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. 2022 Feb 7;14(3):699. doi: 10.3390/nu14030699

Table 2.

Assessed parameters and outcome measures of RES treatment in various drug-resistant cancer cells.

Cancer Selecting Drug Resistant Cells Assessed Parameter Outcome Measures Reference
Bladder Doxorubicin Pumc-91/ADM ↑Topo-II,
↓Bcl-2, ↓GST, ↓LRP, ↓MRP1 		↑S arrest,
↓Proliferation		 [24]
Breast Cisplatin MCF-7R ↑γ-H2AX,
↓Rad51		 ↓Proliferation,
↓Repair of DNA damage		 [7]
MCF-7R ↑AMPK, ↑Bax, ↑CHK2, ↑CK1, ↑p21, ↑PUMA, ↑p-p53 (Serine20),
↓Bcl-2, ↓p-p53 (Serine15 and 46)		 ↑Apoptosis,
↓Proliferation		 [47]
Doxorubicin MCF-7-ADR ↑Caspase-8, ↑Caspase-9, ↑miR-122-5p
↓Bcl-2, ↓CDK2, ↓CDK4, ↓CDK6		 ↑Apoptosis,
↑G1 arrest,
↓Proliferation		 [46]
MCF7/ADR ↑SIRT1,
↓β-Catenin, ↓N-Cadherin, ↓Imentin		 ↑Apoptosis,
↓Cell migration,
↓EMT,
↓Proliferation		 [78]
MCF-7/DOX ↑Caspase-3,
↓PI3K, ↓p-Akt/Akt, ↓p-mTOR/mTOR		 ↑Apoptosis,
↓Cell migration,
↓Cell invasion,
↓Metastasis,
↓Proliferation,
↓Tumor volume		 [58]
MCF-7/adr ↓MDR1, ↓MRP1 ↑Cellular influx,
↓Proliferation,
↓Tumor volume		 [34]
Mitoxantrone MCF/MR - ↑ATPase activity,
↑Cellular accumulation		 [38]
Paclitaxel MDA-MB-231/PacR ↑Caspase-7,
↓Survivin		 ↑Apoptosis,
↑Senescence
↑Sub-G1 arrest,
↓Colony formation
↓Proliferation		 [59]
Tamoxifen MCF-7/TR ↑Caspase-3, ↑E-Cadherin, ↑γ-Catenin,
↓Fibronectin, ↓N-Cadherin, ↓p-Akt, ↓p-ERK,
↓p-Smad2, ↓p-Smad3, ↓TGF-β, ↓Vimentin		 ↑Apoptosis,
↓EMT		 [56]
MCF-7 TR1 ↑p21, ↑p53,
↓Cyclin D1, ↓ERα, ↓IRS1		 ↑G1 arrest,
↓Proliferation		 [51]
Colon 5-FU HCT-116R ↑Caspase-3, ↑E-Cadherin,
↓ALDH1, ↓CD133, ↓CD44, ↓CXCR4,
↓MMP-9, ↓p-NF-kB, ↓Slug, ↓Vimentin		 ↑Apoptosis,
↓Cell invasion,
↓CSC,
↓EMT,
↓Metastasis		 [25]
HCT116R ↑Caspase-3, ↑E-Cadherin,
↓MMP-9, ↓p-IkBa, ↓p-NF-kB, ↓Slug, ↓Vimentin,		 ↑Apoptosis,
↑Intracellular junction,
↓Cell invasion,
↓EMT,
↓Metastasis,
↓Proliferation		 [57]
5-FU-R ↑APC, ↑Bax/Bcl-xL, ↑Caspase-3, ↑p21, ↑PTEN
↓CDC-2, ↓DDB2, ↓FEN-1, ↓POLH, ↓POL-β		 ↑Apoptosis,
↑DNA damage,
↑Sub-G1 arrest,
↓Proliferation		 [44]
Cisplatin CIS-resistant HCT-116 CRC - ↑Apoptosis,
↑Cellular uptake,
↑G0 arrest,
↓Proliferation		 [30]
Oxaliplatin HCT116/L-OHP ↑AMPK,
↓MDR1, ↓p-CREB, ↓p-NF-kB		 ↑Cellular uptake,
↓Proliferation		 [31]
Gastric Doxorubicin SGC7901/DOX ↑Caspase-3, ↑Caspase-9, ↑E-Cadherin, ↑TSC1, ↑TSC2,
↓p-mTOR, ↓p-Akt, ↓β-Catenin, ↓Vimentin		 ↑Apoptosis,
↓Cell migration,
↓EMT,
↓Proliferation,
↓Tumor volume		 [26]
Leukemia Doxorubicin CEM/ADR5000 - ↑Apoptosis,
↑Cellular uptake,
↓Proliferation		 [32]
HL-60/ADR ↓MRP1, ↓Nrf2, ↓p-Akt, ↓PI3K ↑Cellular uptake,
↓Proliferation		 [35]
AML-2/DX300 ↓MRP1 ↑Apoptosis,
↑Cellular uptake,
↓Proliferation		 [36]
Imatinib IM-R K562 ↑Atg3, ↑LC3-Ⅱ, ↑p62/SQSTM1, ↑p-AMPK,
↑p-JNK,
↓p-mTOR		 ↑Autophagy,
↓Colony formation,
↓Proliferation		 [70]
Vincristine HL60/VCR - ↑S arrest,
↑sub-G1 arrest,
↓Proliferation		 [52]
Lung Cisplatin SPC-A-1/CDDP ↑Caspase-3,
↓Survivin		 ↑Apoptosis,
↑G0-G1 arrest,
↓Proliferation,
↓Tumor volume		 [16]
Gefitinib PC9/G ↑Caspase-3, ↑LC3B-II, ↑p21, ↑p53,
↓p-EGFR, ↓ABCG2, ↓CYP1A1		 ↑Apoptosis,
↑Autophagy,
↑Cellular uptake,
↑G2/M arrest,
↑Senescence		 [37]
Melanoma Vemurafenib VEM resistant ↓p-Akt ↓Proliferation [61]
Oral Cetuximab SAS-R,
Sa3-R,
HSC-3-R		 ↓Integrin β1, ↓p-ERK1/2, ↓p-FAK, ↓uPAR ↓Proliferation,
↓Tumor volume		 [60]
Cisplatin CAR ↑AIF, ↑Apaf-1, ↑Atg5, ↑Atg7, ↑Atg12,
↑Atg14, ↑Atg16L1, ↑Bad, ↑Bax, ↑Beclin-1,
↑Caspase-3, ↑Caspase-9, ↑Endo G, ↑LC3-Ⅱ,
↑p-AMPKα, ↓p-AKT, ↓p-mTOR,
↓Bcl-2, ↓p-Bad, ↓Rubicon		 ↑Apoptosis,
↑Autophagy,
↓Proliferation		 [63]
↓MMP-2, ↓MMP-9,
↓p-ERK, ↓p-p38		 ↓Cell migration
↓Cell invasion		 [79]
Ovarian Cisplatin A2780CP ↑LC3B-Ⅱ, ↓p-ERK, ↓Snail, ↑Autophagy,
↑Cell death,
↑Senescence,
↓Cell migration,
↓EMT		 [71]
A2780cisR - ↑Cellular accumulation,
↑Platinum–DNA binding,
↓Proliferation		 [33]
Prostate Docetaxel PC3-DR ↑Caspase-3,
↓Clusterin, ↓p-Jak, ↓p-Src, ↓p-Stat1		 ↑Apoptosis [65]

↑: upregulation, ↓: downregulation.