Table 1.

List of source and functions of EVs (cargoes) released from normal cells.

S. No.	Source of EVs	Functions of EVs/EV Cargoes	References
1	CD9-containing vesicles	Sperm and egg fusion	[35]
2	Oocyte	Remove sperm receptor to prevent polyspermy	[36]
3	Embryonic stem cells	EVs to communicate with environment in blastocyst; trophoblast migration and invasive properties	[37]
4	B Lymphocytes	To activate T cells	[38]
5	Antigen-presenting cells	RNA cargo influencing immune cell behavior	[39]
6	Dendritic cells	miRNA cargo represses mRNA expression target in acceptor dendritic cells	[39]
7	Regulatory T cells	miRNA cargo suppresses inflammatory responses of helper T1 cells	[40]
8	Neurons and glia cells	Facilitate intercellular communication	[41]
9	Neurons	mi-124a cargo uptake by astrocytes upregulates expression of GLT1	[42]
10	Oligodendrocytes	Neurons intake myelin proteins and oxidative stress-protective proteins, causing changes in neuronal firing rates and gene-expression profiles	[43]
11	Oligodendrocyte	Inhibiting differentiation and myelin formation	[44]
12	Schwann cells	Enhance regeneration capacity after sciatic nerve injury	[45]
13	Microglia	Suppress the production of sphingolipid ceramides and sphingosine to regulate neuronal excitability	[46]
14	Cells of human blood from wound site	EVs expose a highly procoagulant tissue factor, implying that EVs play a role in hemostasis	[47]
15	Endothelial cells	Matrix metalloproteinases cargoes enhance matrix degradation and promotes angiogenesis	[48]
16	Platelets	Promotes cell proliferation, the migration of endothelial cells, and vessel formation	[49]
17	Lymphocyte-derived EVs	Prohibits VEGF pathway and, thus, suppresses angiogenesis and augments oxidative stress	[50]
18	Stem-cell-derived EVs	Bioactive cargoes have regenerative abilities	[51]