen in hospital [4, 6], but is not recommended for patients not requiring supplementary oxygen, which accounted for 74% of our cohort. A safe treatment that could reduce disease progression in this patient group would still be desirable. In fact, three very recent reports have shown that the use of inhaled steroids can reduce disease progression in mostly asymptomatic COVID-19 patients treated at home [7–10]. The results of the current RCT extend these previous observations on the use of inhaled steroids in the community to patients hospitalised because of COVID-19 pneumonia. Future studies may also need to explore the efficacy and safety of higher doses of inhaled budesonide (800 µg/12 h), as previously investigated in milder patients at home [8].

In conclusion, the results of this RCT suggest that the addition of inhaled budesonide (400 µg/12 h) to usual care in patients hospitalised because of COVID-19 pneumonia is safe and may reduce the risk of disease progression.

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