Abstract
Four new species of the genus Phrynarachne Thorell, 1869 from China are described: P.dreepy Lin & S. Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.xuxiake Lin & S. Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.yunhui Lin & S. Li, sp. nov. (♀), and P.zhengzhongi Lin & S. Li, sp. nov. (♀). The unknown sexes of P.brevis Tang & S. Li, 2010 (♂), P.huangshanensisLi et al., 1985 (♀), P.lancea Tang & S. Li, 2010 (♂), and P.mammillata Song, 1990 (♀) are described for the first time. Phrynarachnesinensis Peng, Yin & Kim is treated as a nomen dubium.
Keywords: Diagnosis, new species, nomen dubium, type specimens
Introduction
The spider genus Phrynarachne Thorell, 1869 currently includes 32 species and subspecies distributed in southern Asia, the Australian region, and sub-Saharan Africa. Only five species are described by both sexes, and 10 species have been studied after their original description. Efforts have been made to find Phrynarachne types preserved in well-known European museums, but these endeavors have failed.
Seven Phrynarachne species were known from China before the current study; only two species, i.e., P.ceylonica (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1884) and P.katoi Chikuni, 1955, are described by both sexes. All endemic Chinese Phrynarachne species are only described by few single-sex specimens, and the species in the surrounding areas of China, except Japan, are not well revised and most of them have only initial descriptions (Li et al. 2021; WSC 2021; Yao et al. 2021).
Here, we describe four new and six known Phrynarachne species from China. Due to the lost holotype and unknown locality in the original description, we treat P.sinensis Peng et al. as nomen dubium.
Materials and methods
All specimens were preserved in 80% ethanol. Epigynes were cleared in trypsin enzyme solution to dissolve non-chitinous tissues. Specimens were examined under a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. Photomicroscopy images were taken with an Olympus C7070 zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels). Laboratory habitus photographs were taken with a Sony A7RIV digital camera equipped with a Sony FE 90mm Goss lens. Photos were stacked with Helicon Focus (v. 7.6.1) or Zerene Stacker (v. 1.04) and processed in Adobe Photoshop CC2019.
All measurements are in millimeters and were obtained with an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope with a Zongyuan CCD industrial camera. Total length is measured without chelicerae. Eye sizes are measured as the maximum diameter from either the dorsal or frontal view. Leg measurements are given as follows: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The terminology used in the text and figures follows Ono (1988).
Types of the new species reported here are deposited at the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
Abbreviations
ALE anterior lateral eyes;
AME anterior median eyes;
E embolus;
FD fertilization duct;
H hood;
ITA intermediate tibial apophysis;
Mp median plate;
PLE posterior lateral eyes;
PME posterior median eyes;
RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis;
S spermathecae;
VTA ventral tibial apophysis.
Taxonomy
Family Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833
Genus. Phrynarachne
Thorell, 1869
B4A66B55-2AA0-5BF3-BD07-9DD92488709E
Phrynarachne Thorell, 1869: 37. For the complete list of references see WSC (2021).
Type species.
Thomisusrugosus Walckenaer, 1805, from Mauritius
Diagnosis.
Large or medium-sized, male is much smaller than the female (1:2 or more). Prosoma nearly as long as wide, with granulations. Eyes small, subequal in size. Fovea inconspicuous. Chelicerae with two promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Labium longer than wide, sternum oval, male palp with VTA, ITA and RTA; tegulum flat, disk-shaped; tegular ridge present; embolus slender. Female epigynum simple, with a media plate, spermathecae strong sclerotized.
. Phrynarachne brevis
Tang & S. Li, 2010
84D9F28B-51C0-5266-905F-67D5735F244E
Figure 1.
Phrynarachne spp., live AP.brevis, adult female BP.xuxiake sp. nov., juvenile. Photos by Chao Wu (A) and Fan Gao (B).
Figure 6.
Phrynarachnebrevis, female A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal.
Figure 18.
Phrynarachne spp., habitus dorsal AP.brevis, female BP.huangshanensis, male CP.dreepy sp. nov., holotype male D same, paratype female.
Figure 21.
Distribution records of Phrynarachne species in China 1P.brevis2P.ceylonica3P.dreepy sp. nov. 4P.huangshanensis5P.katoi6P.lancea7P.mammillata8P.xuxiake sp. nov. 9P.yunhui sp. nov. 10P.zhengzhongi sp. nov.
Phrynarachne brevis Tang & Li, 2010: 49, figs 35A–D, 36A, B (♂).
Type material.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCASAr18535), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, Bamboo plantation near G213 roadside, 21.8940°N, 101.2823°E, 580 m elev., 3.XII.2009, Guo Tang and Zhiyuan Yao leg., examined.
Other material examined.
1♀ (IZCAS-Ar41642), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, Bamboo plantation, 21.9008°N, 101.2822°E, 597 m elev., 9.V.2019, Zhigang Chen leg.
Diagnosis.
See diagnosis of P.dreepy sp. nov.
Description.
Female (Figs 1A, 6, 18A). Total length 16.53, carapace 6.62 long, 7.09 wide, yellow brown with brown pattern and granulations dorsally. With large projection between ALE and PLE. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.26, AME 0.23, PLE 0.25, PME 0.22; ALE–AME 0.51, AME–AME 0.90, PLE–PME 1.62, PME–PME 1.02. Chelicerae brown, with two promarginal and one retromarginal teeth; gnathocoxae, labium dark yellow, labium 1.52 long, 1.18 wide. Sternum yellow. Legs brown, femora I and II with dense, varying-sized tubercles; tibiae and metatarsi I, II with dense asymmetrical ventral spines (I, tibia 12, metatarsus 30; II, tibia 10, metatarsus 30). Leg measurements: I 17.25 (5.74, 6.31, 3.10, 2.10), II 17.61 (5.66, 6.61, 3.30, 2.04), III 12.30 (3.67, 5.74, 1.50, 1.39), IV 10.26 (3.31, 4.12, 1.46, 1.37). Opisthosoma dorsally light yellow, each side with 22 long tubercles, middle with pair of black markings.
Epigyne (Fig. 6) with M-shaped sclerotized margins; median plate obvious, with a posterior hood, anterior edge recurved and posterior edge almost straight, the ratio of length to width is 11:3; copulatory opening obvious; spermathecae kidney-shaped, the ratio of anterior edge to posterior edge length is 1:1. Fertilization duct transverse.
Male. See Tang and Li (2010).
Distribution.
China (Yunnan).
Notes.
The female is described here for the first time.
. Phrynarachne ceylonica
(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1884)
C795BEB5-5F03-510B-9151-57100B931A25
Figure 2.
PhrynarachneceylonicaA adult male (left) and female (right) B male live C female live. Photos by Peter Koomen.
Ornithoscatoides ceylonica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1884: 201, pl. 15, fig. 3. For the complete list of references see WSC (2021).
Type material.
Syntypes 2♀, “Ceylon, G.H.K. Thwaites leg.”, Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford, UK, not examined; O.nigra O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1884: Syntypes 2♂, “Ceylon and India, G.H.K. Thwaites leg.”, Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford, UK, not examined.
Other material examined.
2♂ (IZCAS), Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, primary tropical seasonal rain forest, 21.9598°N, 101.2035°E, 822 m elev., 8.VIII.2007, Guo Zheng leg.; 1♂ (IZCAS), Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, Paramicheliabaillonii plantation (about 20 years old), 21.9129°N, 101.2674°E, 556 m elev., 18.VII.2007, Guo Zheng leg.; 2♂ (IZCAS), Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, secondary tropical seasonal moist forest, 21.9120°N, 101.2823°E, 645 m elev., 27.VII.2007, Guo Zheng leg.; 1♂ (IZCAS), Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, Anogeissusacuminata plantation (about 20 yr.), 21.8999°N, 101.2802°E, 611 m elev., 19.VIII.2007, Guo Zheng leg.; 2♀ (IZCAS), Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, secondary tropical seasonal moist forest, 21.9065°N, 101.2802°E, 612 m elev., 10.VIII.2007, Guo Zheng leg.
Distribution.
Asia: from India and Sri Lanka to Japan, south to Indonesia. In China is known from Guangxi, Taiwan, and Yunnan.
. Phrynarachne dreepy
Lin & S. Li sp. nov.
8DA2EDFB-3305-560C-A44C-BB51443DA973
http://zoobank.org/E0BC4600-8F1E-403A-BBDD-C37EDE540845
Figure 3.
Phrynarachnedreepy sp. nov. A, B male C female life. Photos by Peter Koomen (A, B) and Chao Wu (C).
Figure 7.
Phrynarachnedreepy sp. nov., holotype male, left palp A ventral B retrolateral.
Figure 8.
Phrynarachnedreepy sp. nov., patatype female A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal.
Type material.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar41643), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, 21.9768°N, 101.2010°E, 814 m elev., 17.VIII.2011, Guo Zheng leg.; Paratypes: 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar41644, Ar41645), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, 21.9277°N, 101.2622°E, 552 m elev., VIII.2019, Long Yu leg.; 1♂ (IZCAS-Ar41646), same data as holotype, but 21.9502°N, 101.2010°E, 814 m elev., 18.VIII.2011; 2♂ (IZCAS-Ar41647, Ar41648), Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Guanping Town, Shiwudui, 22.2280°N, 100.8894°E, 888 m elev., 20.VII.2012, Qingyuan Zhao and Zhigang Chen leg.
Etymology.
The species is named after Dreepy, a fictional character from Pokémon Sword and Shield, who has a triangular head that is reminiscent of the opisthosoma of the new species; noun (name) in apposition.
Diagnosis.
Phrynarachnedreepy sp. nov. is similar to P.brevis in that males have a long RTA; in females the epigyne has sclerotized margins and the posterior edge of the median plate has a depression. However, males of P.dreepy sp. nov. can be easily distinguished by the long VTA (vs short VTA in P.brevis), the length of embolus to the length of the embolus base (7:1 vs 18:1 in P.brevis), and the embolus separate from the tegulum (vs close to the tegulum in P.brevis). Females can be separated from P.brevis by the short, triangular tubercles on the abdomen (vs long, slender tubercles in P.brevis), the straight anterior edge of median plate (vs recurved in P.brevis), and the procurved posterior edge of the median plate (vs almost straight in P.brevis).
Description.
Male (Figs 3A, B, 7, 18C), holotype: total length 2.26, carapace 1.04 long, 1.02 wide, yellow-brown, with white tubercles. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.09, AME 0.07, PLE 0.07, PME 0.06; ALE–AME 0.05, AME–AME 0.07, PLE–PME 0.09, PME–PME 0.11. Chelicerae brown, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth; gnathocoxae, yellow-brown, labium brown, 0.23 long, 0.18 wide. Sternum yellow-brown. Legs yellow-brown, femora I ang II with dense, varying-sized tubercles; tibiae and metatarsi I, II with pairs of ventral spines (I, tibia 6, metatarsus 8; II, tibia 6, metatarsus 6). Leg measurements: I 3.85 (1.21, 1.38, 0.76, 0.50), II 3.78 (1.22, 1.34, 0.73, 0.49), III 1.72 (0.55, 0.60, 0.27, 0.30), IV 1.52 (0.51, 0.52, 0.23, 0.26). Leg formula: 1234. Opisthosoma dark brown, each side with 18 tubercles, each with a clavate seta.
Male palp (Fig. 3A, B). Tibia brown, VTA club-shaped; RTA long, the length of VTA to the length of RTA is 3:1. Cymbium brown. Tegulum flat, disk-shaped, with a tegular ridge. Embolus spiraled, thin, separated from tegulum; the length of embolus to the length of embolus base 7:1.
Female (Figs 3C, 8, 18D) one paratype: total length 8.45, carapace 3.77 long, 4.02 wide, pale yellow, green when alive. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.22, AME 0.12, PLE 0.20, PME 0.15; ALE–AME 0.18, AME–AME 0.24, PLE–PME 0.28, PME–PME 1.02. Chelicerae brown, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth; gnathocoxae, labium yellow, labium 0.86 long, 0.63 wide. Sternum yellow. Legs pale yellow, femora I and II with dense, varying-sized tubercles; tibiae and metatarsi I, II with dense asymmetrical ventral spines (I, tibia 25, metatarsus 102; II, tibia 20, metatarsus 83). Leg measurements: I 13.87 (4.26, 4.94, 3.10, 1.57), II 13.99 (4.40, 4.81, 3.16, 1.62), III 7.17 (2.36, 2.67, 1.12, 1.02), IV 6.74 (2.49, 2.57, 0.82, 0.86). Leg formula: 2134. Opisthosoma pale green, each side with 13 triangular tubercles, each with a clavate seta.
Epigyne (Fig. 8) with sclerotized margins; median plate almost rectangular, hood absent, anterior edge straight, posterior edge slightly recurved, the ratio of length to width is 4:1; copulatory opening inconspicuous; spermathecae kidney-shaped, the ratio of anterior edge to posterior edge length is 2:1. Fertilization duct transverse.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality.
. Phrynarachne huangshanensis
Li, Chen & Song, 1985
49F5B061-59A0-5C34-A3E6-1C9CB4FEDE28
Figs 5 , 9 , 10 , 17A, C , 18B , 21
Figure 5.
Phrynarachnehuangshanensis, live A male B female. Photos by Ruiyang Wang.
Figure 9.
Phrynarachnehuangshanensis, male left palp A ventral B retrolateral.
Figure 10.
Phrynarachnehuangshanensis, holotype female A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal.
Figure 17.
Phrynarachne spp., holotype females A, C habitus (A) and original labels (C handwriting by Daxiang Song) of P.huangshanensisB, D habitus (B) and original label (D handwriting by Daxiang Song) of P.mammillata.
Phrynarachne huangshanensis Li et al., 1985: 73, figs 1, 2. For the complete list of references see WSC (2021).
Type material.
Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS-Ar41649), China: Anhui: Huangshan City, Huangshan District, Zhaixi Village, 30.0580°N, 118.1664°E, 423 m elev., 14.VI.1982, Youcai Li, Fayang Chen and Daxiang Song leg., examined.
Other material examined.
1♂(IZCAS-Ar416450), China: Anhui: Huangshan City, Tangkou Town, Houyuan, ravine, 30.0735°N, 118.1522°E, 470 m elev., IX.2018, Long Yu leg.; 2♂(IZCAS-Ar41651, Ar41652), China: Anhui: Huangshan City, Tangkou town, Fangcunxin Village, ravine, shrub with broad leaves, 30.0457°N, 118.1606°E, 430±8 m elev., 5.IX.2019, Long Yu leg.; 3♂ (IZCAS-Ar41653–Ar41655), China: Anhui: Huangshan City, Tangkou town, Fangcun Village, shrub with broad leaves, 30.0302°N, 118.1822°E, 356±6 m elev., 5.IX.2019, Long Yu leg; 5♀(IZCAS-Ar41656–Ar41660), China: Anhui: Huangshan City, Tangkou Town, Fangcunxin Village, ravine, 30.0501°N, 118.1854°E, 450 m elev., IX.2018, Long Yu leg.
Diagnosis.
Males of Phrynarachnehuangshanensis can be distinguished from those of P.mammillata by the ratio of the length of the embolus to the length of the embolus base (7:1 in P.huangshanensis vs 10:1 in P.mammillata), and the ratio of the length of the RTA to the length of the VTA (3:1 in P.huangshanensis vs 2:1 in P.mammillata). Females can be differentiated by the length to width ratio of the median plate (3:1 in P.huangshanensis vs 5:1 in P.mammillata), and the V-shaped median plate (vs M-shaped in P.mammillata).
Description.
Male (Figs 5A, 9, 18B): total length 2.45, carapace 1.10 long, 1.14 wide, dark brown with long setae. Opisthosoma brown in middle, with some tubercles, each with a clavate seta. A pair of white lines from PLE to fovea. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.09, AME 0.06, PLE 0.07, PME 0.04; ALE–AME 0.05, AME–AME 0.11, PLE–PME 0.13, PME–PME 0.15. Chelicerae brown, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth; gnathocoxae, labium dark brown, labium 0.20 long, 0.21 wide. Sternum black. Legs black, femora I and II with dense, varying-sized tubercles, tibiae and metatarsi I, II with pairs of ventral spines (I, tibia 6, metatarsus 6; II, tibia 6, metatarsus 6); femora III, IV with white stripe. Leg measurements: I 3.54 (1.13, 1.23, 0.66, 0.52), II 3.50 (1.18, 1.22, 0.60, 0.50), III 1.69 (0.55, 0.56, 0.26, 0.32), IV 2.08 (0.73, 0.72, 0.28, 0.35). Leg formula: 1234. Opisthosoma dorsally dark brown, each side with 17 tubercles, each with a clavate seta, center with a pair of yellow markings.
Male palp (Fig. 9). Tibia brown, VTA club-shaped; RTA long, the length ratio of VTA to RTA is 3:1. Cymbium black. Tegulum flat, disk-shaped, with a tegular ridge. Embolus spiral, thin, the length ratio of the embolus to the embolus base is 7:1.
Female. See Li et al. (1985).
Distribution.
China (Anhui).
Notes.
The male is described for the first time here.
. Phrynarachne katoi
Chikuni, 1955
3DEA28A6-58A9-5103-9AD4-BA468350FE8C
Figure 4.
Phrynarachnekatoi, live A male B female. Photos by Fan Gao.
Phrynarachne katoi Chikuni, 1955: 35, figs 4A–G, pl. 1. For the complete list of references see WSC (2021).
Type material.
Holotype 1♀ (Collection of Kyukichi Kishida, Tokyo), from Tojigami, Daisan-ku, Kawajimura, Iida-shi, Shimoina-gun, Nagano Pref., 470 m elev., 7.IX.1953, S. Sekigawa leg., not examined.
Other material examined.
1♂1♀ (IZCAS), China: Anhui: Huangshan City, Xiuning County, Mount Qiyun, 29.8186°N, 118.0294°E, 24.X.2021, Fan Gao leg.
Distribution.
China, Korea, and Japan. In China it is known from Anhui, Zhejiang.
. Phrynarachne lancea
Tang & S. Li, 2010
602C5478-E2AA-53CF-83C6-452DF365605B
Figure 11.
Phrynarachnelancea, female A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal.
Figure 19.
Phrynarachne spp., habitus dorsal AP.lancea, female BP.mammillata, male CP.xuxiake sp. nov., holotype female DP.yunhui sp. nov., holotype female.
Phrynarachne lancea Tang & Li, 2010: 53, figs 37A–D, 38A, B.
Type material.
Holotype: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar18536), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, Tropical seasonal rainforest, 21.9368°N, 101.2701°E, 558 m elev., 1.XII.2009, Guo Tang and Zhiyuan Yao leg., examined. Paratype: 1♂(IZCAS-Ar18537), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Menglun Nature Reserve, Anogeissusacuminata plantation (about 20 years old), 21.8970°N, 101.2846°E, 609 m elev., 27.XII.2009, Guo Tang and Zhiyuan Yao leg. examined.
Other material examined.
3♀(IZCAS-Ar41661–Ar41663), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, Rainforest Valley, 21.9277°N, 101.2622°E, 552 m elev., III.2018, Yu Long leg.; 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar41664, Ar41665), same data as above, but II.2019; 3♂(IZCAS-Ar41666–Ar41668), same data as above, but V.2019.
Diagnosis.
Phrynarachnelancea males can be easily distinguished from other species by the wide, spear-shaped RTA. Females of P.lancea are similar to P.mammillata in having an M-shaped median plate and kidney-shaped spermathecae. However, P.lancea can be distinguished by the length to width ratio of the median plate (7:1 in P.lancea vs 4:1 in P.mammillata), the straight posterior edge of the median plate (vs procurved in P.mammillata), the posterior edge of the spermathecae shorter than the anterior edge (vs of equal length in P.mammillata), and the longitudinal fertilization ducts (vs transverse in P.mammillata).
Description.
Female (Figs 11, 19A): total length 16.49, carapace 6.53 long, 6.82 wide, white, posterior edge black. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.21, AME 0.20, PLE 0.24, PME 0.21; ALE–AME 0.14, AME–AME 0.25, PLE–PME 0.33, PME–PME 0.28. Chelicerae white, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth; gnathocoxae white with black pattern, labium black, 0.88 long, 0.83 wide. Sternum white. Legs white with black markings, femora I and II with dense, varying-sized tubercles; tibiae and metatarsi I, II with dense asymmetrical ventral spines (I, tibia 28, metatarsus 75; II, tibia 26, metatarsus 68). Leg measurements: I 12.45 (4.23, 4.49, 2.41, 1.32), II 12.15 (4.15, 4.41, 2.31, 1.28), III 6.25 (2.12, 2.38, 0.98, 0.87), IV 5.90 (2.18, 2.00, 0.92, 0.80). Leg formula: 1234. Opisthosoma white, posterior grey, with four obvious brown tubercles.
Epigyne (Fig. 11) with sclerotized margins inconspicuous, M-shaped; median plate M-shaped, hood absent, anterior and posterior edges recurved, the ratio of length to width is 7:1; copulatory opening inconspicuous; spermathecae kidney-shaped, the ratio of anterior edge to posterior edge length is 3:1. Fertilization duct longitudinal.
Male. See Tang and Li (2010).
Distribution.
China (Yunnan).
Notes.
The female is reported here for the first time.
. Phrynarachne mammillata
Song, 1990
85C87164-6611-5C2C-9EC3-A1E8547FCEFB
Figs 12 , 13 , 17B, D , 19B , 21
Figure 12.
Phrynarachnemammillata, male left palp A ventral B retrolateral.
Figure 13.
Phrynarachnemammillata Song, 1990, female A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal.
Phrynarachne mammillata Song in Song & Chai, 1990: 364, fig. 1A–D.For the complete list of references see WSC (2021).
Type material.
Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS-Ar9358), China: Guizhou: Tongren City, Jiangkou County, Fanjing Mountain, 10.VII.1988, examined.
Other material examined.
2♀ (IZCAS-Ar41669, Ar41670), China, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, Rainforest Valley, 21.927745°N, 101.262194°E, 552 m elev., 2014/VII, Yu Long leg.; 1♂ (IZCAS-Ar41671), Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Guanping Town, Shiwudui, 22.2280°N, 100.8894°E, 888 m elev., 20.VII.2012, Qingyuan Zhao and Zhigang Chen leg.
Diagnosis.
See diagnosis of Phrynarachnehuangshanensis.
Description.
Male (Figs 12, 19B): total length 1.82, carapace 0.90 long, 0.97 wide, dark brown, cephalic region yellow-brown. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.09, AME 0.06, PLE 0.07, PME 0.06; ALE–AME 0.05, AME–AME 0.07, PLE–PME 0.12, PME–PME 0.12. Chelicerae brown, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth; gnathocoxae, labium dark brown, labium 0.15 long, 0.19 wide. Sternum brown. Legs black, femora I and II with dense, varying-sized tubercles; tibiae and metatarsi I, II with pairs of ventral spines (I, tibia 6, metatarsus 6; II, tibia 6, metatarsus 6), femora III, IV with broad white pattern. Leg measurements: I 2.51 (0.83, 0.83, 0.51, 0.34), II 2.51 (0. 81, 0.86, 0.46, 0.38), III 1.47 (0.47, 0.48, 0.26, 0.26), IV 1.36 (0.48, 0.42, 0.24, 0.22). Leg formula: 1 = 234. Opisthosoma dark brown with yellow-brown spots, each side with 18 tubercles, yellow-brown tubercles, each with a clavate seta.
Male palp (Fig. 12). Tibia brown, VTA club-shaped; RTA long, the length ratio of VTA to RTA is 2:1. Cymbium yellow to brown. Tegulum flat, disk-shaped, with a tegular ridge. Embolus spiraled, thin, the length ratio of embolus to embolus base is 10:1.
Female. See Song and Chai (1990).
Distribution.
China (Guizhou, Yunnan).
Notes.
The male is reported here for the first time.
. Phrynarachne sinensis
Peng, Yin & Kim, 2004 nomen dubium
DD847B39-ADD2-5DD4-9705-727527BB2841
Phrynarachne sinensis Peng et al., 2004: 21, figs 1–3; Yin et al. 2012: 1265, fig. 680a–c.
Type material.
Holotype: ♀ (College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University), China (Wang-101), no detailed data, lost, not examined.
Notes.
The lost type specimen, lack of clear figures of the holotype, and the vague distributional information make further study of the taxonomy of this species impossible. We treat it as nomen dubium.
. Phrynarachne xuxiake
Lin & S. Li sp. nov.
E6B9BD64-3EC7-50B6-B099-DEA9E92D1040
http://zoobank.org/BB4750BD-1DC5-4B3C-BF29-2F26118EA68D
Figure 14.
Phrynarachnexuxiake sp. nov., holotype female A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal.
Type material.
Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS-Ar41672), China: Anhui: Huangshan City, Tangkou Town, Fangcunxin Village, ravine, 30.0501°N, 118.1854°E, 450 m elev., IX.2018, Long Yu leg.
Etymology.
The species is named after Xu Xiake, a Chinese travel writer and geographer of the Ming dynasty; noun (name) in apposition.
Diagnosis.
Females of Phrynarachnexuxiake sp. nov. are similar to P.katoi but can be distinguished by the length to width ratio of the median plate (3:1 in P.xuxiake vs 5:1 in P.katoi) and by the rectangular median plate with its posterior edge straight (vs dumbbell-shaped with procurved posterior edge in P.katoi).
Description.
Female (Figs 14, 19C), holotype: total length 8.78, carapace 3.84 long, 4.45 wide, dark brown with long setae. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.22, AME 0.17, PLE 0.18, PME 0.15; ALE–AME 0.18, AME–AME 0.24, PLE–PME 0.28, PME–PME 0.28. Chelicerae white, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth; gnathocoxae, labium black, labium 0.84 long, 0.74 wide. Sternum black. Legs yellow, femora I and II with dense, varying-sized tubercles; tibiae and metatarsi of I, II with dense ventral spines (I, tibia 26, metatarsus 108; II, tibia 21, metatarsus 89). Leg measurements: I 15.11 (4.17, 4.92, 3.70, 2.32), II 13.93 (4.02, 4.68, 3.13, 2.10), III 6.94 (2.12, 2.71, 1.05, 1.06), IV 6.63 (2.39, 2.54, 0.76, 0.94). Leg formula: 1234. Opisthosoma brown, each side with 19 blunt tubercles, each with a clavate seta, with a pair of black markings medially.
Epigyne (Fig. 14). Sclerotized margins inconspicuous, M-shaped; median plate obvious, with a posterior hood, anterior edge recurved and posterior edge almost straight, the ratio of width to length is 3:1; copulatory opening inconspicuous; Spermathecae kidney-shaped, the ratio of anterior edge to posterior edge length is 3:2. Fertilization duct transverse.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality.
. Phrynarachne yunhui
Lin & S. Li sp. nov.
7AA0EA7D-4FA0-554E-B893-671366288DF9
http://zoobank.org/51542955-2CCB-4A0B-881A-FED561B28CB8
Figure 15.
Phrynarachneyunhui sp. nov., holotype female A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal.
Type material.
Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS-Ar41673), China: Hainan: Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, Mingfenggu, 18.7417°N, 108.8417°E, 989 m elev., 1.VII.2020, Yunhu Mo leg.
Etymology.
The species is named after Mr Yunhu Mo, who collected the holotype; noun (name) in genitive case.
Diagnosis.
Females of Phrynarachneyunhui sp. nov. are similar to P.mammillata in having the anterior edge and posterior edges of the median plate procurved and the posterior edge with a depression, and in having kidney-shaped spermathecae. However, Phrynarachneyunhui sp. nov. can be distinguished by the oval median plate (vs M-shaped in P.mammillata) and the broad anterior edge of the spermathecae (vs narrow in P.mammillata).
Description.
Female (Figs 15, 19D): total length 10.04, carapace 3.67 long, 4.44 wide, black. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.22, AME 0.19, PLE 0.25, PME 0.20; ALE–AME 0.16, AME–AME 0.27, PLE–PME 0.35, PME–PME 0.29. Chelicerae black, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth; Gnathocoxae, labium black, labium 0.83 long, 0.75 wide. Sternum black. Legs black, femora I and II with dense, varying-sized tubercles; tibiae and metatarsi I, II with dense asymmetrical ventral spines (I, tibia 17, metatarsus 41; II, tibia 16, metatarsus 36). Leg measurements: I 13.01 (4.38, 4.63, 2.56, 1.44), II 12.74 (4.33, 4.58, 2.43, 1.40), III 6.78 (2.16, 2.42, 1.18, 1.02), IV 6.44 (2.35, 2.19, 1.07, 0.93). Leg formula: 1234. Opisthosoma grey, with dense, varying-sized, red-brown tubercles, each with a clavate seta.
Epigyne (Fig. 15). Sclerotized margins inconspicuous; median plate obvious, with a small posterior hood, anterior and posterior edges recurved, the ratio of width to length is 15:4; copulatory opening inconspicuous; spermathecae kidney-shaped, the ratio of posterior edge to anterior edge length is 1:1. Fertilization duct transverse.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality.
. Phrynarachne zhengzhongi
Lin & S. Li sp. nov.
D921287B-2E97-568E-B1F0-B83E05EC2BBB
http://zoobank.org/77674036-F817-4088-A525-2DF0AB763CDC
Figure 16.
Phrynarachnezhengzhongi sp. nov., holotype female A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal.
Figure 20.
Phrynarachnezhengzhongi sp. nov., female holotype (A) and paratype (B) habitus A dorsal B lateral.
Type material.
Holotype: ♀ (IZCAS-Ar41674), China: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jinghong City, Guanping Town, Shiwudui, 22.2310°N, 100.9172°E, 872 m elev., 27.IV.2018, Zhengzhong Huang leg. Paratype ♀ (IZCAS-Ar41675), same data as holotype.
Etymology.
The species is named after Mr Zhengzhong Huang, who collected the holotype and paratype; noun (name) in genitive case.
Diagnosis.
Females of Phrynarachnezhengzhongi sp. nov. are similiar to P.brevis by the shape of the spermathecae; the posterior edge of the spermathecae is as wide as the anterior edge. However, females of P.zhengzhongi sp. nov. can be distinguished by the triangular tubercles on the abdomen (vs long, slender apophysis in P.brevis), the epigyne with a hood, and the absence of sclerotized margins (vs hood absent, sclerotized margins present in P.brevis), and the straight anterior edge of the median plate (vs recurved in P.brevis).
Description.
Female (Figs 16, 20): total length 10.79, carapace 5.27 long, 5.53 wide, brown, with small projection, ocular tubercle white. Projection present between ALE and PLE. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.21, AME 0.17, PLE 0.18, PME 0.10; ALE–AME 0.35, AME–AME 0.66, PLE–PME 0.50, PME–PME 0.87. Chelicerae pale yellow, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth; gnathocoxae, labium yellow, labium 1.19 long, 0.94 wide. Sternum yellow. Legs brown, femora I and II with dense, varying-sized tubercles; tibiae and metatarsi I, II with dense asymmetrical ventral spines (I, tibia 22, metatarsus 43; II, tibia 17, metatarsus 37). Leg measurements: I 14.43 (4.71, 5.91, 2.35, 1.46), II 14.78 (5.05, 6.31, 2.09, 1.33), III 7.76 (2.24, 3.48, 1.03, 1.01), IV 7.30 (2.44, 3.01, 0.92, 0.93). Leg formula: 2134. Opisthosoma dorsally light yellow, each side with 22 tubercles, each with some tubercles.
Epigyne (Fig. 16). Sclerotized margins inconspicuous; median plate obvious, with a posterior hood, anterior and posterior edges almost straight, the ratio of width to length is 4:1; copulatory opening inconspicuous; spermathecae kidney-shaped, the ratio of posterior edge to anterior edge length is 1:1. Fertilization duct transverse.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by Hirotsugu Ono,Yuri Marusik, Zhiyuan Yao. Sarah Crews checked the English. Zhengzhong Huang (IZCAS), Fan Gao (Nanjing, China), and Yunhu Mo (Haikou, China) helped with fieldwork. Fan Gao (Nanjing, China), Chao Wu (Beijing, China), and Ruiyang Wang (Nanjing, China) took the photographs.
Citation
Lin Y, Yu L, Koomen P, Yan X, Li S (2022) Taxonomic notes on the genus Phrynarachne from China (Araneae, Thomisidae). ZooKeys 1085: 69–99. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1085.77966
Contributor Information
Xunyou Yan, Email: yanxunyou@163.com.
Shuqiang Li, Email: lisq@ioz.ac.cn.
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