Table 5.
Summary of methodologies that applied solid-phase extraction protocols for the analysis of TAs in foods.
| Analyte | Sample (Amount) | SLE Conditions | SPE Conditions | Other Treatments | Recovery (%) | [Ref.] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At, Sc + 22 TAs | Flours (buckwheat, millet and corn), cereal-based food (breakfast cereals, biscuits, pastry, pasta and bread), legumes, stir-fry mixes, dry herbal teas (4 g) |
40 mL MeOH/H2O/FA (75:25:0.4, v/v/v) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (15 min, 3500 rpm) |
OASIS MCX (150 mg) or Strata-X (200 mg) C: MeOH (6 mL) + MeOH/H2O/FA (75:25:1, v/v/v) (6 mL) L: supernatant (10 mL, in teas 5 mL) W: MeOH/H2O/ FA (75:25:1, v/v/v) (6 mL) Dry under vacuum (5–10 min) E: MeOH with 0.5% NH4OH (aq) |
Evaporated with N2 in a warmed water bath + reconstituted in MeOH/H2O (10:90, v/v) + filtered |
20–124 TAs 64–112 At 51–117 Sc |
[21] |
| At, Sc + 22 TAs | Herbal tea infusions (37.5 mL) |
- | OASIS MCX (150 mg) C: MeOH (6 mL) + H2O with 1% FA (6 mL) L: 37.5 mL infusion (+ 75 µL FA + centrifuged) W: MeOH/H2O/ FA (75:25:1, v/v/v) (6 mL) Dry under vacuum (5–10 min) E: MeOH with 0.5% NH4OH (aq) |
Evaporated with N2 in a warmed water bath + reconstituted in MeOH/H2O (10:90, v/v) + filtered |
51–104 TAs 92 At 90 Sc |
[21] |
| At, Sc + 11 TAs | Buckwheat, buckwheat flour and pasta; soy and soy flour; peeled millet and millet flour; linseed and linseed flour (1 g) | 10 mL H2O (HAC 0.5%)/MeOH (1:2, v/v) + vortex (1 min) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (10 min, 5000 rpm) |
Strata-X (200 mg) C: MeOH/ H2O (1% HAC) (2:1, v/v) L: supernatant (10 mL) W: MeOH/H2O (1% HAC) (2:1, v/v) E: MeOH with 3% NH4OH (aq) |
Evaporated with N2 + reconstituted in MeOH/H2O (0.1% HAC) (50:50, v/v) + filtered |
60–109 TAs 63–93 At 63–94 Sc |
[16] |
| At, Sc + 11 TAs | Teas and herbal teas (1 g) |
10 mL MeOH/H2O/FA (75:25:0.4, v/v/v) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (5 min, 5000 rpm) |
Strata-X-C (200 mg) C: MeOH/ H2O/FA (75:25:1, v/v/v) L: supernatant (5 mL) W: MeOH/ H2O/FA (75:25:1, v/v/v) Dry under vacuum (1 h) E: MeOH with 3% NH4OH (aq) |
Evaporated with N2 + reconstituted in H2O/MeOH (90:10 v/v) + filtered |
75–128 TAs 99–113 At 96–122 Sc |
[26] |
| At, Sc + 11 TAs | Cereal based baby foods (pap, biscuits, snacks and grissines) (1 g) | 10 mL MeOH/H2O (2:1, v/v) with 0.5% HAC + vortex (1 min) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (10 min, 4480 rcf) and diluted tenfold with MeOH/H2O (2:1, v/v) with 1% HAC |
Strata-X-C (20 × 2 mm, 25 µm) SPE online, 8 mL injected |
- | 66–98 TAs 68–95 At 83–93 Sc |
[18] |
| At, Sc + 11 TAs + others (cocaine, calystegines) |
Tea (3 g) |
- | Strata-X-C (200 mg) C: MeOH (6 mL) and MeOH/H2O (1% HAC) (2:1, v/v) (6 mL) L: 45 mL infusion (+ cooled + centrifuged + acidified 1% HAC) W: MeOH/H2O (1% HAC) (2:1, v/v) (6 mL) E: MeOH with 3% NH4OH (aq) (6 mL) |
- | 74–98 TAs 93 At 93 Sc |
[40] |
Abbreviations: ACN: acetonitrile. At: atropine. C: conditioning. E: elution. FA: formic acid. HAC: acetic acid. L: loading. MeOH: methanol. N.S.: Not shown. SLE: solid-liquid extraction. SPE: solid phase extraction. Sc: scopolamine. TAs: tropane alkaloids. W: washing. -: SLE has not been used.