Table 2.
Results of Biodex® dynamometer and other outcome measures in LOPD patients.
| Outcome | Visit 1 (0 Months) |
Visit 2 (6 Months) |
Visit 3 (12 Months) |
Visit 4 (18 Months) |
Visit 5 (24 Months) |
ANOVA | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measures | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | V2 vs. V1 | 95%CI | p | Mean | ±SD | V3 vs. V1 | 95%CI | p | Mean | ±SD | V4 vs. V1 | 95%CI | p | Mean | ±SD | V5 vs. V1 | 95%CI | p | p |
| Hip ext. R | 54.1 | 19.8 | 62.0 | 29.6 | 7.7 | −0.4 to 15.8 | 0.061 | 59.6 | 24.7 | 6.0 | −3.6 to 15.7 | 0.191 | 59.4 | 27.1 | 5.3 | −2.5 to 13.2 | 0.162 | 61.5 | 28.5 | 7.4 | −2.5 to 17.3 | 0.126 | 0.959 |
| Hip ext. L | 55.5 | 26.4 | 62.3 | 31.1 | 6.7 | −2.1 to 15.5 | 0.119 | 59.1 | 30.3 | 5.6 | −4.8 to 16.0 | 0.253 | 60.1 | 28.4 | 4.6 | −4.3 to 13.5 | 0.274 | 57.8 | 24.3 | 2.3 | −9.5 to 14.1 | 0.677 | 0.986 |
| Hip flex. R | 19.2 | 14.8 | 22.5 | 14.2 | 3.7 | −1.8 to 9.2 | 0.162 | 23.9 | 16.6 | 4.2 | −1.9 to 10.4 | 0.156 | 24.9 | 11.5 | 5.8 | 0.6 to 10.9 | 0.031 | 26.4 | 15.6 | 7.3 | −1.0 to 15.5 | 0.079 | 0.813 |
| Hip flex. L | 17.9 | 12.4 | 20.9 | 13.8 | 3.3 | −1.5 to 8.2 | 0.153 | 22.0 | 15.4 | 3.5 | −2.7 to 9.7 | 0.233 | 23.1 | 14.2 | 5.2 | −1.6 to 11.9 | 0.119 | 22.1 | 12.8 | 4.2 | −2.1 to 10.5 | 0.170 | 0.921 |
| Knee ext. R | 79.5 | 43.4 | 73.5 | 44.5 | −3.3 | −8.5 to 2.0 | 0.194 | 73.2 | 35.9 | −6.4 | −18.1 to 5.3 | 0.256 | 67.7 | 41.3 | −11.8 | −20.2 to −3.5 | 0.010 | 66.2 | 39.6 | −13.3 | −20.5 to −6.2 | 0.002 | 0.937 |
| Knee ext. L | 79.3 | 42.6 | 74.8 | 44.8 | −2.4 | −7.7 to 2.9 | 0.332 | 76.7 | 42.0 | −2.6 | −13.3 to 8.2 | 0.609 | 67.1 | 39.6 | −12.1 | −20.3 to −4.0 | 0.007 | 65.1 | 39.0 | −14.1 | −25.2 to −3.1 | 0.017 | 0.901 |
| Knee flex. R | 52.6 | 24.7 | 51.9 | 25.7 | −1.3 | −4.6 to 1.9 | 0.378 | 44.3 | 21.6 | −8.2 | −16.6 to 0.2 | 0.055 | 48.1 | 24.6 | −4.4 | −9.7 to 0.9 | 0.095 | 47.6 | 23.9 | −5.0 | −11.0 to 1.0 | 0.093 | 0.919 |
| Knee flex. L | 47.4 | 21.3 | 48.2 | 24.8 | 0.4 | −3.2 to 4.0 | 0.807 | 42.3 | 20.4 | −5.1 | −11.0 to 0.7 | 0.081 | 46.6 | 22.0 | −0.9 | −4.2 to 2.5 | 0.577 | 44.9 | 22.2 | −2.5 | −6.2 to 1.2 | 0.167 | 0.970 |
| Shoulder abd. R | 18.8 | 5.0 | 18.6 | 6.1 | 0.4 | −3.4 to 4.2 | 0.821 | 18.3 | 8.7 | 0.4 | −4.2 to 5.1 | 0.839 | 17.7 | 6.7 | −0.4 | −2.9 to 2.1 | 0.726 | 16.8 | 6.1 | −1.2 | −3.4 to 0.9 | 0.223 | 0.953 |
| Shoulder abd. L | 16.8 | 6.8 | 16.9 | 7.8 | 1.1 | −2.4 to 4.5 | 0.498 | 17.5 | 6.9 | 0.8 | −1.5 to 3.2 | 0.437 | 16.2 | 7.0 | −0.7 | −3.6 to 2.2 | 0.596 | 17.3 | 7.1 | 0.6 | −2.1 to 3.2 | 0.646 | 0.993 |
| Shoulder add. R | 42.3 | 14.4 | 40.6 | 14.5 | −1.2 | −3.5 to 1.2 | 0.291 | 40.1 | 14.8 | −2.1 | −6.2 to 1.9 | 0.269 | 41.2 | 15.0 | −0.6 | −3.9 to 2.7 | 0.696 | 41.6 | 15.3 | −0.3 | −3.4 to 2.8 | 0.853 | 0.997 |
| Shoulder add. L | 47.3 | 14.9 | 44.7 | 13.9 | −2.2 | −6.0 to 1.7 | 0.236 | 46.5 | 13.7 | −1.0 | −5.2 to 3.3 | 0.627 | 45.5 | 14.0 | −1.7 | −6.3 to 3.0 | 0.443 | 47.3 | 14.5 | −0.1 | −5.1 to 4.8 | 0.952 | 0.991 |
| Elbow ext. R | 40.8 | 13.8 | 40.9 | 13.8 | 1.8 | −4.4 to 8.0 | 0.534 | 42.1 | 14.9 | 1.2 | −4.0 to 6.4 | 0.614 | 43.3 | 14.3 | 2.5 | −3.4 to 8.4 | 0.378 | 40.0 | 13.0 | −0.9 | −7.0 to 5.3 | 0.765 | 0.982 |
| Elbow ext. L | 44.8 | 16.9 | 45.7 | 13.1 | 3.2 | −1.5 to 8.0 | 0.159 | 43.2 | 16.3 | −1.6 | −6.0 to 2.8 | 0.446 | 44.8 | 15.5 | 0.0 | −4.7 to 4.7 | 0.988 | 43.1 | 13.7 | −1.7 | −7.0 to 3.7 | 0.506 | 0.993 |
| Elbow flex. R | 22.6 | 10.9 | 21.0 | 10.2 | −1.4 | −6.0 to 3.1 | 0.506 | 22.0 | 12.2 | −0.6 | −6.0 to 4.8 | 0.810 | 22.2 | 11.2 | −0.5 | −4.7 to 3.7 | 0.805 | 22.7 | 11.7 | 0.0 | −5.2 to 5.2 | 0.995 | 0.997 |
| Elbow flex. L | 22.2 | 14.1 | 22.3 | 12.3 | 2.1 | −1.1 to 5.4 | 0.178 | 22.7 | 12.1 | 0.5 | −4.0 to 4.9 | 0.816 | 22.9 | 12.0 | 0.7 | −2.3 to 3.7 | 0.626 | 23.1 | 11.2 | 0.9 | −3.2 to 4.9 | 0.646 | 1.000 |
| Hand grip R(kg) | 37.3 | 10.7 | 39.3 | 8.9 | 1.1 | −1.3 to 3.5 | 0.323 | 37.4 | 7.9 | −0.8 | −5.1 to 3.5 | 0.680 | 37.5 | 9.3 | −0.5 | −4.0 to 3.0 | 0.743 | 36.8 | 7.7 | −2.2 | −7.1 to 2.7 | 0.328 | 0.974 |
| MRC-SS (/80) | 67.2 | 8.2 | 70.4 | 7.7 | 1.0 | −5.5 to 7.5 | 0.733 | 71.1 | 8.3 | 1.8 | −4.9 to 8.5 | 0.556 | 70.4 | 8.3 | 1.2 | −5.8 to 8.1 | 0.709 | 71.3 | 8.1 | 2.3 | −5.3 to 9.8 | 0.506 | 0.785 |
| 6MWD (m) | 451.9 | 143.3 | 443.9 | 163.6 | −19.1 | −58.8 to 20.6 | 0.305 | 410.6 | 172.2 | −41.3 | −86.9 to 4.3 | 0.071 | 427.6 | 167.0 | −28.5 | −63.9 to 6.9 | 0.102 | 368.1 | 167.6 | −60.6 | −92.0 to −29.1 | 0.003 | 0.826 |
| 10MWT (s) | 8.4 | 2.8 | 8.6 | 2.8 | 0.2 | −0.7 to 1.2 | 0.626 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 1.0 | −0.3 to 2.4 | 0.127 | 9.0 | 3.8 | 0.7 | −0.4 to 1.7 | 0.214 | 9.1 | 3.5 | 0.8 | −1.3 to 2.9 | 0.414 | 0.960 |
| TUG (s) | 7.4 | 4.7 | 7.8 | 5.8 | 0.2 | −1.0 to 1.3 | 0.779 | 8.2 | 5.4 | 0.6 | −0.5 to 1.7 | 0.265 | 7.8 | 5.4 | 1.1 | −0.3 to 2.5 | 0.112 | 9.0 | 6.2 | 1.3 | −1.4 to 4.0 | 0.289 | 0.981 |
Biodex® measurements in Newton meters (Nm); SD, standard deviation; V, visit; V1, baseline visit (0 months); 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; p, p-value; ANOVA, analysis of variance; L, left; R, right; ext., extensors; flex., flexors; abd., abductors; add., adductors; hand grip, hand grip test (in kilograms); MRC-SS, Medical Research Council sum score (on a maximum of 80 points); 6MWD, 6 min walk distance (in meter); 10MWT, 10 m walk test (in seconds); TUG, timed up-and-go test (in seconds). Significant values are underlined and indicated in bold.