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Stimulatory effect of Le. mesenteroides, Ll. curvatus, or Lp. plantarum-derived ECVs (LmV, LcV, or LpV) on the production of (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-6 in RAW264.7 macrophages. LPS (0.1 μg/mL) was used as a positive control. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 4) and those followed by different letters (a–f) within a property are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
